31:
57:
213:
or thorns. The snout is moderately elongate and broadly rounded, with the rostral cartilage reduced to a slender medial rod. This distinguishes the narkids from the family
Narcinidae, which have somewhat longer snouts supported by broad rostral cartilages. The mouth is straight, very narrow, and not
257:. The color is usually brown or reddish brown above, white or brownish below. There may be spots, blotches, or bands on the dorsal surface, but most species lack complex color patterns or
218:
are placed just forward of the mouth and are connected to it by a broad nasoral groove; the nasal flaps are long and fused into a central nasal curtain that overlaps the mouth.
763:
789:
273:, slow-moving fishes often found on soft mud or sand. From those species that have been examined, their diet may be restricted to small, soft-bodied, bottom
253:
has none. No other group of electric rays have genera with a variable number of dorsal fins. The tail is moderately long, with a large, rounded, symmetrical
881:
737:
776:
636:
838:
781:
631:
Compagno, L.J.V. and Last, P.R. (1999). Narkidae. Sleeper rays. p. 1443-1446. In: K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.)
794:
205:
Adult sleeper rays range in size from 8 to 46 cm in length and have flattened oval, circular, or pear-shaped
56:
871:
488:
503:
469:
385:
651:
633:
FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the
Western Central Pacific.
554:
438:
30:
433:
876:
815:
418:
424:
843:
724:
698:
582:
484:
322:
317:
309:
604:
577:
519:
404:
360:
351:
343:
38:
562:
409:
391:
377:
51:
820:
225:-shaped electric organs at the base of the pectoral fins, visible through the skin. The genera
866:
802:
711:
568:
532:
455:
334:
194:
190:
162:
143:
830:
768:
807:
537:
524:
507:
478:
356:
339:
395:
278:
210:
186:
214:
highly protrusible, with strong labial folds and a weak groove around the periphery. The
689:
497:
463:
282:
178:
108:
98:
860:
600:
290:
286:
450:
274:
206:
166:
128:
716:
703:
750:
683:
549:
372:
304:
674:
254:
234:
182:
174:
68:
668:
609:
118:
88:
270:
215:
755:
258:
222:
78:
742:
645:
170:
729:
649:
197:
to a depth of 350 meters, favoring soft-bottomed habitats.
627:
625:
623:
161:. They are restricted to the temperate and tropical
658:
8:
646:
29:
20:
285:as a defense mechanism. Reproduction is
619:
209:discs. They have naked skin, without
7:
14:
637:Food and Agriculture Organization
55:
882:Taxa named by Henry Weed Fowler
249:have a single dorsal fin, and
185:habitats. They occur from the
16:Family of cartilaginous fishes
1:
281:. They can generate a strong
293:hatching inside the mother.
898:
221:There are a pair of large
52:Scientific classification
50:
37:
28:
23:
613:. February 2011 version.
603:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
512:(Japanese sleeper ray)
177:, and are exclusively
157:are commonly known as
153:Members of the family
816:Paleobiology Database
542:(Finless sleeper ray)
474:(Onefin electric ray)
443:(Quilon electric ray)
386:Heteronarce bentuviai
573:(Blind electric ray)
414:(Natal electric ray)
365:(Ornate sleeper-ray)
318:Crassinarke dormitor
181:and are absent from
587:(Oval electric ray)
578:Typhlonarke tarakea
434:Heteronarce prabhui
429:(Soft electric ray)
405:Heteronarce garmani
400:(Elat electric ray)
352:Electrolux addisoni
265:Biology and ecology
39:Onefin electric ray
563:Typhlonarke aysoni
419:Heteronarce mollis
854:
853:
803:Open Tree of Life
652:Taxon identifiers
605:"Family Narkidae"
586:
572:
558:
541:
533:Temera hardwickii
528:
511:
492:
473:
459:
442:
428:
413:
399:
381:
364:
347:
327:(Sleeper torpedo)
326:
313:
269:Sleeper rays are
195:continental slope
191:continental shelf
163:Indo-West Pacific
151:
150:
147:
889:
847:
846:
834:
833:
824:
823:
811:
810:
798:
797:
785:
784:
772:
771:
759:
758:
746:
745:
733:
732:
720:
719:
707:
706:
694:
693:
692:
679:
678:
677:
647:
640:
629:
614:
581:
566:
553:
536:
523:
501:
482:
479:Narke dipterygia
467:
454:
437:
422:
408:
389:
376:
355:
338:
321:
308:
279:polychaete worms
211:dermal denticles
142:
60:
59:
33:
21:
897:
896:
892:
891:
890:
888:
887:
886:
872:Torpediniformes
857:
856:
855:
850:
842:
837:
829:
827:
819:
814:
806:
801:
793:
788:
780:
775:
767:
762:
754:
749:
741:
736:
728:
723:
715:
710:
702:
697:
688:
687:
682:
673:
672:
667:
654:
644:
643:
630:
621:
599:
596:
299:
271:bottom-dwelling
267:
233:have two large
203:
187:intertidal zone
141:
129:Torpediniformes
54:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
895:
893:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
859:
858:
852:
851:
849:
848:
835:
825:
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
