466:) and referring to each rune by the number of the group and its location within the group. He was unable to arrive at an interpretation in this manner. Nevertheless, Moltke argued that the symbols are carved and organized with such care that they must have a meaning. Marie Stoklund similarly comments that "The inscription has not yet been deciphered, though it looks as if it ought to make sense". Jonas Nordby is less certain that the carvings are based on a cipher system, suggesting that they might be some form of
286:
180:
17:
82:
435:
109:
undertook excavations at the site and found various remains, including arrowheads which could be dated to the oldest period of Norse settlement in
Greenland. Further excavations were conducted in 1958 and 1962 and smaller-scale studies took place in 1998–2005. Radiocarbon analysis of the site
133:
The pine stick is natural and only slightly worked. Erik Moltke argued that it must have been carved in
Greenland since only in a tree-poor country would a self-respecting rune-carver deign to use such a wretched piece of wood. When found, it was broken into two pieces but this did not cause much
97:
in 1935. The site was placed under conservation order but in 1945 the restrictions were lifted since surface examination of the ruins had not indicated that they were especially valuable. In 1953 a local man, K. N. Christensen, was collecting mud for agriculture at the site of the ruins. He
507:, scholars have pointed more generally to inscriptions and manuscript texts containing repeated s+vowel elements. Two runic sticks from Bergen (B 524 and B 404) contain s+vowel formulas next to references to attractive women. This has been seen as a parallel to the 'maiden' and repeated
64:
Scholars have suggested various possibilities for the purpose of the stick. Relatively mundane ideas include that the text is a play on words, a pedagogical exercise in runic ambiguity or a riddle. Magical and religious purposes have also been suggested, with the stick being a
142:. These are both elegantly cut. Side B has the younger fuþark alphabet. It uses the same form of runes as side A but may have been cut by a less skilled hand. Some additional marks on two of the sides appear to be mere scribbles or tests. The inscription on side A uses
486:. She is invoked for protection on the treacherous sea. The core of the magic could be encoded in the cipher runes which might contain the name of the runemaster or a magical word. Helgi Guðmundsson pointed out that a virgin sitting on the sky was reminiscent of
44:
runic inscription discovered in
Greenland. The stick has two sentences of ambiguous and obscure runic text. One suggested interpretation of the first sentence is "He who sat on a tub saw a tub" while another is "On the sea, the sea, the sea is the ambush of the
110:
confirms that the oldest layer dates to ca. 1000. The stick was found in the middle of the living area of the farm. Five other objects with runic symbols have been discovered at the site, all with short and difficult to interpret inscriptions.
137:
The four sides were labeled A, B, C and D by Moltke. Sides A and C are the broad sides and sides B and D are the narrow sides. Side A has an inscription with linguistic content and Side C has what looks like
410:
and that this fits well with what can be seen of the runic word. The sense "blue sky" has been adapted, with some hesitation, by several scholars. An alternative proposal by Jón
Helgason is to take
134:
damage to the runes. The stick was later glued back together. It has a length of 42.6 centimetres (16.8 in) and the broader sides have a width of 2.4 centimetres (0.94 in) at the widest.
