Natchez people - Knowledge (XXG)

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controlling the hostile Natchez. It is likely that the White Apple faction functioned at least semi-independently. Whatever power the family of the Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent did have over outlying villages was reduced in the late 1720s after both died. They were succeeded by relatively young, inexperienced leaders. While the new Great Sun was technically the paramount chief of the Natchez, the chief of White Apple became the eldest Sun chief and had more political clout than the Great Sun. The French continued to hold the Great Sun responsible for the conduct of all Natchez villages. They insisted on dealing with the Natchez as if the people were a unified nation ruled from its capital, the Grand Village of the Natchez.

977:, attacked the stronghold of the Natchez at White Apple. On the 24th, the Natchez made propositions of peace and some chiefs met Perier who proposed they enter a cabin that seemed to be deserted, but as soon as they crossed its threshold, they were made prisoners by Perier. On January 25, 45 men, and 450 women and children surrendered and were taken as prisoners, but the rest of the Natchez and their chiefs escaped in the night. The next morning, only two sick men and one woman were found in the fort. Perier burned the fort and on the 28th, the French began their withdrawal. Perier sold the chiefs Great Sun, the Little Sun, the 45 other male prisoners and the 450 women and children into slavery in 1448:

naturally descend one "class" per generation, and would be required to marry outside the "class" to avoid incest. The only exception was the case of a male child of a male Noble, who acquired the Honored title by birth. Many researchers agree that the Honored group was not a noble class but rather a title of prestige given to commoner men for acts of valor in war, or to commoner women who ritually sacrificed their babies upon the death of a Sun as part of funeral and mourning practices. In addition, people of Honored status could be promoted to Nobles for meritorious deeds.

1397: 1439:(siblings, first cousins, and second cousins). The custom of Suns' marrying commoners rather than Nobles may have been a preference rather than a requirement. Finally, while Swanton's interpretation claims that Nobles were also required to marry commoners, later researchers have questioned this idea. They have noted in particular a mistranslation of the primary sources and a misreading by Swanton. In other words, it could be that exogamous marriage was required only of Suns, and this requirement may have been mainly a result of the taboo against incest. 672: 874:

Rosalie reprimanded the murderer. Unsatisfied with that response, Natchez warriors of White Apple retaliated by attacking nearby French settlements. Tattooed Serpent's diplomatic efforts helped restore peace. But within a year, Bienville led a French army into Natchez territory, intent on punishing the warriors of White Apple. Bienville demanded the surrender of a White Apple chief as recompense for the earlier Natchez attacks. Under pressure from the French and other Natchez villages, White Apple turned the chief over to the French.

36: 1408:, could have at least delayed the Natchez Paradox's effects. Researchers who argue for this idea often couple it with the proposal that the Natchez system of noble exogamy in the early 18th century was a relatively recent development in their society. According to this argument, during the relatively chaotic 16th and 17th centuries, the Natchez maintained their traditional social system by adapting it to new conditions. They assimilated foreigners as commoners and made a new requirement of noble exogamy. 1122:. Some Cherokee-Natchez were permitted to remain in South Carolina as settlers along with the Kusso, Eastern Band Natchez and the PeeDee. (The state of South Carolina recognized the Natchez-Kusso tribe, Eastern Band Natchez and the PeeDee Tribe.) Most of the balance of Natchez citizens are within the Cherokee Nation (est. 185,000), the Mvskoke Nation, Seminole Nation, Chickasaw Nation, with a few in the modern Choctaw Nation on their respective reservations in Oklahoma; nearly half of the state. 3322: 1008:. Some of the Natchez warriors who had found refuge among the Chickasaw joined them in fighting the French. The Natchez Wars and the Chickasaw Wars were also related to French attempts to gain free passage along the Mississippi River. During the 1736 campaign against the Chickasaw, the French demanded again that the Natchez among them be turned over. The Chickasaw, compromising, turned over several Natchez, along with some French prisoners of war. 228: 958: 1377:. That is, the children of female Suns, Nobles, or Honoreds were born into the status of their mothers. However, the children of male Suns and Nobles did not take on commoner status from their mothers, as noble exogamy and matrilineal descent would appear to dictate, but rather were ranked one class below their fathers. In other words, children of male Suns became Nobles, while children of male Nobles became Honored, according to Swanton. 572: 403: 162: 557: 545: 680: 138: 103: 150: 3022: 1160: 791:, maintained their distance from the French and entertained the possibility of seeking alliances elsewhere. The Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent leaders lived in the Grand Village of the Natchez and were generally friendly toward the French. When violence broke out between the Natchez and the French, the village of White Apple was usually the main source of tensions, as in the Natchez revolt. 854:

the Natchez War. All four conflicts involved the two opposing factions within the Natchez nation. The Great Sun's faction was generally friendly toward the French. Violence usually began in or was triggered by events among the Natchez of White Apple. In all but the last war, peace was regained largely due to the efforts of Tattooed Serpent of the Grand Village of the Natchez.

3010: 695: 668:, both hereditary positions. The Great Sun had supreme authority over civil affairs, and the Tattooed Serpent oversaw political issues of war and peace, and diplomacy with other nations. Both lived at the Grand Village of the Natchez. Lesser chiefs, mostly from the Sun royal family, presided at other Natchez villages. 649:(or Hickories). Historian James Barnett, Jr. described this dispersed leadership structure as developing in the post-epidemic years. It enabled the Natchez to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with European settlers of all nations, but eventually resulted in deeper internal divisions in Natchez society. 909:

the Natchez settlement, Perier appointed the Sieur de Chépart (also known as Etcheparre and Chopart), who was described by as "rapacious, haughty, and tyrannical", abusing soldiers, settlers, and the Natchez alike. Perier and Chépart entered a partnership to develop a large plantation on Natchez land.

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Three general changes to Swanton's interpretation have been proposed to address the Natchez Paradox. First, a type of asymmetrical descent may have been practiced in which only male children of male nobility inherited the social class one step below their fathers, while female children of male nobles

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Morse, Jedidiah. (1804). The American gazetteer : exhibiting a full account of the civil divisions, rivers, harbours, Indian tribes, &c. of the American continent, also of the West India and other appendant islands : with a particular description of Louisiana. 2nd edition. Charlestown,

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Because of the contributions of the free men of color during the Natchez War, the French allowed them to join Louisiana's militias. This gave them important connections into the colonial society, contributing to their achieving an independent social status between the French colonists and slaves. In

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Louisiana's Africans, both slave and free blacks, were also affected by the Indian wars. The Natchez had encouraged African slaves to join them in rebellion. Most did not, but some did. In January 1730 a group of African slaves fought off a Choctaw attack, giving the Natchez time to regroup in their

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were initially reluctant to fight on either side. In the summer of 1730, a large group of Natchez asked for refuge with the Tunica, which was given. During the night, the Natchez turned on their hosts, killing 20 and plundering the town. In return, the Tunica attacked Natchez refugees throughout the