747:
734:
721:
708:
695:
680:
664:
662:
656:
655:
650:
642:
641:
618:
617:
616:
615:
601:Froese, Rainer
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
588:
574:
545:
544:
543:
515:
514:
513:
498:Narke japonica
494:
475:
464:Narke capensis
446:
445:
444:
430:
415:
401:
368:
367:
366:
330:
329:
328:
298:
295:
283:electric shock
266:
263:
202:
199:
193:and the upper
149:
148:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
109:Elasmobranchii
106:
102:
101:
99:Chondrichthyes
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
43:Narke capensis
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
894:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
862:
845:
840:
836:
832:
826:
822:
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
778:
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770:
765:
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752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
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713:
709:
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700:
696:
691:
685:
681:
676:
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661:
657:
653:
648:
638:
634:
628:
626:
624:
620:
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
597:
593:
584:
580:
579:
575:
570:
565:
564:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
546:
539:
535:
534:
530:
529:
526:
522:
521:
516:
509:
505:
500:
499:
495:
490:
486:
481:
480:
476:
471:
466:
465:
461:
460:
457:
453:
452:
447:
440:
436:
435:
431:
426:
421:
420:
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411:
407:
406:
402:
397:
393:
388:
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382:
379:
375:
374:
369:
362:
358:
354:
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349:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
324:
320:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
301:
300:
296:
294:
292:
288:
287:ovoviviparous
284:
280:
276:
275:invertebrates
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
212:
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188:
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176:
172:
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156:
145:
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117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
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100:
97:
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90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
46:
44:
36:
32:
27:
24:Sleeper rays
22:
19:
877:Ray families
659:
632:
608:
576:
561:
548:
531:
518:
496:
477:
462:
449:
432:
417:
403:
384:
371:
350:
333:
316:
303:
268:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
220:
207:pectoral fin
204:
167:South Africa
159:sleeper rays
158:
154:
152:
138:
115:Superorder:
42:
18:
751:iNaturalist
684:Wikispecies
569:A. Hamilton
550:Typhlonarke
373:Heteronarce
305:Crassinarke
247:Typhlonarke
243:Crassinarke
235:dorsal fins
227:Heteronarce
201:Description
861:Categories
594:References
538:J. E. Gray
525:J. E. Gray
335:Electrolux
277:, such as
255:caudal fin
231:Electrolux
183:freshwater
105:Subclass:
583:Phillipps
493:(Numbray)
489:Schneider
175:Indonesia
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
867:Narkidae
704:Narkidae
690:Narkidae
675:Q2245189
669:Wikidata
660:Narkidae
610:FishBase
508:Schlegel
504:Temminck
361:Heemstra
357:Compagno
344:Heemstra
340:Compagno
216:nostrils
155:Narkidae
139:Narkidae
135:Family:
119:Batoidea
89:Chordata
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
831:4782267
730:2775346
571:, 1902)
510:, 1850)
491:, 1801)
472:, 1789)
427:, 1907)
398:, 1989)
396:Randall
392:Baranes
297:Species
289:, with
189:to the
125:Order:
95:Class:
844:196076
828:uBio:
821:154084
808:932203
795:117892
782:203357
769:110365
635:Rome:
585:, 1929
557:, 1909
547:Genus
540:, 1831
527:, 1831
520:Temera
517:Genus
506:&
487:&
470:Gmelin
458:, 1826
448:Genus
441:, 1981
439:Talwar
412:, 1921
394:&
380:, 1921
370:Genus
363:, 2007
359:&
346:, 2007
342:&
332:Genus
325:, 1951
323:Takagi
312:, 1951
310:Takagi
302:Genus
259:ocelli
251:Temera
245:, and
223:kidney
179:marine
146:, 1934
144:Fowler
839:WoRMS
764:IRMNG
756:85915
555:Waite
485:Bloch
451:Narke
425:Lloyd
410:Regan
378:Regan
239:Narke
171:Japan
165:from
790:NCBI
777:ITIS
743:2192
738:GBIF
456:Kaup
291:eggs
229:and
725:EoL
717:D6B
712:CoL
699:ADW
173:to
169:to
863::
841::
818::
805::
792::
779::
766::
753::
740::
727::
714::
701::
686::
671::
622:^
607:.
261:.
241:,
237:,
639:.
567:(
502:(
483:(
468:(
423:(
390:(
45:)
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