402:, one of the names of the primordial giant out of whose skull the blue sky was made. The sense would be that the maiden sits on the blue sky. Helgi Guðmundsson argues that the expected dative of
532:
Jón
Helgason suggested that the stick had a pedagogic function with the inscription intended to illustrate the ambiguity of runic writing. He makes a lighthearted suggestion that the carver was
1365:
Medeltida skrift- och språkkultur. Nordisk medeltidsliteracy i ett diglossiskt och digrafiskt perspektiv II. Nio föreläsningar från ett symposium i
Stockholm våren 1992
231:
homonyms. Texts similar to that on B 566 are also found on B 617 from Bergen and A 162 from
Trondheim and there is a further possible parallel on a bone discovered in
165:× ą : sa : sa : sa : is : ąsa : sat × bibrau : haitir : mar : su : is : sitr : ą : blanị
261:), indicating that the sea is treacherous for anyone not favored by the gods. Helgi Guðmundsson further suggested that the gods in question would be
1556:
482:
artifact with religious or magical significance. In his interpretation, the maiden Bifrau is a benevolent mythological being as well as possibly an
442:
Side C of the stick is carefully carved with 49 signs using the same technique as on the A side. The row begins with four apparently normal runes,
1566:
49:". The other sentence refers to a maiden named "Bibrau" who may be sitting on the sky. The runic alphabet is carved on one side of the stick in a
458:, followed by more bind-runes of the same type. The meaning of this row of symbols is unknown. Moltke compared the carving to known systems of
219:("sea"). There are similarities between this sentence and runic inscriptions from Norway, in particular B 566 from Bergen which reads in part
98:
discovered artifacts made of bone and wood in the mud, including a runic stick. Christensen stopped digging and sent the artifacts to the
273:
should be understood as "dwelling place". Another proposal was offered by Ólafur Halldórsson: "He who did not see the sea saw the sea." (
253:
Other interpretations have been proposed. Erik Moltke took the first sentence to mean "On the sea, the sea, the sea is the ambush of the
1442:
1551:
1332:
1571:
1311:
454:. These symbols are divided into groups with one-point division marks. In the middle of the line there are again some normal runes,
422:("pond" or "marsh") with the suffixed article. Jón proposes this with the caveat that this is a rather early inscription for the
1546:
1411:
1372:
586:
Imer has another enumeration of the sides; Imer-A is Moltke-A, Imer-B is Moltke-D, Imer-C is Moltke-B, Imer-D is Moltke-C.
490:
but that this did not seem to throw any light on the text. He also suggested a similarity to lines from the Eddic poem
1561:
223:
and has been taken to mean "What did he see who looked into the tub? He saw himself, he who looked into the tub." (
99:
492:
106:
309:) is mostly straightforward but the first and last words are difficult. The sentence can be translated as "
85:
The site where the Narsaq stick was discovered. A sign gives information on the archaeological excavations.
277:). In this interpretation the sentence is a riddle with the answer 'mirage' given in the second sentence.
239:
1450:. Oslo: Institutt for lingvistiske og nordiske studier. Det humanistiske fakultet. Universitetet i Oslo.
238:
An interpretation of the first sentence of the Narsaq stick as a play on homonyms was first proposed by
1296:
515:
was involved. There are also obscure occurrences of s+vowel repetitions in manuscript texts including
1385:
483:
423:
73:. Various parallels have been suggested, particularly with runic inscriptions from Bergen in Norway.
1488:
1424:
285:
122:
359:
rune. This is a relatively archaic feature, found in some North
Atlantic inscriptions such as the
179:
1363:
Knirk, James (1994). "Learning to write with runes in medieval Norway". In
Lindell, Inger (ed.).
479:
66:
29:
16:
1407:
1368:
1328:
1307:
81:
53:
form. Yet another side has a series of carefully carved symbols of unclear meaning, possibly
143:
1458:
1345:
1264:
487:
360:
250:
homonyms. This interpretation has been called "very convincing" and "the most appealing".
50:
446:, but then continues with a repeated symbol with the appearance of a bind-rune formed of
1282:
1540:
307:
bibrau : haitir : mar : su : is : sitr : ą : blanị
291:
bibrau : haitir : mar : su : is : sitr : ą : blanị
94:
537:
533:
459:
434:
375:
and to answer what he saw as a riddle in the first sentence. Helgi Guðmundsson saw
139:
54:
20:
An illustration of the four sides of the Narsaq stick by runologist
Lisbeth M. Imer
497:
1386:"Lönnrunorna i Långgränd. En runinskrift och en ordlek från medeltidens Sigtuna"
1297:"The tradition of writing in Norse Greenland – writing in an agrarian community"
467:
118:
58:
521:
512:
336:
114:
70:
41:
117:
runic inscription to be discovered in Greenland. Writing in 1961, runologist
37:
438:
The inscription on side C of the Narsaq stick as presented by Bernard Mees.
399:
384:
462:
based on the principle of dividing the runic alphabet into three groups (
69:
plea for protection against the dangers of the sea or possibly a case of
159:
The runes on side A apparently form two sentences each starting with an
40:
in 1953 and was quickly seen as a significant find, as it was the first
262:
254:
232:
46:
1509:
Stoklund, Marie (1993). "Objects with runic inscriptions from Ø 17a".