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War broke out again in 1722 and 1723. Called the Second and Third Natchez Wars by the French, they were essentially two phases of a single conflict. It began in White Apple, where an argument over a debt resulted in a French trader's killing one of the Natchez villagers. The French commander of Fort

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The First Natchez War of 1716 was precipitated by Natchez raiders from White Apple killing four French traders. Bienville, seeking to resolve the conflict, called a meeting of chiefs at the Grand Village of the Natchez. The assembled chiefs proclaimed their innocence and implicated the war chiefs of

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led an expedition down the Mississippi River. The Natchez received the party well, but when the French returned upriver, they were met by a hostile force of about 1,500 Natchez warriors and hurried away. At the time of the next French visit in the 1690s, the Natchez were welcoming and friendly. When

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forced the Natchez to evacuate, leaving the fort in ruins. In January 1730, the French attempted to besiege the main fort of the Natchez, but they were driven off. Two days later a force of about 500 Choctaw attacked and captured the fort, killing at least 100 Natchez, and recovered about 50 French

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arrived as the new governor of Louisiana with orders to further develop the Natchez settlement. Perier broke with Bienville's policy of diplomatic engagement with the Natchez and other tribes, and refused to recognize Native American ownership of their traditional lands. To oversee Fort Rosalie and

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The last of these wars was the largest, in which the Natchez destroyed the French settlements in their territory. In retaliation, the French eventually killed or deported most of the Natchez people. Overshadowing the first three in scale and importance, the 1729 rebellion is sometimes simply called

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The French colonial authorities regularly described the Natchez as being ruled with absolute, despotic authority by the Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent. The existence of two opposing factions was well known and documented. The Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent repeatedly pointed out their difficulty in

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Although Carolinian merchants had been operating in the American Southeast for decades, French merchants rapidly established economic networks throughout the region with a few years of their arrival. Most Indian tribes in the region sought to maintain trade links with as many Europeans as possible,

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of the Natchez chiefdom which was in its ascendancy at the time. The encounter was brief and violent; the natives attacked and chased the Spanish with their canoes. No further European contact with the indigenous people in this area occurred for more than 140 years, but they suffered from epidemics

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Lorenz proposes that the entire kinship system was not based on classes, castes, or clans, but rather degrees of genealogical separation from the ruling Sun matriline. Lorenz's interpretation does not include asymmetrical descent or noble exogamy. Rather, a person was a Sun if he or she was within

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marriage. Members of the highest ranking class, called Suns, are thought to have been required to marry only members of the lowest commoner class, called Stinkards or commoners. The Natchez descent system has received a great deal of academic study. Scholars debate how the system functioned before

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During the early 18th century, according to French sources, the Natchez lived in six to nine village districts with a population estimated at 4,000–6,000 people, and with the ability to muster 1,500 warriors. There were three village districts in the lower St. Catherine's Creek area, called Tioux,

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were organized into ranked clans, with the requirement that one cannot marry within one's clan. Related to this theory is the idea that Honored status was not a class or a clan, but a title. Sun status, likewise, may not have been a class but rather a term for the royal family. If true, Natchez

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The Chickasaw tried to remain neutral, but when groups of Natchez began seeking refuge in 1730, the Chickasaw allied with the refugees against the French. By 1731 the Chickasaw had accepted many refugees. When in 1731 the French demanded the surrender of Natchez living among them, the Chickasaw

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separation from the ruling matriline's eldest female Sun (called the "White Woman"). Nobles were those people who were four, five, or six degrees removed from the White Woman, while people seven degrees or more removed were commoners. In this system, the male children of male ruling Suns would

809:, and maintained a military post at Fort Rosalie. French colonists often intermarried with Natchez women. At first the Natchez welcomed the French settlers and assigned them land grants, although historians have noted it was unlikely they had the same concept of land ownership as the French. 771:

encouraging competition and price reductions. By the 1710s, the Natchez had become solidly integrated with the French, trading furs for firearms, blankets, alcohol and other supplies. Despite this, the Natchez kept their markets open for all European merchants. The increasing pace of

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Many later researchers have focused on the so-called "Natchez Paradox" that Swanton's model is said to engender. The paradox is that if the rules described were followed strictly, over time the commoner class would become depleted, while the lower nobility classes would grow larger.

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in 1911. Swanton's interpretations and conclusions are still generally accepted and widely cited. Later researchers have addressed various problems with Swanton's interpretation. Some researchers have proposed modifications of Swanton's model, while others have rejected most of it.

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the 19th century, the free people of color established a relatively large class, especially in New Orleans. Many worked as highly skilled artisans; others became educated; they established businesses and acquired property. Of French and African ancestry, the base of most Louisiana

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society, with descent reckoned along female lines. The paramount chief named the Great Sun was always the son of the Female Sun, whose daughter would be the mother of the next Great Sun. This ensured that the chiefdom stayed under the control of the single Sun lineage.

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system is based on a relatively small number of French colonists who recorded information about Natchez social life between about 1700 and 1730. Fragmentary and ambiguous, the French accounts are the only historic accounts of Natchez society before 1730. Natchez

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During the 1730s and 1740s, as the French–Natchez conflict developed into a French–Chickasaw war, the Choctaw fell into internal discord. The rift between pro-French and pro-English factions within the Choctaw nation reached the point of violence and civil war.

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Mothers sometimes sacrificed infants in such ceremonies, an act which conferred honor and special status to the mother. Relatives of adults who chose ritual suicide were likewise honored and rose in status. The practice of ritual suicide and

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There are significant numbers of Natchez citizens within the federally recognized tribe of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation; approximately 12,000. The Natchez were constituent members of the historic Creek Confederacy and signatories on the 1790

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tribe, who lived north of the Natchez, were frequently visited by Carolinian traders, thus giving them access to a source of firearms and alcohol. One of the most lucrative trades with Carolinian merchants involved trading in

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On November 28, 1729, the Natchez led by Indian chief the Great Sun, attacked and destroyed the entire French settlement at Fort Rosalie, killing between 229 and 285 colonists and taking about 450 women and children captive.

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Mothers. Other Natchez Sun leaders have included K.T. "Hutke" Fields (Principal Peace Chief/Great Sun, 1996–), Eliza Jane Sumpka (Primary Clan Mother), William Harjo LoneFight, Robert M. Riviera (Principal War Chief, 1997),

717:. Great honor was associated with such sacrifice, and sometimes many Natchez chose to follow a Sun into death. For example, at the death of the Tattooed Serpent in 1725, two of his wives, one of his sisters (nicknamed 532:

of infectious disease carried indirectly by other Native Americans from European traders. These and other intrusions had severely reduced the native populations. By the historic period local power had shifted to the

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In the 1710s and 1720s, war broke out four times between the French and the Natchez. The French called these the First Natchez War (1716), the Second Natchez War (1722), the Third Natchez War (1723), and the

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of the Natchez was required to ensure the prosperity and safety of the French colony. He secured the neutrality of the Choctaw and engaged in the prosecution of the war of extermination against the Natchez.

