1518:
especially adult females; accompanied with open mouth showing teeth (OMT); (4) squeaky hinge – threat given especially by young animals; (5) squeal – conflict within the group during a fight; (6) whistle – conflict in the group of a young animal; (7) ahr – a lost animal; others answer this call, apparently to direct it back to the group; (8) uh!uh!uh! – a common vocalization during feeding which may allow contact to be maintained and show general contentment; (9) uch!uch! – an animal trying to keep up with the group; (10) warble – young animals establishing contact or coming close to an adult; (11) purr – close and pacific contact; (12) chirriar – pacific interaction of young ones during play.
1509:
territory. Alpha males seem to exercise a "control position" at the center of the group, since all members are extremely conscious and alert to his location, and they all observe his reactions. If the alpha reacts with intense fear or panic or if he pays close attention to something, all members of the troop react similarly. The presence of adult males seems to lend psychological support to the smaller adult females. Defler noticed that more timid females often became quite aggressive towards him when a male appeared on the scene, although the females often needed to press up against the flank of the male for reassurance.
1484:
257:
44:
3139:
1619:, is found only is a small part of the SW Colombian Amazon and probably should be classified as "vulnerable" for the country. We need to census the various subspecies and to clarify the taxonomy in order to evaluate properly the situation within the country. White-fronted capuchins are found within 10–15 National Parks and are probably not excessively hunted. Also, they survive well in secondary vegetation close to human beings
31:
1496:
mothers' shoulders, but during the first days the baby holds on to any part of the mother such as the base of the tail, the tail, the legs, and the arms before discovering and learning that the position over the shoulders is best and most secure. After several weeks the baby makes the change from the sideways position over the shoulders to riding on her back.
748:, show similar tendencies to the above, except that there is no increase in the dark pigmentation. Based on these observations and on various "intermediate" specimens from northern Colombia, it is possible that an investigation of the contact zone between the white-headed capuchin and white-fronted capuchin ultimately could show that these forms are
850:. Cap prout's brown, median dorsal region cinnamon brown, forearm and foreleg not markedly contrasting in color with back and sides of body; hairs of belly and chest ochraceous-tawny to cinnamon-brown and silvery; contrasting pale area of front extending well over upper surface of shoulder and inner side of upper arm" (Hershkovitz, 1949).
800:, close to the type locality, and was defined by von Humboldt using a tame animal maintained by humans (and a pig) in the village of Maipures. The original description of von Humboldt described an ashy gray animal with a black tail tip, characteristics that are not typical of any known population of white-fronted capuchin. The
1522:
feet in spectacular jumps, so that they fall. Usually such branches make a tremendous sound as they fall through the other branches, and the members of the group become very excited and chatter loudly. This behavior is quite commonly discharged towards an observer when the animals have lost their fear.
736:) or white-fronted capuchins. Intermediate characteristics include a dark crown that is high and removed from the forehead. The white parts on the face are more distinctively bald and the outside parts of the arms and legs are more clear; this suggests they are white-headed capuchin. Some specimens of
1247:
All species of capuchin tend to have a rather similar diet in broad terms; they are omnivores, eating fruits and small invertebrates, small vertebrates and birds' eggs, which they forage at all levels of the forest, frequently descending to the forest floor. In northern
Colombia during the dry season
1521:
Perhaps the most important display is the behavior of breaking branches, which all members of the group carry out. Even infants break small branches (or twigs), letting them fall to the soil, but the most spectacular is the alpha male who chooses large, dry branches which he hits with his hands and
1474:
White-fronted capuchins take advantage of almost any water source, drinking water from tree holes when available, but also drinking from brooks and springs when necessary. During the driest season in
Vichada the group studied by Defler went to the ground every day to a water seep from under a huge
838:
is very light in color and quite well-defined as a subspecies. "The cap is cinnamon or snuff-brown; median dorsal region, forearm and forelag with orangeous and contrasted with sides of back and trunk; hairs of belly and chest ochracous-orange to pale ochraceous-buff and silvery; contrasting pale
1517:
Vocalizations are variable, and some are listed as follows: (1) ua – a soft bark given repeatedly and used by all members of the group when danger is perceived; (2) ya – excited animals around the alpha, towards alpha and towards perceived danger; (3) eh-eh – threat towards potential danger, but
1499:
All the members of the troop are interested in the newborn, and they take advantage of any opportunity to examine and look at its genitals if the mother permits it. With time the baby begins to climb up on other members of the troop, including the adult males who are interested in protecting the
1530:
Trinidad white-fronted capuchins have been observed using leaves as cups to drink water from tree cavities. The leaves used were modified before by changing the shape of the leaf. The leaves are discarded after one use, meaning that a different leaf is used for repeat visits. These observations
1201:) they have an average group size of 8–15 individuals. A group in Vichada used a home range of about 1.2 km (0.46 sq mi), while Terborgh found a home range of more than 1.50 km (0.58 sq mi) and Matthews calculated 240 hectares (590 acres). Near the type locality in
1508:
Adult males are notably tolerant of each other in the group, but they are very aggressive towards males of other groups. Defler observed intergroup aggressive behavior among
Humboldt's white-fronted capuchins in El Tuparro, which resulted in one group fleeing towards the central parts of their
1495:
is unknown, it is probably around 160 days like the tufted capuchin. Usually one infant is born. Observations of a newborn in El
Tuparro National Park showed the process by which the newborn discovered the appropriate position for riding on the mother. Newborns ride oriented sideways over the
1578:
the members of the troop showed little fear and caution, even though these animals threatened the monkeys. The most common behavior after detecting a potential ground predator is "ya-ya" vocalization and branch breaking over the head of the potential predator, similar to the display of the
1317:
was the most important family by a wide margin, counting the number of species (17) eaten, equivalent to 23.3% of all plant species consumed. Importance values for plant families consumed by the white-fronted capuchin in one study are as follows: Moraceae (17, 23.3%);
752:, or that some species of white-fronted capuchin are actually more closely related to white-faced capuchins than they are to other white-fronted capuchins. Another critical zone for this analysis is an area in northeast Ecuador where
504:
assessed the species in 2001, further reducing the number. One notable subspecies outside of
Colombia is the critically endangered Trinidad white-fronted capuchin. The following subspecies were recognised by assessors working for the
1210:, for example, densities are less than one individual/km and the size of the groups is around 15 individuals. Low densities in many parts of the Colombian Amazon make it difficult to detect the presence of the species in many parts.