121:
described the find as "epoch-making" and more important than even the
1444:
Lønnruner. Kryptografi i runeinnskrifter fra vikingtid og middelalder
90:
33:
1425:"En grønlandsk runeindskrift fra Erik den rødes tid. Narssaq-pinden"
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
379:
as the most likely option and points out that Norwegian and Swedish
301:
runes have switched places compared to more common short-twig usage.
266:
1218:
1216:
1037:
1035:
171:
is uncertain and it is possible that something is lost at the end.
433:
284:
178:
1489:"Runes about a Snow-White Woman: The Lund Gaming-Piece Revisited"
203:
can stand for a number of Old Norse words, including the pronoun
1367:. Stockholm: Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia. pp. 169–212.
665:
663:
661:
511:
of the Narsaq stick. Scholars have speculated that some form of
242:
who took the sentence to mean "He who sat on a tub saw a tub." (
197:ą : sa : sa : sa : is : ąsa : sat
185:ą : sa : sa : sa : is : ąsa : sat
966:
964:
1524:
Vebæk, C. L. (1993). "Narsaq – a Norse landnáma farm".
246:), noting as a parallel an Icelandic quatrain which plays on
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1005:
1003:
680:
678:
355:
rune is then used for a sound more often represented by the
331:
is unknown elsewhere. Moltke took its first component to be
1283:"I Tigssaluk boede en bonde, der levede som eskimoerne..."
1325:
Peasants and Prayers: The Inscriptions of Norse Greenland
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
827:
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823:
1191:
1189:
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738:
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1304:
Northern Worlds – landscapes, interactions and dynamics
903:
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695:
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150:
rune is unusual, it has the form normally used for the
648:
646:
644:
642:
503:
In addition to other inscriptions with word play on
1060:
398:as a reconstruction. He took this to be dative of
1222:
1127:
1115:
1041:
892:
1327:. Odense: University of Southern Denmark Press.
1246:
32:dating to ca. 1000. The stick was discovered in
1496:Futhark: International Journal of Runic Studies
669:
684:
500:he is called who sits at the end of the sky".
367:which he took to mean "mirage" like Icelandic
225:Hvat sá sá, er í sá sá? Sik sá sá, er í sá sá.
363:. Ólafur Halldórsson suggested the rendering
8:
1163:
970:
943:
1234:
1079:
540:and stages a conversation between the two.
1526:Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society
1511:Meddelelser om Grønland, Man & Society
982:
931:
1139:
1103:
880:
831:
766:
742:
163:sign. The inscription reads as follows:
80:
15:
638:
623:Hræsvelgr heitir, er sitr á himins enda
549:
1402:MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006).
1207:
1195:
1178:
1151:
1091:
1026:
1009:
994:
855:
843:
814:
802:
790:
778:
699:
478:Erik Moltke saw the Narsaq stick as a
313:is the name of the maiden who sits on
1478:Stuttruner i vikingtidens innskrifter
919:
907:
754:
711:
105:In the summer of 1954, archaeologist
7:
955:
723:
652:
77:Discovery and archaeological context
1302:. In Gulløv, Hans Christian (ed.).
527:sa sa sa sa sa salutem in domino sa
227:) The text is then a play on three
556:Also known under the designations
394:is uncertain and Moltke suggested
14:
1487:Steenholt Olesen, Rikke (2012).
1476:Sanness Johnsen, Ingrid (1968).
335:("movement" or "shaking") as in
1557:1953 archaeological discoveries
1404:Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
113:The Narsaq stick was the first
1567:Norse settlements in Greenland
536:himself and the pupil his son
183:The ambiguous first sentence:
28:is a pine twig inscribed with
1:
1480:. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
529:in a manuscript from Bergen.
221:huatsasaerisasasiksasaerisasa
199:) is highly ambiguous. Runic
89:Remains of old habitation in
351:as possible renderings. The
1457:Ólafur Halldórsson (1979).
211:("saw") and the noun forms
1588:
1384:Källström, Magnus (2010).
1263:Helgi Guðmundsson (1975).
100:National Museum of Denmark
1552:11th-century inscriptions
1441:Nordby, K. Jonas (2018).