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In November 1729, Chépart announced the complete removal of the Natchez from their land in the near future and ordered them to vacate the village of White Apple so that he could use its land for a new

767:, an Indian tribe living near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The grand chief of the Chaouachas was killed; his wife and ten others were carried off to Carolina where they were sold into slavery. 641:

Flour, and the Grand Village of the Natchez. Three other village districts were located to the northeast, along upper St. Catherine's Creek and Fairchild's Creek, called White Apple (or White Earth),

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in Oklahoma. The nation developed a constitution in 2003, which confirms its long-held traditions of self-government. Approximately 197,000 Natchez are members of the nation. Membership is based on

919:. This turned out to be the final affront to the Natchez, and they were unwilling to yield to the French demands. The chiefs of White Apple sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, 3104: 3624: 1373:) called Suns, Nobles, and Honored People. Noble exogamy was practiced, meaning that members of the noble classes could marry only commoners. A person's social status and class were determined 798:

During the 1710s and 1720s, French presence and settlement in Natchez territory increased from a handful of traders and missionaries to hundreds of settlers (some 400 French colonists and 200

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warriors. These raiding parties moved over great distances to capture slaves from hostile tribes. In one instance, a 1713 raiding party of Chickasaw, Natchez, and Yazoo raiders attacked the

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or the updated records of 1973. The nation allows citizens to have more than one tribal affiliation, asking only for volunteer work or donations to support the nation and its programs.

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The French and Natchez continued to attack each other until 1731. On January 21, 1731, Perier with the troops of the colony and two battalions of marines commanded by his brother,

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Small Natchez communities and settlements may be found in and throughout the Southeast and as far north as North Carolina. There are three state-recognized Natchez communities in

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The Natchez revolt expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Yazoo and Koroa Indians allied with the Natchez and suffered the same fate in defeat. The

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Archaeological Examination of Electromagnetic Features: An Example from the French Dwelling Site, a Late Eighteenth Century Plantation Site in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi

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An overview of the internal division in Natchez society, their role in the conflicts of the region, and the French misunderstandings of Natchez politics can be found in

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in present-day Illinois near the confluence of the Illinois, Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Its peoples are noted for their hierarchical communities, building complex

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society would have been a moiety of just two groups, commoners and nobles. The requirement of exogamy may have applied to Suns only, rather than the entire nobility.

746:. Traders from Carolina had established a large trading network among the indigenous peoples of the American Southeast, and by 1700 it stretched west as far as the 6443: 5379: 3656: 3140: 5900: 4510: 6448: 3286: 3090: 775:

caused internal tensions to worsen within Natchez society. Several villages, led by the Grand Village of the Natchez and including the villages of Flour and

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inherited their mothers' commoner status in matrilineal descent. Related to this is the idea that the Honored category was not a social class but rather an

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of a Natchez mother and father with their newborn child on the banks of the Mississippi River, inspired by Chateaubriand's fictionalized account of the

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During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, French colonists in the American Southeast initiated a power struggle with those living in the colony of

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DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Interconnectedness and Diversity in 'French Louisiana'". In Wood, Peter H.; Waselkov, Gregory A.; Hatley, M. Thomas (eds.).

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Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase — A Special Presentation from the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress

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in a state court after a 30-year fight, on the basis of descent from a Natchez mother after the Spanish had banned trade in Indian slaves (1764)

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Third, the social classes described by Swanton were not classes or castes, as the terms are generally used in English, but exogamous ranked

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For an overview of colonial Louisiana and French-Indian relations, see DuVal, "Interconnectedness and Diversity in 'French Louisiana'", in

759:. For decades, the Chickasaw conducted slave raids over a wide region in the American Southeast, often being joined by allied Natchez and 57: 1138:. During this time, the Natchez enjoyed signatory status and membership within the Creek Confederacy and established their town near the 6361: 6336: 6316: 5750: 5198: 4202: 4014: 3989: 3921: 3767: 2902: 6110: 5890: 5715: 4322: 3951: 3926: 3830: 1886: 415: 203: 954:

captives and 50–100 African slaves. French leaders were delighted, but surprised when the Choctaw demanded ransoms for the captives.

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or other newcomers from across the ocean. The Natchez are also noted for having had an unusual social system of nobility classes and

2191: 1207: 327:. Other Mississippian societies in the southeast had generally experienced important transformations shortly after contact with the 268: 79: 1419:, with patterns of descent common to most Native peoples of the American southeast. Tribes such as the Chickasaw, Creek, Timucua, 5855: 4767: 4004: 1119: 974: 586:

The French explored the lower Mississippi River in the late 17th century. Initial French-Natchez encounters were mixed. In 1682

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The current leadership of the Natchez Nation consists of a Peace Chief (called the "Great Sun"), a War Chief, and four primary

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After the war of 1729–1731, Natchez society was in flux and the people scattered. Most survivors eventually settled among the

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among the Natchez was divided into two major categories, commoners and nobility. The nobility was further divided into three

1185: 942: 703: 688: 3026: 2826: 1836:, ed. Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2nd edition, 2006 630: 592: 486:

The Natchez used Emerald Mound in their time, but they abandoned the site before 1700. Their center of power shifted to the

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have not reached consensus on how the Natchez social system originally functioned, and the topic is somewhat controversial.

727:, his doctor, his head servant and the servant's wife, his nurse, and a craftsman of war clubs, all chose to die with him. 5104: 4856: 4732: 4495: 4307: 3855: 3792: 3772: 1803: 575: 494: 464: 6271: 5820: 5135: 5114: 4673: 4633: 4417: 4039: 3994: 3901: 3870: 3556: 3357: 3256: 2794: 2748: 2183: 1878: 1812: 1547: 989: 984:

Although significantly weakened by the defeat, the Natchez managed to regroup and make one last attack on the French at

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upon the death of a chief existed among other Native Americans living along the lower Mississippi River, such as the

50: 44: 1698:, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, pp. 385–453, accessed 9 Dec 2010 1435:. In the early 18th century, all the Suns of a given generation appear to have been related within three degrees of 694: 5975: 5730: 4663: 4548: 4530: 4382: 4317: 3251: 2719:

Old Frontiers, The Story of the Cherokee Indians from Earliest Times to the Date of Their Removal to the West, 1838

1252: 2428:"The Obfuscation of Native American Presence in the French Atlantic: Natchez Indians in Saint Domingue, 1731–1791" 1189: 1174: 1103:, lived in Natchey Town. Most of the Natchez living with the Cherokee accompanied them in the 1830s on the forced 988:

in October 1731. With reinforcements from Spain and Native American allies, the French under the fort's commander

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encountered a powerful chiefdom located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. Native sources called it "