1221:, although they utilize a great variety of gallops, jumps, falls and climbing. During certain times of the year they are extremely terrestrial, especially when there is a scarcity of available fruits and the troop must search for
1559:
often accompanies these monkeys, exactly as it does other species of primates. White-fronted capuchins feel threatened by avian predators, and they are very vigilant around any large bird of prey. In
Vichada, Colombia,
1205:
and islands of forest in
Vichada, they have an ecological density of around 30 individuals/km. In forests with closed-canopy in Colombia and in southern Vichada, many areas have very low densities. Around the lower
1466:
was not observed in the El
Tuparro study, although this study did not include an entire year. Nevertheless, research on other species suggests the importance of palms as "key species" and the lack of importance of
1217:, Peru: 18% rest, 21% travel, 22% feeding on plant material and 39% feeding on insects; total feeding 61%. Matthews however, registered 54% foraging, 25% moving and 21% feeding and socializing. They are primarily
3098:
Simiarum et vespertilionum
Brasiliensium species novae ou histoire naturelle des espéces nouvelles des singes et de chauves-souris observées et recueillies pendant le voyage dans l'intérieur du Brésil
2925:]. Anales de Simposio de Primatologia del 9. Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia (Arequipa, Peru) (in Spanish). Vol. La primatologia en latinoamerica. Brasil: Bairro Cincao. pp. 13–21.
462:, and the description includes a dark tail tip, a character that is completely unknown in any population of the species. Additionally, the animal which von Humboldt examined was a tame animal in
2242:
Ruiz-GarcĂa, M.; Castillo, M. I.; Vásquez, C.; Rodriguez, K.; Pinedo-Castro, M.; Shostell, J.; Leguizamon, N. (2010). "Molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the white-fronted capuchin (
1500:
little one. Playing behavior is principally with a companion, and all members of the troop from the alpha male, the mother and all young members of the group solicit play with the young one.
1197:
In eastern
Vichada, Colombia, white-fronted capuchins are found in large groups of around 35 individuals, while to the south in closed forest (perhaps as a result of competition with the
407:
of 1.2 to 1.5 km (0.46 to 0.58 sq mi) and have complex vocal repertoires. They are among the few primates to have been observed crafting and utilising tools in the wild.
846:, is characterized by a color that is rather dark brown over almost the entire body with yellowish shoulders. "Pale area of front less extensive, upperparts and limbs paler than in
784:. Like other capuchins its premolars are large, and it has square-shaped molar with a thick enamel to help with cracking nuts. Below are descriptions of the known species for
1048:; although east of the Ariari River, not including the Ariari itself. It is not known whether they are found in the rather extensive forests of the upper ManacasĂas River in
1583:. In contrast, after being frightened by a male ornate hawk-eagle the monkeys screamed intensely only once, then hid quietly, some descending to the ground to sneak away.
607:
to gracile capuchins found in the upper Amazon basin in southern Venezuela, southern and eastern Colombia and northwest Brazil, based largely on the work of Jean Boubli,
1491:
White-fronted capuchins are polygamous. The male mounts the female, holding her legs with his hind feet, and copulates with her for a few minutes. Although the time of
415:
1252:. They are extremely good at manipulating objects, and spend a great deal of time examining dry leaves from which they collect invertebrates (for example small
720:
The difficulties in identifying separate subspecies and species have been pronounced. Hernández-Camacho and Cooper reported some specimens of capuchin from the
772:
Male white-fronted capuchins usually weigh an average of 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) and the females an average of 2.9 kg (6.4 lb), although a male on
450:
Even when the white-fronted capuchins were all considered to belong to a single species, there were problems with its name, description and type locality. The
804:
located three kilometers to the north of Maipures are very light colored animals with yellowish or reddish tones, very similar to the population of Arauca.
881:
as a dark brown animal with reddish tonalities in the hind legs. Nevertheless, Hernández-Camacho and Cooper discussed evidence that the three subspecies (
403:
primates and live in fairly large groups of 15 to 35 individuals. Reproductive females give birth to a single young at biennial intervals. They maintain
3328:
659:
1471:
in such habitats as gallery forests in the llanos of Colombia and Venezuela, contrasts with their high importance in more fertile habitats like ManĂş.
1233:
between forests, leaving well-beaten trails. In Vichada it uses preferential trees for sleeping at heights of 25–30 metres (82–98 ft). The palm
1213:
Terborgh found an average of 1,800 metres (1.1 mi) for the day range of a group, and calculated the following time budget of the study group in
410:
White-fronted capuchins are common and widespread, although their population may be declining. The decline is believed to be caused by human-induced
1306:
3628:
1248:
when there are few fruits to be found, white-fronted capuchins spend more than half their time on the ground, searching for and capturing small
3175:
3122:
3082:
3042:
3019:
2226:
2138:
2100:
1337:
Defler collected 40 species of plants from 23 families eaten by white-fronted capuchins in Vichada according to species consumed per family:
973:. It is also found in flooded forests. The white-fronted capuchin survives well in forests growing over white sand and in forests of "high
3373:
3256:
3010:
Neotropical primates: field studies and conservation: proceedings of a symposium on the distribution and abundance of neotropical primates
632:
623:
3283:
1608:
668:
3337:
1604:
686:
500:
Hershkovitz (1949) originally named 13 subspecies, while Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976) described eight subspecies for Colombia.