1323:Imer, Lisbeth M. (2017).
1295:Imer, Lisbeth M. (2014).
450:and reversed upside-down
418:, the dative singular of
93:were first discovered by
1572:Archaeology of Greenland
1346:"Á sá sá sá es á sá sat"
1288:. 1955-10-03. p. 8.
1265:"Rúnaristan frá Narssaq"
187:with an unusual type of
107:Christen Leif Pagh Vebæk
1235:MacLeod & Mees 2006
1080:MacLeod & Mees 2006
1061:Ólafur Halldórsson 1979
519:in a manuscript of the
426:to make an appearance.
390:The ending of the word
322:heitir mær sú es sitr á
275:Á sæ sá sá es á sæ sáat
259:Á sæ, sæ, sæ es Ása sát
244:Á sá sá sá es á sá sat.
207:("that one"), the verb
1547:11th-century artifacts
1223:Helgi Guðmundsson 1975
1128:Helgi Guðmundsson 1975
1116:Helgi Guðmundsson 1975
1042:Helgi Guðmundsson 1975
893:Helgi Guðmundsson 1975
439:
302:
192:
86:
21:
1423:Moltke, Erik (1961).
1344:Jón Helgason (1977).
1247:Steenholt Olesen 2012
474:Purpose and parallels
437:
305:The second sentence (
289:The second sentence:
288:
182:
84:
19:
1306:. pp. 339–351.
1094:, pp. 406, 409.
670:Sanness Johnsen 1968
387:or mythical beings.
361:Ballaugh stone cross
327:). The word or name
195:The first sentence (
146:but the form of the
1210:, pp. 408–409.
1012:, pp. 406–408.
997:, pp. 294–295.
946:, pp. 198–199.
846:, pp. 405–406.
781:, pp. 401–402.
685:Atuagagdliutit 1955
610:det mest tiltalende
281:The second sentence
235:in Sweden in 1995.
123:Kingittorsuaq stone
1562:Runic inscriptions
597:mycket övertygande
440:
303:
193:
175:The first sentence
87:
22:
1459:"Góð er gáta þín"
1406:. Boydell Press.
1249:, pp. 97–98.
1237:, pp. 67–70.
1164:Jón Helgason 1977
1142:, pp. 49–50.
971:Jón Helgason 1977
944:Jón Helgason 1977
769:, pp. 50–52.
757:, pp. 5, 73.
517:sisisill bivivill
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57:or some sort of
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488:Christian ideas
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1286:Atuagagdliutit
1278:
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1227:
1225:, p. 194.
1212:
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1183:
1181:, p. 295.
1168:
1166:, p. 200.
1156:
1154:, p. 294.
1144:
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1130:, p. 193.
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1084:
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1044:, p. 190.
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1029:, p. 408.
1014:
999:
987:
983:Källström 2010
975:
973:, p. 199.
960:
958:, p. 349.
948:
936:
932:Källström 2010
924:
922:, p. 197.
912:
910:, p. 196.
897:
895:, p. 189.
885:
860:
858:, p. 406.
848:
836:
819:
817:, p. 407.
807:
805:, p. 401.
795:
793:, p. 402.
783:
771:
759:
747:
728:
726:, p. 250.
716:
704:
702:, p. 404.
689:
674:
672:, p. 211.
657:
655:, p. 251.
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383:is a word for
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1140:Stoklund 1993
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1105:
1104:Stoklund 1993
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1082:, p. 68.
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985:, p. 81.
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886:
883:, p. 49.
882:
881:Stoklund 1993
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
837:
834:, p. 48.
833:
832:Stoklund 1993
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
768:
767:Stoklund 1993
763:
760:
756:
751:
748:
745:, p. 47.
744:
743:Stoklund 1993
739:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
717:
713:
708:
705:
701:
696:
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686:
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675:
671:
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664:
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658:
654:
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624:
618:
615:
611:
605:
602:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
576:
570:
567:
563:
562:Narsaq Ø17a 1
559:
553:
550:
543:
541:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
494:
493:Vafþrúðnismál
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
436:
430:Cipher runes?