61: 6080: 5935: 5905: 5464: 4826: 4598: 4568: 4302: 3419: 3340: 3281: 2822: 430: 312:. An early American geographer noted in his 1797 gazetteer that they were also known as the "Sun Set Indians". 293: 3171: 3402: 2545:, ed. Janine Scancarelli and Heather Kay Hardy, University of Nebraska Press, 2005, p, 6, accessed 9 Dec 2010 6371: 6105: 6095: 6055: 5930: 5662: 5597: 5284: 5094: 4974: 4921: 4871: 4782: 4457: 4452: 4412: 3241: 2982:

The History of Louisiana: Or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina... 1774 (English) / 1751 (French)

2427: 2291: 1481: 387: 4107: 3510: 1097:, whose mother was Natchez and kidnapped as a young girl. In later years Dragging Canoe's Cherokee father, 595:

visited the Natchez in 1700, he was given a three-day-long peace ceremony, which involved the smoking of a

6040: 5760: 5607: 5550: 5484: 5469: 5267: 4949: 4515: 4247: 3999: 3984: 3911: 3561: 3413: 3367: 2919: 1135: 1086: 1078: 626: 3465: 3372: 3186: 6234: 6168: 6115: 6010: 5677: 5642: 5632: 5573: 4500: 4242: 4207: 3850: 3640: 3566: 3488: 3482: 3459: 3384: 2771: 1509: 1457: 1248: 425:, which extended throughout the lower Mississippi Valley and its tributaries. Its largest center was at 422: 316: 5910: 4062: 3408: 3362: 3345: 3390: 3321: 3261: 3176: 3061: 1089:. The creek became known as Notchy Creek after the Natchez. The settlement was called Natchey Town or 934:

of nearby French plantations, inviting them to join the Natchez in rising up to drive out the French.

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upon the death of a Sun. When a male Sun died, his wives were expected to accompany him by performing

463:. During the late prehistoric era, around 1500, Plaquemine-culture people occupied territory from the 5805: 5657: 5529: 5314: 5237: 4432: 4267: 3797: 3742: 3447: 3424: 3351: 3301: 1266:, each of which have independent governments: the Eastern Band Natchez, formerly Natchez-PeeDee; the 1029: 867: 743: 297: 3906: 3453: 2924: 6296: 5592: 5519: 5494: 5459: 5439: 5242: 5203: 5150: 4901: 4851: 4836: 4772: 4757: 4710: 4472: 4362: 4192: 4092: 3979: 3396: 3378: 3296: 3236: 3231: 3216: 3120: 3038: 3014: 2910: 2471:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 2099: 1624:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1599:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1574:. Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv (Natchez Nation) and Este Mvskokulke Momen Hopetvke, Inc. (EMMH) 1341: 1309: 1256: 887: 862:

assisted the French in fighting the 1716 Natchez War. After the 1716 Natchez War, the French built

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The earliest European account of the Natchez may be from the journals of the Spanish expedition of

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Natchez Great Temple on Mound C and the Sun Chiefs cabin, drawn by Alexandre de Batz in the 1730s

472: 418: 5499: 1502:(ca. 1857 – 1930s), medicine man, cultural historian, one of the last native speakers of Natchez 1431:

Some researchers argue that the prohibition against Suns' marrying Suns was largely a matter of

2517:"Sam (Family : Sam, Creek : Sam, Watt) - Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC)" 1270:

Natchez-Kusso (Four Holes Indian Organization); and the PeeDee Indian Tribe of South Carolina.

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in North Carolina. The main Natchez town, dating to about 1755, was located near present-day

6428: 6351: 6188: 6140: 6090: 6030: 5945: 5870: 5860: 5835: 5790: 5637: 5587: 5568: 5558: 5509: 5504: 5172: 5167: 5155: 5099: 5089: 4916: 4720: 4638: 4573: 4282: 4129: 4102: 4072: 3875: 3865: 2953: 2929: 2898: 2845:

Lorenz, Karl G. (2000). "The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi". In McEwan, Bonnie G. (ed.).

2439: 1475: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1112: 1043: 957: 764: 665: 527:," after the paramount chief's name. Various scholars have debated if this chiefdom was the 468: 301: 278: 242: 215: 187: 183: 179: 102: 571: 402: 6244: 6198: 5950: 5895: 5885: 5745: 5667: 5524: 5454: 5449: 5429: 5396: 5279: 5220: 5177: 5160: 5145: 4906: 4876: 4608: 4372: 4337: 4327: 4287: 4009: 3956: 3916: 3840: 3802: 3675: 3635: 3226: 3161: 3135: 3115: 3051: 2990: 1354: 1346: 1233: 1025: 1021: 710: 657: 622: 596: 556: 544: 383: 2997:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 43. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1118:

A few remained in North Carolina. Their descendants are part of the federally recognized

1708:

Massachusetts: Printed by and for Samuel Etheridge, and for Thomas and Andrews. p. 358.

679: 6326: 6311: 6301: 6203: 5940: 5770: 5725: 5622: 5534: 5489: 5319: 5252: 5247: 5182: 4964: 4831: 4402: 4252: 4227: 4217: 3732: 3581: 3291: 3246: 3191: 2847: 2789:

Kimball, Geoffrey (2005). "Natchez". In Hardy, Heather K.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.).

2064:

Phelps, Dawson A. (June 1957). "The Chickasaw, the English, and the French 1699–1744".

1386: 1374: 1263: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1074: 1017: 1005: 978: 899: 891: 847: 840: 825:

of 1729, where the Natchez slaughtered most of the French soldiers and colonists, with

822: 714: 614: 444: 434: 411: 391: 355: 328: 167: 2995:

Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico

2768:

The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717

2654:

Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42

1744: 1740: 1396: 6422: 6183: 6178: 6070: 6020: 6015: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5735: 5612: 5424: 5401: 5262: 5082: 5011: 4969: 4926: 4886: 4861: 4715: 4648: 4643: 4613: 4462: 4437: 4347: 4297: 4212: 4149: 4082: 3835: 3782: 3690: 3436: 3306: 3211: 2614:

An overview of these three general modifications of Swanton's system can be found in

1519: 1436: 1362: 1082: 996: 969:. Annotated to show paths of d'Artaguette and Bienville in Chickasaw Campaign of 1736 664:). When the French arrived, the Natchez were ruled by the Great Sun and his brother, 528: 476: 3076: 493:

By 1700, the Natchez occupied a territory that covered only an area roughly between

6386: 6341: 6291: 6281: 6261: 6229: 6130: 6085: 6065: 5850: 5830: 5795: 5710: 5695: 5514: 5386: 5309: 5109: 5072: 4941: 4841: 4792: 4695: 4653: 4427: 4392: 4257: 4232: 4159: 4144: 4134: 4122: 4034: 4019: 3936: 3891: 3505: 3271: 2872: 1513: 1469: 1444: 1432: 1366: 1350: 1305: 949:

The Natchez seized and occupied Fort Rosalie. Retaliation by the French and allied

863: 826: 760: 684: 653: 606: 367: 199: 2980: 2745:

Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition

501:

in the south. This area is approximately that of the northern half of present-day