1591:
White-fronted capuchins are adaptable and have a wide distribution. Nevertheless, some species are under considerable pressure. The
3613:
1592:
695:
419:
2793:
3536:
3355:
650:
3310:
427:
3006:
Hernández-Camacho, J.I.; Cooper, G.W. (1976). "The non-human primates of Columbia". In Thorington, R.W.; Heltne, P.G. (eds.).
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1100:
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area of front extending over variable amounts of upper surface of shoulder and inner side of upper arm" (Hershkovitz, 1949).
3643:
3518:
3364:
2129:
Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.).
1600:
1029:
824:
677:
466:, where the species is not found. The closest population is about three kilometers to the north, on the other side of the
435:
3658:
3653:
3618:
3509:
1442:
was a key species for white-fronted capuchins, the nuts being a principal food. In ManĂş National Park in Peru the palms
985:
550:
3144:
2162:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3608:
1483:
1084:
3527:
2074:
3583:
3554:
375:
White-fronted capuchins are medium-sized monkeys with a light brown back and a creamy white underside. Like other
3603:
3168:
2730:
Soini, P. (1986). "A synecological study of the primate community in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru".
1096:
2439:"14. Notices of Some Apparently Undescribed Species of Sapajous (Cebus) in the Collection of the British Museum"
2163:"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys"
1155:
3648:
1009:
2823:
Phillips, K.A.; Abercrombie, C.L. (2003). "Distribution and conservation status of the primates of Trinidad".
1111:
1021:
612:
43:
3545:
3466:
3241:
3092:
1115:
1001:
906:
820:
459:
400:
333:
145:
897:), since the variations seem to be found in a very well-defined zone and even in the same groups, close to
3439:
3397:
3052:
1017:
455:
442:) in Colombia as "endangered." The total population of the Trinidad subspecies was 61 at the last census.
2475:
Defler, T. R.; Pintor, D. (1985). "Censusing primates by transect in a forest of known primate density".
1099:, with at least three troops present in the premontane cloud forest and moist transitional forest of the
3563:
3346:
3292:
3265:
3056:
2939:
1612:
1552:
1143:
1037:
958:
797:
706:
641:
1214:
615:. In particular, the following forms that had previously been considered subspecies or populations of
1103:(Reserva Jama-Coaque) along the coastal equatorial mountain range in the province of Manabi, Ecuador.
3421:
3161:
3096:
1061:
1033:
993:
816:
729:
1438:
1083:. North of the Amazon River they are found in the southern parts of the Venezuelan Federal State of
3301:
1580:
1556:
1235:
1163:
1005:
600:
411:
369:
198:
162:
1426:
1386:
773:
2868:
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2712:
2669:
2621:
2573:
2492:
2193:
2055:
2016:
1804:
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858:
38:
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1977:
1938:
1899:
1860:
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and drink the water which accumulates in the spaces between the bracteoles of the common plant
811:
is also very light colored with yellowish tones and was once thought to be a likely synonym of
705:
Mittermeier and Rylands consider the Trinidad white-fronted capuchin to be synonymous with the
256:
3382:
3118:
3078:
3038:
3015:
2797:
2326:
2263:
2222:
2185:
2134:
2106:
2096:
1571:
1532:
463:
2890:): mixed evidence for social learning inferred from new and established analytical methods".
458:
in 1812 describes an animal that is much darker (grayish) than those that exist close to the
3457:
3319:
2899:
2886:
Matthews, L.J. (2009b). "Intragroup behavioral variation in white-fronted capuchin monkeys (
2860:
2789:
2704:
2661:
2613:
2565:
2484:
2450:
2400:
2316:
2281:
2255:
2177:
2050:
2011:
1972:
1933:
1894:
1855:
1794:
1659:
1346:
1310:
234:
216:
207:
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which includes dark populations and lighter populations. It includes the former subspecies
3494:
3484:
3412:
3231:
2847:
Matthews, L.J. (2009a). "Activity patterns, home range size, and intergroup encounters in
1566:
1548:
1544:
1390:
1313:. Terborgh identified 73 species of plants from 33 families consumed by this primate. The
1198:
1131:
989:
966:
902:
898:
725:
376:
316:
289:
171:
135:
391:, other plant parts and sometimes small vertebrates. They are predated upon primarily by
1702:
Defler, T.R.; Hernández-Camacho, J.I. (2002). "The true identity and characteristics of
1574:
have been seen trying to capture white-fronted capuchins. After detecting the tayra and
3448:
3430:
3031:
3008:
2454:
1354:
1266:
1218:
1207:
1202:
1123:
1060:. The species is known to an altitude of 1,500–2,000 m (0.93–1.24 mi) in the
1053:
761:
488:
described by Spix (1823) and further defined by Hershkovitz was indistinguishable from
298:
280:
225:
189:
776:
in Colombia weighed 5.5 kg (12 lb). This primate is usually maroon-white or
3597:
2082:
2041:
2032:
2002:
1993:
1963:
1924:
1885:
1846:
1650:
1641:
1432:
In terms of importance value, palms are highly valued by all species of capuchin. In
1394:
1382:
1378:
1179:
1045:
608:
467:
341:
307:
243:
180:
2809:
2577:
2496:
2197:
1954:
1915:
1876:
1837:
1535:, wild capuchins demonstrate tool manufacture and use in foraging-related contexts.