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
414:to represent
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
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370:
366:
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296:
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287:
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264:
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157:
155:
149:
145:
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135:
128:
126:
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120:
116:
111:
108:
103:
101:
96:
95:Aage Roussell
92:
83:
76:
74:
72:
68:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:runic symbols
27:
18:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1477:
1466:
1462:
1443:
1431:
1403:
1392:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1324:
1303:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1242:
1230:
1203:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
990:
978:
951:
939:
927:
915:
888:
851:
839:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
719:
714:, p. 5.
707:
622:
617:
609:
604:
596:
591:
582:
575:epokegørende
574:
569:
561:
557:
552:
534:Erik the Red
531:
526:
520:
516:
508:
504:
502:
491:
477:
463:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
391:
389:
380:
376:
372:
371:and Faroese
368:
364:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
298:
294:
290:
274:
270:
258:
252:
247:
243:
240:Jón Helgason
237:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:("tub") and
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
188:
184:
168:
164:
160:
158:
151:
147:
140:cipher runes
136:
132:
112:
104:
88:
63:
55:cipher runes
26:Narsaq stick
25:
23:
1257:Works cited
1208:Moltke 1961
1196:Moltke 1961
1179:Nordby 2018
1152:Nordby 2018
1092:Moltke 1961
1027:Moltke 1961
1010:Moltke 1961
995:Nordby 2018
856:Moltke 1961
844:Moltke 1961
815:Moltke 1961
803:Moltke 1961
791:Moltke 1961
779:Moltke 1961
700:Moltke 1961
460:coded runes
129:Description
119:Erik Moltke
1541:Categories
1469:: 230–233.
1434:: 401–410.
1413:1843832054
1393:Situna dei
1374:9188568024
1356:: 198–200.
1275:: 188–194.
920:Knirk 1994
908:Knirk 1994
755:Vebæk 1993
712:Vebæk 1993
633:References
621:Old Norse
608:Norwegian
522:Prose Edda
513:love magic
167:The final
115:Viking Age
71:love magic
51:short-twig
42:Viking Age
1502:: 89–104.
956:Imer 2014
724:Imer 2017
653:Imer 2017
498:Hræsvelgr
339:and gave
269:and that
38:Greenland
1517:: 47–52.
1432:Grønland
1395:: 77–83.
595:Swedish
484:asterism
573:Danish
373:lognbrá
337:Bifröst
233:Sigtuna
1463:Gripla
1410:
1371:
1350:Gripla
1331:
1310:
1269:Gripla
416:blánni
404:Bláinn
400:Bláinn
396:blanum
385:vættir
377:Bifrǫ́
365:Bifbrá
345:Bifrey
341:Bifrau
329:bibrau
319:bibrau
311:bibrau
293:. The
156:rune.
91:Narsaq
34:Narsaq
1492:(PDF)
1448:(PDF)
1428:(PDF)
1389:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
558:GR 76
544:Notes
480:pagan
468:tally
464:ættir
456:aaaaa
412:blanị
408:Bláni
392:blanị
369:tíbrá
349:Bifró
325:blanị
315:blanị
191:rune.
67:pagan
59:tally
1408:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1308:ISBN
560:and
538:Leif
525:and
444:aaal
347:and
333:bif-
297:and
265:and
263:Ægir
257:." (
255:Æsir
47:Æsir
24:The
496:: "
420:blá
406:is
317:" (
271:sát
267:Rán
36:in
1543::
1530:18
1528:.
1515:18
1513:.
1498:.
1494:.
1465:.
1461:.
1430:.
1391:.
1352:.
1348:.
1271:.
1267:.
1215:^
1186:^
1171:^
1068:^
1049:^
1034:^
1017:^
1002:^
963:^
900:^
863:^
822:^
731:^
692:^
677:^
660:^
641:^
509:sa
505:sá
470:.
381:rå
343:,
248:sá
229:sá
217:sæ
213:sá
209:sá
205:sá
201:sa
125:.
102:.
61:.
1532:.
1500:3
1467:3
1416:.
1377:.
1354:2
1337:.
1316:.
1273:1
934:.
687:.
625:.
612:.
599:.
577:.
564:.
452:k
448:k
357:f
353:b
299:b
295:a
189:s
169:i
161:×
153:R
148:s
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