2208: 2034: 548:

Platform mounds (in the distance) and reconstructed wattle-and-daub house at the

6239: 6120: 6100: 5965: 5825: 5815: 5700: 5444: 5210: 5062: 5006: 4954: 4668: 4525: 4312: 4222: 4166: 4117: 3896: 3787: 3762: 3715: 3700: 3540: 3266: 3206: 1487: 1317: 1241: 1237: 1159: 1139: 732: 460: 447:

evidence indicates that people of the Plaquemine culture, an elaboration of the

336: 131: 2737: 2179:

American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories

1816: 1308:

in the early 20th century, some scholars believe that it may be related to the

1028:

before they could act. More slaves fought for the French, however, as did some

637:, among others. Both brothers played a major role in French-Natchez relations. 6276: 6173: 6045: 5960: 5875: 5785: 5335: 4959: 4911: 4881: 4821: 4628: 4387: 4197: 4139: 4097: 4087: 3941: 3820: 3525: 3021: 2554: 1617: 1592: 1567: 1493: 916: 523: 452: 17: 2941: 2443: 1093:(Cherokee for "Natchez Place"). It was the birthplace of the Cherokee leader 6050: 5880: 5031: 5021: 5001: 4896: 4705: 4593: 4485: 4262: 3946: 3860: 3471: 3156: 2516: 2490: 1424: 1059: 924: 751: 390:

nations in Oklahoma. Two Natchez communities are recognized by the state of

371: 363: 354:, the Natchez were defeated. Most of the captured survivors were shipped to 344: 143: 2464: 1004:

refused. French-Chickasaw relations rapidly deteriorated, resulting in the

451:, had lived in the Natchez Bluffs region since at least as long ago as 700 3009: 471:

in the south. The Plaquemine people built many platform mounds, including

6249: 6213: 6163: 6025: 5810: 5257: 5225: 4442: 4367: 3710: 3705: 3515: 2849:

Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory

1499: 1390: 1329: 1313: 1279: 1229: 1067: 1055: 603: 379: 375: 320: 309: 284: 219: 155: 2077: 1994: 1974: 227: 6256: 5740: 5617: 5539: 5232: 5215: 5046: 5026: 4480: 4377: 3695: 2949: 1416: 1405: 1333: 950: 913: 859: 803: 724: 426: 359: 339: 332: 2304: 1983:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

1066:. Most of the latter two Natchez groups ended up integrating with the 5602: 4813: 4683: 4332: 4237: 3586: 1542: 1532: 1267: 931: 736: 610: 480: 351: 2933: 2043:] (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 16. 1247:

Natchez families are also found as members among the balance of the

702:

in 1725, with retainers waiting to be sacrificed from a drawing by

27:

Native American people originally from the Lower Mississippi Valley

6346: 5016: 4762: 4292: 4154: 1420: 1395: 1370: 956: 920: 881: 816: 693: 678: 670: 570: 555: 543: 438: 401: 226: 560:

A modern reconstruction of a traditional Natchez dwelling at the

382:, where Natchez members are enrolled in the federally recognized 6306: 3032: 1412: 1274: 490:. The Grand Village had between three and five platform mounds. 107: 5339: 3606: 3086: 2721:(Reprint edition, AYER Company ed.). Southern Publishers. 2557:, Native Languages of the Americas, (retrieved 9 December 2010) 866:

near the Grand Village of the Natchez. The present-day city of

613:

began to settle among the Natchez in 1698. On the coast of the

1404:

Second, the assimilation of foreign people, such as groups of

1153: 362:; others took refuge with other tribes, such as the Muskogean 292:

people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area in the

231:

Distribution of the Natchez people and their chiefdoms in 1682

29: 2253: 2251: 1328:

The Natchez are noted for having an unusual social system of

254: 3320: 1496:(1914–1986), traditionalist, scholar, and stomp dance leader 455:. The Natchez Bluffs are located along the east side of the 378:. Today, most Natchez families and communities are found in 2213:. Shreveport, Louisiana: Mid-South Press. pp. 102–107. 1337:

the 1730 diaspora and the topic has generated controversy.

829:

in the background, from a panoramic painting by John Egan,

1484:(born 1966), president and CEO of American Native Services 1020:, inspired by the Natchez revolt, attempted to organize a 941:

After the attack on Fort Rosalie, Perier decided that the

2009: 2007: 1522:(born 1967), traditionalist, flautist, cultural historian 1228:), a treaty tribe, are within the southern halves of the 927:, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. They also sent messages to the 323:

characteristics to have survived long into the period of

257: 251: 2901:; Murdock, George P.; Scaglion, Richard (October 1971). 410:

The historic Natchez were preceded in this area by what

1282:, Archie Sam, White Tobacco Sam, Creek Sam and others. 870:

developed from the 1716 establishment of Fort Rosalie.

2738:"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana" 2289:

Mooney, James (July 1899). "The End of the Natchez".

1460:

as a drug to those who are believed to be bewitched.

1340:

Primary source documentation on the pre-1730 Natchez

1220:

Today the primary settlements of the Natchez Nation (

269: 260: 248: 1834:

Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast

1805:

Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast

1667:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

483:. Emerald Mound was an important ceremonial center. 6222: 6154: 5686: 5415: 5191: 5123: 5055: 4994: 4987: 4940: 4812: 4801: 4731: 4582: 4539: 4471: 4179: 4053: 3965: 3884: 3811: 3674: 3665: 3498: 3331: 3149: 2566:See the section titled "Natchez Descent System" in 992:mounted a counter attack and defeated the Natchez. 304:, although it may be very distantly related to the 245: 209: 193: 173: 125: 115: 2985:. London/New Orleans: T. Becket/ J.S.W. Harmonson. 2846: 2791:Native languages of the Southeastern United States 2543:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States 2210:Fort Rosalie, the French at Old Natchez: 1682–1762 1696:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States 1251:. They are represented as corporations within the 2155:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 10. 1874:Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb 1472:, 18th-century female Sun (mother of a Great Sun) 779:, openly supported the French. Others, including 6439:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 2144: 2142: 2140: 2036:La Louisiane française dans l'impasse: 1731–1743 685:Great Sun, Paramount Chief of the Natchez People 3141:List of archaeological periods (North America) 300:, in the United States. They spoke a language 5351: 3618: 3098: 8: 3035:, website of the Natchez Nation of Oklahoma. 1033: 718: 95: 3073:, 1867; available at University of Chicago. 2587:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWhite1971 ( 2521:Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC) 2495:Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC) 1188:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 497:and South Fork Coles Creek in the north to 5358: 5344: 5336: 4991: 4809: 3671: 3625: 3611: 3603: 3105: 3091: 3083: 2262:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGayarré1854 ( 2240:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGayarré1854 ( 2041:French Louisiana at the Impasse: 1731-1743 2018:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGayarré1854 ( 635:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville 437:architecture, and intensively cultivating 94: 5866:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 2923: 1845:Map of historic Natchez village areas in 1797: 1349:have also been studied. The first modern 1208:Learn how and when to remove this message 1016:forts. In June 1731, a group of enslaved 315:The Natchez are noted for being the only 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 6464:Native American tribes in North Carolina 6459:Native American tribes in South Carolina 3058:Internet Project, University of Arkansas 2979:Le Page du Pratz, Antoine-Simon (1947). 2578: 2576: 1906:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1971 ( 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1739:See the National Park Service web pages 1725:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite1971 ( 1618:"About Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv" 1593:"About Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv" 1568:"About Nvculke Wvlt Tvluen Mvnv Pumpeyv" 43:This article includes a list of general 2403:"History – 1814 Treaty of Fort Jackson" 2257: 2235: 2013: 1768: 1679: 1653:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 1644: 1559: 588:René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle 3045:George Sabo III, "The Natchez Indians" 2696:The Natchez Indians: A History to 1735 2679:] (in French). Editions du Félin. 2639: 2627: 2615: 2602: 2567: 2341: 2317: 2276: 2223: 1977:THE NATCHEZ INDIANS: A History to 1735 1968: 1966: 1957: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1858: 1846: 1756: 1024:, but French authorities disputed the 283: 6444:Native American tribes in Mississippi 2903:"Natchez Class and Rank Reconsidered" 2582: 2329: 1901: 1720: 1073:The Natchez settled mostly along the 967:Mémoires Historiques sur la Louisiane 350:In 1731, after several wars with the 7: 1745:Grand Village of the Natchez Indians 1186:adding citations to reliable sources 878:Natchez revolt in 1729 and aftermath 479:structure in North America north of 126:Regions with significant populations 6449:Native American tribes in Louisiana 6337:Norse colonization of North America 2379:"History – 1796 Treaty of Colerain" 2355:"History – 1790 Treaty of New York" 1669:(5th ed.). 2011. p. 1173. 1655:(11th ed.). 2004. p. 825. 1508:(ca. 1770s – after 1836), slave in 1062:, or with British colonists in the 660:was called the Great Sun (Natchez: 6454:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 3641:Mississippian and related cultures 1389:given to commoner men and was not 1240:descent from people listed on the 421:, part of the larger, prehistoric 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 3039:Natchez Nation Profile and Videos 2743:. In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.). 802:). They cultivated several large 6434:Plaquemine Mississippian culture 3634: 3114: 3020: 3008: 1312:. Its two last fluent speakers, 1158: 1120:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 241: 160: 148: 136: 134:– Natchez Bluffs, (historical), 101: 34: 6357:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 5275:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2700:University Press of Mississippi 2121:University Press of Mississippi 617:, French colonists established 296:, near the present-day city of 3657:Timeline of Mississippi valley 2694:Barnett, James F. Jr. (2007). 2066:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1973:Parmenter, Jon (Winter 2010). 1400:Postcard of Fort Rosalie, 1907 704:Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz 689:Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz 1: 4857:Grand Village of the Illinois 2702:. Conclusion; and pp. 12-15. 2176:Usner, Daniel H. Jr. (1998). 1871:La Vere, David (2007-04-01). 1811:(2nd ed.). Lincoln, NE: 1361:In Swanton's interpretation, 830: 709:The Natchez performed ritual 576:Mississippian culture pottery 335:practices. It was a strongly 302:with no known close relatives 6322:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 6272:Eastern Agricultural Complex 4634:Grand Village of the Natchez 3557:Eastern Agricultural Complex 3358:Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds 2795:University of Nebraska Press 2749:University of Nebraska Press 2184:University of Nebraska Press 2098:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 1879:University of Oklahoma Press 1813:University of Nebraska Press 1710:The Internet Archive website 1304:. As originally proposed by 990:Louis Juchereau de St. Denis 580:Grand Village of the Natchez 562:Grand Village of the Natchez 550:Grand Village of the Natchez 534:Grand Village of the Natchez 488:Grand Village of the Natchez 5706:Bandelier National Monument 5580:List of Mississippian sites 5367:Pre-Columbian North America 3652:List of Mississippian sites 3477:Southwest of Cut Off Lagoon 2855:University Press of Florida 2812:Lawson, Charles F. (2004). 1692:Geoffrey Kimball, "Natchez" 1538:Hernando de Soto Expedition 631:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 6480: 6126:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 5731:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 5440:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 3252:Mazique Archeological Site 2149:James, D. Clayton (1993). 1300:is generally considered a 1289: 1253:Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma 1000:1730s and into the 1740s. 897: 838: 723:by the French), his first 698:The funeral procession of 656:were called Suns, and the 467:in the north to about the 108:Natchez Nation of Oklahoma 6395: 6367:Three Sisters agriculture 5373: 5302: 3647: 3549: 3318: 3282:Shackleford Church Mounds 3131: 3079:at the Concordia Sentinel 3064:, Mississippi History Now 2656:. pp. 473–672 (667). 