865:. and was once thought to also include the Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin,
30:
3153:
2872:
2716:
2625:
2070:
1370:
1358:
1088:
1080:
1057:
721:
501:
392:
388:
2217:
Phillips, Kimberly A.; Jack, Katherine M. (2016). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc (eds.).
2438:
2360:
2361:"Descriptions of apparently new species and subspecies of monkeys of the genera
2259:
1607:
are listed as "endangered." The IUCN does not have enough data to evaluate the
1444:
1414:
1410:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1327:
1295:
1291:
1147:
997:
873:
is of a very reddish animal, particularly in its limbs while his description of
749:
745:
741:
264:
Geographic range of the various white-fronted capuchin species in South America
2031:
de la Torre, S.; Morales, A. L.; Link, A.; Palacios, E.; Stevenson, P. (2015).
1953:
de la Torre, S.; Morales, A. L.; Link, A.; Palacios, E.; Stevenson, P. (2015).
1914:
de la Torre, S.; Morales, A. L.; Link, A.; Palacios, E.; Stevenson, P. (2015).
1875:
de la Torre, S.; Morales, A. L.; Link, A.; Palacios, E.; Stevenson, P. (2015).
984:
In Colombia, white-fronted capuchins are found from the northern slopes of the
3221:
2864:
2404:
2321:
2304:
1433:
1402:
1287:
1159:
1072:
1041:
1020:, though this needs confirmation. They are also found along the slopes of the
404:
269:
105:
2903:
2330:
2964:
Defler, T.R. (1996). "An IUCN classification for the primates of Colombia".
2110:
1492:
1422:
1398:
1338:
1331:
1272:
1249:
1222:
970:
757:
474:
357:
55:
2267:
2189:
1091:. There are isolated populations of the Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin (
2801:
1452:
were the most important palm genera, but perhaps not at the same level as
3215:
3209:
3203:
1406:
1350:
1342:
1319:
1314:
1286:, small mammals and birds' eggs as well as many invertebrates, including
1275:
seems to be a cultural phenomenon which the members of each group learn.
1187:
1175:
1013:
974:
785:
777:
713:), but other authors including the IUCN regard it as a separate species,
583:
The IUCN list differs from that by Groves (2005) in that Groves excluded
561:
451:
380:
353:
75:
1475:
boulder, which was the only water source available in their home range.
3185:
2708:
2673:
2617:
2569:
2488:
1808:
1418:
1323:
1230:
1191:
361:
345:
125:
95:
2794:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:3<259::AID-AJP6>3.0.CO;2-R
2418:
Pucheran, J. (1845). "Description de quelques mammiferes americains".
2181:
1282:
In ManĂş National Park the animal material in the diet includes frogs,
3197:
1283:
1253:
1226:
1076:
396:
349:
340:. White-fronted capuchins are found in seven different countries in
115:
85:
65:
2665:
1799:
1782:
1279:
is commonly present in large, dense stands in some types of forest.
957:
White-fronted capuchins are found in a variety of forest types. In
3014:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 35–69.
1561:
1482:
1458:
1302:
1135:
1068:
962:
781:
482:
384:
2088:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1462:
were very important to white-fronted capuchins; this emphasis on
2983:
Defler, T.R. (1994). "La conservaciĂłn de primates en Colombia".
2644:
Defler, T. R. (1980). "Notes on Interactions between the Tayra (
1596:
1299:
1261:
1183:
1067:
Outside of Colombia, white-fronted capuchins are found from the
978:
948:, is found south of the Guamués River and colored a light brown.
724:
animal market had supposedly come from the middle valley of the
506:
365:
3157:
1640:
de la Torre, S.; Morales, A. L.; Link, A.; Cornejo, F. (2015).
3101:. Monachii: Typis Francisci Seraphi Hübschmanni. pp. 1–72
2687:
Defler, T. R. (1982). "A comparison of intergroup behavior in
1257:
481:
by Hernández C. and Cooper. Another problem has been that the
3140:
White-fronted Capuchin geographic distribution on NatureServe
1071:
throughout eastern Ecuador, Peru and northern Bolivia to the
2776:
Phillips, K. A. (1998). "Tool use in wild capuchin monkeys (
2511:
1225:
in the dry leaves of the forest floor. In some parts of the
3058:
Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparee
2246:; Cebidae, Primates) by means of mtCOII gene sequences".
528:, found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela.
399:, though snakes have been known to attack them. They are
1992:
Rylands, A.B.; Boubli, J.-P.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2008).
1016:, and an isolated population is apparently found in the
3115:
Five New World primates: a study in comparative ecology
1741:
815:. One population of very pallid coloration is found in
2600:
Defler, T. R. (1979). "On the ecology and behavior of
2552:
Defler, T. R. (1979). "On the ecology and behavior of
1679:
1677:
1675:
756:
and white-faced capuchins are found, although neither
1134:
and is observable in preserved woodlots of protected
3492:
3483:
3395:
3239:
3230:
2851:support existing models of capuchin socioecology".
1056:, white-fronted capuchins are found throughout the
969:, which tends to be found in forests that are more
268:
153:
37:
23:
3030:
3007:
2286:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1028:. To the east of the Cordillera they are found in
336:which used to be considered as the single species
2133:. Vol. 3, Primates. Lynx. pp. 407–412.
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
977:" growing in the rocks and gravel at the foot of
728:. It is difficult to determine whether these are
2919:Situacion de los primates en la amazonia peruana
2842:
2840:
2838:
1683:
1456:in El Tuparro. Also, at ManĂş various species of
1087:and in northern Brazil between Colombia and the
965:habitat in terms of drainage, compared with the
2917:Soini, P.; Aquino, R.; Encarnacion, F. (1983).
2771:
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2767:
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2751:
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2443:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1737:
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1721:
1543:White-fronted capuchins frequently travel with
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2589:
2587:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2342:
2340:
909:. This suggested to them that the dark phase (
780:and creamy white. It has short fingers and an
416:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3169:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
1174:White-fronted capuchins have been studied in
542:, found in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru.
8:
2923:The state of primates in the Peruvian Amazon
2056:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T39952A81281674.en
2017:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T43940A10842321.en
1820:
1818:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1665:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T39951A81236767.en
1595:is listed as "critically endangered" by the
619:have been reclassified as separate species:
560:, 61 individuals estimated on the island of
454:does not exist; the original description by
2124:
2122:
2120:
1978:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T4084A81280665.en
1939:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T4075A81274883.en
1900:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T4082A81271492.en
1861:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015.RLTS.T4081A81232052.en
332:can refer to any of a number of species of
3489:
3236:
3176:
3162:
3154:
1752:
1750:
1487:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin and baby
1044:and Tuparro rivers, and then south of the
933:, which he found to be closely related to
414:and degradation, and hunting. In 2008 the
255:
29:
20:
3329:Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin (
2320:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2054:
2015:
1976:
1937:
1898:
1859:
1798:
1706:Humboldt, 1812: description of neotype".
1663:
1260:' eggs) from rolled up leaves. They hunt
1239:is often used for sleeping in this zone.
893:) could be subsumed into one subspecies (
549:, found along the northern flanks of the
272:included but traditionally excluded taxa
2757:
1783:"Status of Names Credited to Oken, 1816"
1539:Interspecific interactions and predators
1110:, is very common in the eastern half of
842:The Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin,
395:and probably small cats, especially the
2934:
2932:
2346:
1627:
1229:they are found walking over the grassy
660:Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin
2284:(1914). "New South American monkeys".
1824:
1635:
1633:
1631:
834:The RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin,
434:) as "critically endangered," and the
16:Common name for several monkey species
2248:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2161:Boubli, Jean P.; et al. (2012).
1836:Cornejo, F.; de la Torre, S. (2015).
921:). Boubli's research suggested that
744:‚ and probably captured in the lower
517:, found in western Ecuador and Peru (
7:
3338:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin (
2853:International Journal of Primatology
2604:in eastern Colombia: II. Behavior".
2477:International Journal of Primatology
2221:. Pogonias Press. pp. 291–292.
2131:Handbook of the Mammals of the World
1756:
1436:National Park in Colombia, the palm
992:to an as yet undefined point in the
929:but was more likely synonymous with
597:Handbook of the Mammals of the World
545:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin,
477:from the population that was called
3284:RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin, (
3257:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (
3117:. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton Press.
2944:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2042:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2003:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1964:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1925:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1886:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1847:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1742:Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976
1651:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1547:and also sometimes travel with the
1307:Pacaya–Samiria National Reservation
1106:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin,
988:to the south, in the valley of the
917:) are extremes of an intermediate (
853:The varied white-fronted capuchin,
792:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin,
513:Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin,
473:Defler and Hernandez established a
3537:Central American squirrel monkey (
2648:) and the White-Fronted Capuchin (
2556:in eastern Colombia: I. Ecology".
2455:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02434.x
1605:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin
1000:, to the eastern parts of central
901:on the eastern bank of the middle
687:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin
531:RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin,
14:
3311:Panamanian white-faced capuchin (
3077:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1593:Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin
1309:, they have been observed eating
1114:, Colombia. It is less common in
696:Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin
624:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin
556:Trinidad white-fronted capuchin,
420:Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin
3374:Marañón white-fronted capuchin (
3275:Colombian white-faced capuchin (
3037:(2nd ed.). Academic Press.
3033:Primate Adaptation and Evolution
1609:RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin
1271:, where the frogs hide. Hunting
669:RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin
42:
3365:Varied white-fronted capuchin (
3356:Spix's white-fronted capuchin (
2782:American Journal of Primatology
2170:American Journal of Primatology
996:and in the valley of the lower
877:is a lighter red. He described
869:. Herskovitz's description of
571:Varied white-fronted capuchin,
428:Trinidad white-fronted capuchin
3629:Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
3510:Black-capped squirrel monkey (
2093:Johns Hopkins University Press
807:Spix' white-fronted capuchin,
633:Marañón white-fronted capuchin
1:
1601:varied white-fronted capuchin
1052:. South of the Guayabero and
939:C. a. leucocephalus
911:C. a. leucocephalus
883:C. a. leucocephalus
879:C. a. leucocephalus
764:have as yet been determined.
678:Varied white-fronted capuchin
651:Spix's white-fronted capuchin
515:Cebus albifrons aequatorialis
436:varied white-fronted capuchin
3555:Bare-eared squirrel monkey (
3519:Humboldt's squirrel monkey (
2085:; Reeder, D. M (eds.).
1684:Humboldt & Bonpland 1812
1182:, in two different sites in
1130:is widespread on the middle-
953:Geographic range and habitat
551:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
432:C. albifrons trinitatis
2518:. Third Millennium Alliance
2305:"A remote park in Colombia"
2260:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.002
944:The shock-headed capuchin,
3675:
3528:Collins' squirrel monkey (
3248:(Gracile capuchin monkeys)
2778:Cebus albifrons trinitatis
2437:Gray, D. R. J. E. (2010).
1186:by Soini and Terborgh, in
1004:and the southern parts of
919:C. a. versicolor
895:C. a. versicolor
891:C. a. versicolor
875:C. a. versicolor
589:C. a. malitiosus
573:Cebus albifrons versicolor
558:Cebus albifrons trinitatis
547:Cebus albifrons malitiosus
492:; the two are synonymous.