2652:Swanton, John R. (1928). 2555:"Natchez Indian Language" 2426:Noel, Smyth (July 2022). 2113:Dougherty, Kevin (2010). 1144:Talladega County, Alabama 961:"Carte de Lousiane" from 813:Conflicts with the French 566:Adams County, Mississippi 529:Emerald Phase (1500–1680) 503:Adams County, Mississippi 214: 198: 178: 130: 120: 100: 5906:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 5465:Buttermilk Creek complex 4569:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 3420:Little Pecan Island Site 3341:Atchafalaya Basin Mounds 3172:Churupa Plantation Mound 2823:Florida State University 2736:DuVal, Kathleen (2006). 2717:Brown, John P. (1986) . 2444:10.1215/00141801-9705904 2407:New Georgia Encyclopedia 2383:New Georgia Encyclopedia 2359:New Georgia Encyclopedia 2207:Register, James (1969). 2119:. Jackson, Mississippi: 2033:Saadani, Khalil (2008). 1979:by James F. Barnett, Jr" 1975:"Review: Reviewed Work: 1861:, pp. 151, 160–161. 294:Lower Mississippi Valley 6106:Town Creek Indian Mound 6076:Sierra de San Francisco 5931:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 5199:Ballgame (Southeastern) 5095:Long-nosed god maskette 4975:SunWatch Indian Village 4922:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 4783:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 3403:Greenwood Cemetery Site 2671:Balvay, Arnaud (2008). 2491:"Sam, Watt (1876-1944)" 2292:American Anthropologist 2091:Klein, Michael (2000). 2000:(subscription required) 1482:William Harjo LoneFight 687:" in a 1758 drawing by 64:more precise citations. 5761:Coso Rock Art District 5648:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 5551:List of Hopewell sites 4950:Alligator Effigy Mound 4564:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 4516:Leon-Jefferson culture 3912:Caborn-Welborn culture 3562:Fourche Maline culture 3325: 3242:Lamarque Landing Mound 2673:La Révolte des Natchez 2116:Weapons of Mississippi 1478:(died 1725), war chief 1401: 1136:Treaty of Fort Jackson 1087:Little Tennessee River 1079:Murphy, North Carolina 1035:gens de couleur libres 1034: 986:Fort St. Jean Baptiste 970: 895: 836: 719: 706: 691: 676: 583: 568: 553: 407: 232: 6169:Arlington Springs Man 6011:Portsmouth Earthworks 3679:and Upper Mississippi 3567:Mississippian culture 3511:Chandler Landing Site 3324: 2877:Myths of the Cherokee 2772:Yale University Press 2766:Gallay, Alan (2002). 2677:The Natchez Rebellion 2465:"Natchez Nation Home" 2182:. Lincoln, Nebraska: 1510:Saint Louis, Missouri 1458:Potentilla canadensis 1399: 1249:Five Civilized Tribes 960: 886:1835 oil painting by 885: 820: 773:European colonization 697: 682: 674: 574: 559: 547: 499:St. Catherine's Creek 475:, the second-largest 423:Mississippian culture 405: 325:European colonization 317:Mississippian culture 230: 210:Related ethnic groups 6377:Transoceanic contact 6267:Container Revolution 5841:Gila Cliff Dwellings 5806:Etowah Indian Mounds 5238:Earth/fertility cult 4942:Fort Ancient culture 3826:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 3812:Lower Ohio River and 3798:Steed-Kisker culture 3414:Little Cheniere Site 3368:Bayou Portage Mounds 3302:Troyville Earthworks 3136:Late Woodland period 3070:History of Louisiana 3017:at Wikimedia Commons 1881:. pp. 119–122. 1257:Sac & Fox Nation 1182:improve this section 1030:free people of color 943:complete destruction 868:Natchez, Mississippi 519:de Soto's expedition 298:Natchez, Mississippi 6297:Green Corn Ceremony 6111:Turkey River Mounds 5901:Lake Jackson Mounds 5721:Blue Spring Shelter 5243:Green Corn Ceremony 4803:Upper Mississippian 4753:Blue Spring Shelter 4473:Fort Walton culture 3927:Hovey Lake District 3466:Schwing Place Mound 3373:Bayou Sorrel Mounds 3297:Transylvania Mounds 3237:Kings Crossing site 3217:Frogmore Mound Site 3187:Cypress Grove Mound 3125:Plum Bayou cultures 3062:The Natchez Indians 3056:Indians of Arkansas 2821:(Master's Thesis). 2630:, pp. 157–158. 2618:, pp. 152–155. 2541:"Introduction", in 2344:, pp. 387–388. 2320:, pp. 520–521. 2279:, pp. 162–163. 2260:, pp. 447–448. 2100:Library of Congress 1960:, pp. 158–163. 1947:, pp. 298–299. 1935:, pp. 296–297. 1342:kinship and descent 1310:Muskogean languages 1150:Contemporary nation 449:Coles Creek culture 306:Muskogean languages 285:[naːʃt͡seh] 97: 6382:Underwater panther 6056:Rosenstock Village 5926:Marmes Rockshelter 5911:L'Anse aux Meadows 5325:de Soto Expedition 5290:Underwater panther 5136:Central Algonquian 4847:Fisher Mound Group 4491:Apalachee Province 4458:Waddells Mill Pond 3577:Plaquemine culture 3489:Temple Mounds Site 3483:St. Gabriel Mounds 3460:Richeau Field Site 3385:Cypress Point Site 3326: 3312:Wade Landing Mound 3277:Scott Place Mounds 3202:Filhiol Mound Site 3182:Crippen Point site 3050:2016-03-03 at the 2881:Dover Publications 2879:(Dover ed.). 2523:. SNAC Cooperative 2497:. SNAC Cooperative 2152:Antebellum Natchez 1741:Emerald Mound Site 1506:Marguerite Scypion 1402: 1353:study was done by 1132:Treaty of Colerain 1128:Treaty of New York 1115:(later Oklahoma). 1050:Natchez after 1730 971: 963:Dumont de Montigny 896: 837: 707: 692: 677: 584: 569: 554: 540:French contact era 419:Plaquemine culture 408: 333:exogamous marriage 233: 6416: 6415: 6408:Pre-Columbian era 6209:Spirit Cave mummy 6006:Plum Bayou Mounds 5916:Lynch Quarry Site 5435:Ancient Beringian 5333: 5332: 5298: 5297: 4983: 4982: 4599:Atchafalaya Basin 4541:Pensacola culture 4506:Fort Walton Mound 4398:Punk Rock Shelter 4358:Mouse Creek phase 4181:South Appalachian 4175: 4174: 4054:Central and Lower 3995:Castalian Springs 3985:Brentwood Library 3885:Middle Ohio River 3738:Emerald Acropolis 3600: 3599: 3592:Troyville culture 3536:Plum Bayou Mounds 3409:Kleinpeter Mounds 3363:Bayou L’Ours Site 3346:Bayou Black Mound 3334:Coles Creek sites 3222:Ghost Site Mounds 3197:Feltus Mound Site 3150:Coles Creek sites 3068:Charles Gayarré, 3025:Works related to 3013:Media related to 2899:White, Douglas R. 2890:978-0-486-28907-6 2864:978-0-8130-1778-5 2804:978-0-8032-4235-7 2781:978-0-300-10193-5 2758:978-0-8032-9861-3 2728:978-0-405-02830-4 2709:978-1-57806-988-0 2686:978-2-86645-684-9 2162:978-0-8071-1860-3 2130:978-1-60473-452-2 2050:978-2-296-05111-9 1771:, pp. 12–14. 1456:The Natchez give 1443:three degrees of 1218: 1217: 1210: 1064:Thirteen Colonies 975:Perier de Salvert 858:White Apple. The 848:Natchez Rebellion 800:enslaved Africans 748:Mississippi River 457:Mississippi River 358:and sold by into 310:Creek Confederacy 225: 224: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 6471: 6352:Projectile point 6189:Leanderthal Lady 6116:Upward Sun River 6091:Stallings Island 6081:Shell ring sites 6031:Recapture Canyon 5946:Moorehead Circle 5791:El Fin del Mundo 5776:Cueva de la Olla 5582: 5569:Maritime Archaic 5553: 5383: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5337: 5100:Mill Creek chert 5090:Duck River cache 4992: 4810: 4574:Pensacola people 4368:Muscogee (Creek) 4208:Bell Field Mound 3922:Hovey Lake-Klein 3876:Wickliffe Mounds 3851:Rowlandton Mound 3768:Lunsford-Pulcher 3672: 3639: 3638: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3604: 3499:Plum Bayou sites 3391:Eagle Point Site 3262:Mound Plantation 3177:Coles Creek Site 3119: 3118: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3084: 3024: 3012: 2998: 2991:Swanton, John R. 2986: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2952:. Archived from 2927: 2907: 2894: 2868: 2852: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2831: 2825:. Archived from 2820: 2808: 2785: 2762: 2742: 2732: 2713: 2690: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2580: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2146: 2135: 