3580:
3546:Guianan squirrel monkey (
3467:Golden-bellied capuchin (
3404:(Robust capuchin monkeys)
3192:
3184:Extant species of family
3061:. Paris: Smith & Gide
2865:10.1007/s10764-009-9370-1
2516:Pacific Equatorial Forest
2405:10.1080/00222930908692668
2322:10.1017/S0030605300018330
1097:Pacific Equatorial Forest
941:to be a separate species.
829:C. a. albifrons
595:as a subspecies. In the
526:Cebus albifrons albifrons
479:Cebus albifrons albifrons
276:
263:
254:
158:
39:Scientific classification
28:
3614:Mammals of the Caribbean
3440:Black-striped capuchin (
2904:10.1163/156853909x410937
2219:All the World's Primates
1781:Hershkovitz, P. (1949).
1112:El Tuparro National Park
1012:the species is found to
827:and probably represents
823:and the eastern part of
593:C. a. unicolor
540:Cebus albifrons cuscinus
524:White-fronted capuchin,
496:Taxonomic classification
486:C. a. unicolor
3564:Black squirrel monkey (
3347:Wedge-capped capuchin (
3293:Shock-headed capuchin (
3266:Brown weeper capuchin (
3055:; Bonpland, A. (1812).
1531:suggest that, like the
1116:Amacayacu National Park
925:may be synonymous with
913:) and the light phase (
907:Department of Santander
819:, the northern part of
613:Jorge Hernández-Camacho
585:C. a. cesarae
538:Shock-headed capuchin,
533:Cebus albifrons cesarae
490:C. a. albinos
383:, feeding primarily on
334:gracile capuchin monkey
24:White-fronted capuchin
3029:Fleagle, J.G. (1988).
2303:Defler, T. R. (1983).
1488:
1154:can be located in the
1142:is easy to observe in
1122:is known south of the
796:, is found in eastern
740:seen in the market at
456:Alexander von Humboldt
430:(formerly regarded as
418:(IUCN) classified the
330:White-fronted capuchin
3302:Ecuadorian capuchin (
3145:Animal Diversity Web
3113:Terborgh, J. (1983).
3073:Groves, C.P. (2001).
2359:Elliot, D.G. (1909).
2049:: e.T39952A81281674.
2010:: e.T43940A10842321.
1658:: e.T39951A81236767.
1613:shock-headed capuchin
1553:Venezuelan red howler
1486:
1298:(especially ants and
1144:Tayrona National Park
1093:C. aequatorialis
986:Sierra de Santa Marta
923:C. a. pleei
915:C. a. pleei
887:C. a. pleei
871:C. a. pleei
867:C. leucocephalus
863:C. a. pleei
754:C. aecuatoriales
730:white-faced capuchins
707:brown weeper capuchin
642:Shock-headed capuchin
575:, found in Colombia (
566:critically endangered
519:critically endangered
3644:Mammals of Venezuela
2966:Neotropical Primates
2825:Primate Conservation
2732:Primate Conservation
2654:Journal of Mammalogy
2095:. pp. 136–137.
1971:: e.T4084A81280665.
1932:: e.T4075A81274883.
1893:: e.T4082A81271492.
1854:: e.T4081A81232052.
1787:Journal of Mammalogy
1708:Neotropical Primates
1170:Behavior and ecology
1062:Department of Tolima
994:Department of Tolima
535:, found in Colombia.
424:C. equatorialis
3659:Paraphyletic groups
3654:Mammal common names
3619:Mammals of Colombia
3422:Azaras's capuchin (
3383:Chestnut capuchin (
2512:"Ecosystem Profile"
2393:Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist
1840:Cebus aequatorialis
1587:Conservation status
1581:brown woolly monkey
1557:double-toothed kite
1190:by Phillips and in
1156:SerranĂa del Perijá
1101:Jama-Coaque Reserve
1026:Cordillera Oriental
1018:SerranĂa de Macuira
961:it exploits a more
700:Cebus aequatorialis
664:Cebus leucocephalus
370:Trinidad and Tobago
199:Cebus leucocephalus
163:Cebus aequatorialis
3639:Primates of Brazil
3634:Mammals of Bolivia
3624:Mammals of Ecuador
3609:Tool-using mammals
3521:S. cassiquiarensis
3501:(Squirrel monkeys)
3458:Crested capuchin (
3320:Kaapori capuchin (
2709:10.1007/BF02381321
2618:10.1007/BF02373431
2570:10.1007/BF02373430
2489:10.1007/BF02745499
2349:, pp. 155–157
2083:Wilson, D. E.
2071:Groves, C. P.
1489:
1215:ManĂş National Park
1166:also in Colombia.
1030:Norte de Santander
1022:SerranĂa de Perijá
935:C. versicolor
927:C. versicolor
825:Norte de Santander
738:C. versicolor
715:C. trinitatis
603:and Rylands limit
3591:
3590:
3576:
3575:
3479:
3478:
3413:Tufted capuchin (
3124:978-0-691-08337-7
3084:978-1-56098-872-4
3044:978-0-12-260341-9
3021:978-0-309-02442-6
2228:978-1-940496-06-1
2182:10.1002/ajp.21998
2140:978-84-96553-89-7
2102:978-0-8018-8221-0
1572:ornate hawk-eagle
1533:common chimpanzee
1311:tent caterpillars
1277:P. guianense
1227:Llanos Orientales
855:Cebus versicolor
844:Cebus malitiosus
813:C. albifrons
802:C. albifrons
760:distributions or
617:C. albifrons
605:C. albifrons
327:
326:
321:
312:
303:
294:
285:
248:
239:
230:
221:
212:
203:
194:
185:
176:
167:
3666:
3604:Capuchin monkeys
3503:
3502:
3490:
3469:S. xanthosternos
3449:Black capuchin (
3431:Blond capuchin (
3406:
3405:
3331:C. leucocephalus
3304:C. aequatorialis
3250:
3249:
3237:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3128:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3088:
3075:Primate Taxonomy
3069:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3036:
3025:
3013:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:(Search results)
2936:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2773:
2760:
2755:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2641:
2630:
2629:
2597:
2582:
2581:
2549:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:Revue Zoologique
2415:
2409:
2408:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2167:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2091:(3rd ed.).
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2035:Cebus versicolor
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1957:Cebus malitiosus
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1778:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1744:, pp. 35–69
1739:
1716:
1715:
1699:
1686:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1637:
1617:C. cuscinus
1545:squirrel monkeys
1504:Social structure
1347:Chrysobalanaceae
1152:Cebus a. cesarae
1140:Cebus malitiosus
1128:Cebus versicolor
1120:Cebus a. yuracus
1008:to the west. In
711:C. brunneus
691:Cebus malitiosus
682:Cebus versicolor
440:Cebus versicolor
377:capuchin monkeys
320:
311:
302:
293:
284:
259:
247:
238:
235:Cebus versicolor
229:
220:
217:Cebus trinitatis
211:
208:Cebus malitiosus
202:
193:
184:
175:
166:
154:Groups included
47:
46:
33:
21:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3649:Mammals of Peru
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3572:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3475:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3226:
3188:
3182:
3147:Cebus albifrons
3136:
3131:
3125:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2888:Cebus albifrons
2885:
2884:
2880:
2849:Cebus albifrons
2846:
2845:
2836:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2756:
2743:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2689:Cebus albifrons
2686:
2685:
2681:
2666:10.2307/1379979
2650:Cebus albifrons
2643:
2642:
2633:
2602:Cebus albifrons
2599:
2598:
2585:
2554:Cebus albifrons
2551:
2550:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2244:Cebus albifrons
2241:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2103:
2077:Cebus albifrons
2069:
2068:
2064:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1800:10.2307/1375322
1780:
1779:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1719:
1704:Simia albifrons
1701:
1700:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1644:Cebus albifrons
1639:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1589:
1576:Boa constrictor
1567:Boa constrictor
1549:tufted capuchin
1541:
1528:
1515:
1506:
1481:
1391:Melastomataceae
1245:
1199:tufted capuchin
1172:
1132:Magdalena River
1108:Cebus albifrons
1079:, south of the
990:Magdalena River
967:tufted capuchin
955:
937:. Boubli found
931:C. cesarae
903:Magdalena River
899:Barrancabermeja
794:Cebus albifrons
782:opposable thumb
770:
734:Cebus capucinus
726:San Jorge River
628:Cebus albifrons
498:
448:
338:Cebus albifrons
317:Cebus olivaceus
290:Cebus capucinus
172:Cebus albifrons
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3512:S. boliviensis
3506:
3504:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3442:S. libidinosus
3437:
3428:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3135:
3134:External links
3132:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3110:
3089:
3083:
3070:
3049:
3043:
3026:
3020:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2928:
2909:
2898:(3): 295–324.
2878:
2859:(5): 709–728.
2834:
2815:
2788:(3): 259–261.
2761:
2741:
2722:
2703:(3): 385–392.
2679:
2631:
2612:(4): 491–502.
2583:
2564:(4): 475–490.
2529:
2510:Toth, Gerald.
2502:
2483:(3): 243–259.
2460:
2429:
2410:
2399:(4): 244–274.
2351:
2336:
2295:
2273:
2254:(3): 1049–61.
2234:
2227:
2209:
2146:
2139:
2116:
2101:
2062:
2023:
1996:Cebus brunneus
1984:
1945:
1918:Cebus cuscinus
1906:
1867:
1828:
1814:
1793:(3): 289–301.
1760:
1746:
1717:
1687:
1671:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1588:
1585:
1540:
1537:
1527:
1524:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1480:
1477:
1439:Attalea regiae
1355:Passifloraceae
1267:Phenakospermum
1244:
1241:
1208:Apaporis River
1203:gallery forest
1171:
1168:
1124:Putumayo River
1054:Guaviare River
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:Cebus cuscinus
942:
851:
840:
832:
809:Cebus unicolor
805:
769:
766:
762:intergradation
703:
702:
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
655:Cebus unicolor
648:
646:Cebus cuscinus
639:
630:
581:
580:
569:
554:
543:
536:
529:
522:
497:
494:
447:
444:
325:
324:
323:
322:
313:
304:
299:Cebus imitator
295:
286:
281:Cebus brunneus
274:
273:
266:
265:
261:
260:
252:
251:
250:
249:
240:
231:
226:Cebus unicolor
222:
213:
204:
195:
190:Cebus cuscinus
186:
177:
168:
156:
155:
151:
150:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3671:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:C. versicolor
3363:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3340:C. malitiosus
3336:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:Terborgh 1983
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2422:(in French).
2421:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Cercopithecus
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1879:Cebus cesarae
1871:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1611:. Also, the
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:Communication
1512:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Anacardiaceae
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:Lecythidaceae
1380:
1379:Euphorbiaceae
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:hymenopterans
1293:
1292:lepidopterans
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:Attalea regia
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:by Matthews.
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Vichada River
1043:
1039:
1036:, in eastern
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
947:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Cebus cesarae
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:MiritĂ-Paraná
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
701:
697:
694:
692:
688:
685:
683:
679:
676:
674:
673:Cebus cesarae
670:
667:
665:
661:
658:
656:
652:
649:
647:
643:
640:
638:
637:Cebus yuracus
634:
631:
629:
625:
622:
621:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:Thomas Defler
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:but included
590:
586:
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
511:
510:
508:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
468:Tuparro River
465:
461:
460:type locality
457:
453:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:invertebrates
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:South America
339:
335:
331:
319:
318:
314:
310:
309:
308:Cebus kaapori
305:
301:
300:
296:
292:
291:
287:
283:
282:
278:
277:
275:
271:
270:Cladistically
267:
262:
258:
253:
246:
245:
244:Cebus yuracus
241:
237:
236:
232:
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
214:
210:
209:
205:
201:
200:
196:
192:
191:
187:
183:
182:
181:Cebus cesarae
178:
174:
173:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
157:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3582:
3566:S. vanzolini
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3493:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3396:
3385:C. castaneus
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3349:C. olivaceus
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3277:C. capucinus
3276:
3267:
3259:C. albifrons
3258:
3240:
3146:
3114:
3103:. Retrieved
3097:
3074:
3063:. Retrieved
3057:
3053:Humboldt, A.
3032:
3009:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2948:. Retrieved
2943:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2646:Eira barbara
2645:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2520:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2480:
2476:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:Erythrocebus
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2347:Fleagle 1988
2312:
2308:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2201:. Retrieved
2173:
2169:
2130:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1790:
1786:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1616:
1590:
1575:
1565:
1542:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1490:
1479:Reproduction
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1427:Bignoriaceae
1387:Maranthaceae
1371:Celastraceae
1359:Bromeliaceae
1336:
1288:orthopterans
1281:
1276:
1265:
1246:
1234:
1212:
1196:
1173:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1119:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1089:Branco River
1081:Amazon River
1066:
1040:between the
983:
956:
945:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
847:
843:
835:
828:
812:
808:
801:
793:
771:
753:
737:
733:
722:Barranquilla
719:
714:
710:
704:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
627:
616:
604:
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
576:
572:
565:
557:
553:in Colombia.
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
514:
509:as of 2015.
502:Colin Groves
499:
489:
485:
478:
472:
449:
439:
431:
423:
412:habitat loss
409:
374:
337:
329:
328:
315:
306:
297:
288:
279:
242:
233:
224:
215:
206:
197:
188:
179:
170:
161:
146:
112:Infraorder:
18:
3548:S. sciureus
3539:S. oerstedi
3530:S. collinsi
3485:Saimiriinae
3460:S. robustus
3451:S. nigritus
3358:C. unicolor
3313:C. imitator
3295:C. cuscinus
3268:C. brunneus
3149:Information
2999:Books cited
2972:(3): 77–78.
2449:: 824–828.
2282:Allen, J.A.
2176:(4): 1–13.
1825:Groves 2001
1714:(2): 49–64.
1445:Astrocaryum
1415:Orchidaceae
1411:Apocynaceae
1375:Connaraceae
1367:Bombacaceae
1363:Burseraceae
1351:Leguminosae
1334:(4, 5.5%).
1330:(4, 5.5%);
1328:Bombacaceae
1326:(4, 5.5%);
1322:(5, 6.8%);
1320:Leguminosae
1219:quadrupedal
1148:Santa Marta
998:Cauca River
768:Description
750:conspecific
746:Cauca River
601:Mittermeier
405:home ranges
379:, they are
132:Subfamily:
116:Simiiformes
3598:Categories
3433:S. flavius
3376:C. yuracus
3322:C. kaapori
3222:Haplorhini
3220:Suborder:
3105:2011-01-04
3093:Spix, J.B.
3065:2011-01-02
2991:: 255–287.
2950:2019-01-21
2660:(1): 156.
2426:: 335–337.
2363:Callicebus
2292:: 647–655.
2203:2018-12-30
1623:References
1599:, and the
1434:El Tuparro
1403:Annonaceae
1305:). In the
1273:amphibians
1223:arthropods
1160:Valledupar
1146:, east of
1032:, western
971:mesophytic
848:hypoleucus
577:endangered
426:) and the
401:polygamous
381:omnivorous
106:Haplorhini
102:Suborder:
3415:S. apella
3286:C. cesare
3196:Kingdom:
2892:Behaviour
2693:C. apella
2387:Presbytis
2367:Lagothrix
2331:1365-3008
2315:: 15–17.
1757:Spix 1823
1493:gestation
1423:Rubiaceae
1399:Myrtaceae
1339:Arecaceae
1269:guianense
1095:) in the
1075:river in
1002:Antioquia
758:sympatric
564:in 2008 (
475:phenotype
358:Venezuela
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
3584:Category
3557:S. ustus
3216:Primates
3210:Mammalia
3204:Chordata
3202:Phylum:
3198:Animalia
3095:(1823).
2831:: 19–22.
2810:24298276
2738:: 63–71.
2697:Primates
2606:Primates
2578:32890662
2558:Primates
2497:43449766
2375:Pithecus
2268:20854917
2198:12171529
2190:22311697
2111:62265494
2073:(2005).
1570:and the
1526:Tool use
1407:Musaceae
1343:Moraceae
1315:Moraceae
1188:Trinidad
1176:Colombia
1158:east of
1085:Amazonas
1024:and the
1014:Riohacha
975:caatinga
786:Colombia
778:palomino
742:Magangué
562:Trinidad
464:Maipures
452:holotype
446:Taxonomy
354:Colombia
122:Family:
96:Primates
86:Mammalia
76:Chordata
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
3495:Saimiri
3398:Sapajus
3232:Cebinae
3214:Order:
3208:Class:
3186:Cebidae
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2940:"Cebus"
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1454:Attalea
1450:Attalea
1419:Araceae
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1192:Ecuador
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599:(2013)
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142:Genus:
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126:Cebidae
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385:fruits
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3242:Cebus
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2670:JSTOR
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3119:ISBN
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