2134: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2011: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1815:. Archived from 1810: 1799: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1564: 1476:Tattooed Serpent 1302:language isolate 1298:Natchez language 1292:Natchez language 1234:Cherokee Nations 1213: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1162: 1154: 1113:Indian Territory 1044:Creoles of color 1037: 904:In August 1726, 888:Eugène Delacroix 835: 832: 722: 700:Tattooed Serpent 666:Tattooed Serpent 633:and his brother 629:was governed by 627:French Louisiana 515:Hernando de Soto 495:Fairchilds Creek 469:Homochitto River 388:Muscogee (Creek) 321:complex chiefdom 287: 282: 272: 267: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 166: 164: 163: 154: 152: 151: 142: 140: 139: 116:Total population 105: 98: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6403:Genetic history 6391: 6245:Ceremonial pipe 6218: 6199:Minnesota Woman 6156: 6150: 5971:Ocmulgee Mounds 5951:Morrison Mounds 5896:Kolomoki Mounds 5886:Kimball Village 5746:Candelaria Cave 5688: 5682: 5663:Suwannee Valley 5598:Old Cordilleran 5578: 5549: 5417: 5411: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5334: 5329: 5315:Clarksdale bell 5294: 5280:Stone box grave 5221:Ceremonial pipe 5187: 5146:Mobilian Jargon 5119: 5051: 4979: 4936: 4804: 4797: 4734: 4727: 4585: 4578: 4535: 4467: 4413:Rucker's Bottom 4203:Beaverdam Creek 4183: 4171: 4055: 4049: 4010:Hiwassee Island 3967: 3961: 3952:Welborn Village 3880: 3841:Millstone Bluff 3814:Confluence area 3813: 3807: 3803:Sugarloaf Mound 3743:Emmons Cemetery 3678: 3676:American Bottom 3667: 3661: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3601: 3596: 3545: 3494: 3448:Pennison Mounds 3425:Jerry Haas Site 3352:Bayou Cypremont 3333: 3327: 3316: 3227:Greenhouse site 3162:Balmoral Mounds 3145: 3127: 3113: 3111: 3052:Wayback Machine 3005: 2989: 2978: 2975: 2973:Further reading 2970: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2934:10.2307/3773172 2925:10.1.1.173.4259 2905: 2897: 2891: 2871: 2865: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2788: 2782: 2765: 2759: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2716: 2710: 2693: 2687: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2148: 2147: 2138: 2131: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1529: 1466: 1454: 1387:honorific title 1355:John R. Swanton 1347:oral traditions 1326: 1294: 1288: 1214: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1179: 1163: 1152: 1052: 1026:Samba rebellion 902: 880: 843: 833: 815: 711:human sacrifice 658:paramount chief 625:in 1702. Early 597:ceremonial pipe 542: 511: 465:Big Black River 459:in present-day 400: 290:Native American 277: 270: 244: 240: 161: 159: 149: 147: 137: 135: 111: 93: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6477: 6475: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6327:Mound Builders 6324: 6319: 6314: 6312:Medicine wheel 6309: 6304: 6302:Horned Serpent 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6041:Roberts Island 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5976:Old Stone Fort 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5941:Moaning Cavern 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5891:Kincaid Mounds 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5771:Cuarenta Casas 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5726:Bluefish Caves 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5687:Archaeological 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5485:Caloosahatchee 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Caborn-Welborn 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5416:Archaeological 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5320:Mound Builders 5317: 5312: 5307: 5306:Related topics 5303: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5268:Village bundle 5260: 5255: 5253:Platform mound 5250: 5248:Horned Serpent 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5115:Stone statuary 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4965:Leo Petroglyph 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4902:Moccasin Bluff 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4852:Gentleman Farm 4849: 4844: 4839: 4837:Carcajou Point 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4768:Caddoan Mounds 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554:Dauphin Island 4551: 4545: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4228:Bussell Island 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980:Beasley Mounds 3977: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831:Kincaid Mounds 3828: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Horseshoe Lake 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:Dickson Mounds 3730: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3582:Platform mound 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3553:Related topics 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3454:Portage Mounds 3451: 3445: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3292:Sundown Mounds 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3247:Marsden Mounds 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3192:DePrato Mounds 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167:Boone's Mounds 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3059: 3042: 3041:– Chickasaw.TV 3036: 3033:Natchez Nation 3030: 3027:Natchez people 3018: 3004: 3003:External links 3001: 3000: 2999: 2987: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2918:(4): 369–388. 2895: 2889: 2869: 2863: 2842: 2809: 2803: 2786: 2780: 2763: 2757: 2733: 2727: 2714: 2708: 2691: 2685: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2644: 2642:, p. 156. 2632: 2620: 2607: 2605:, p. 152. 2595: 2572: 2559: 2547: 2534: 2508: 2482: 2469:Natchez Nation 2456: 2418: 2394: 2370: 2346: 2334: 2332:, p. 539. 2322: 2310: 2299:(3): 514–515. 2281: 2269: 2247: 2238:, p. 442. 2228: 2216: 2199: 2192: 2186:. p. 26. 2168: 2161: 2136: 2129: 2123:. p. 25. 2105: 2083: 2072:(2): 122–123. 2056: 2049: 2025: 2016:, p. 396. 2003: 1989:(1): 112–114. 1962: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1913: 1894: 1888:978-0806138138 1887: 1863: 1851: 1849:, p. 149. 1838: 1825: 1822:on 2005-05-31. 1773: 1761: 1759:, p. 143. 1749: 1732: 1723:, p. 369. 1713: 1700: 1684: 1682:, p. 426. 1672: 1658: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1622:Natchez Nation 1609: 1597:Natchez Nation 1584: 1572:Natchez Nation 1558: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1465: 1464:Notable people 1462: 1453: 1450: 1325: 1324:Descent system 1322: 1290:Main article: 1287: 1284: 1264:South Carolina 1216: 1215: 1166: 1164: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1109:Trail of Tears 1100:Attacullaculla 1095:Dragging Canoe 1075:Hiwassee River 1051: 1048: 1022:slave uprising 1006:Chickasaw Wars 979:Saint-Domingue 906:Étienne Perier 900:Natchez revolt 898:Main article: 879: 876: 841:Natchez revolt 839:Main article: 823:Natchez revolt 814: 811: 715:ritual suicide 662:uwahšiL li∙kip 615:Gulf of Mexico 541: 538: 510: 507: 445:Archaeological 435:platform mound 412:archaeologists 399: 396: 392:South Carolina 356:Saint-Domingue 329:Spanish Empire 223: 222: 212: 211: 207: 206: 196: 195: 191: 190: 176: 175: 171: 170: 168:South Carolina 128: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 106: 91: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 18:Natchez Nation 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6476: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6287:Falcon dancer 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223:Miscellaneous 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6194:Melbourne Man 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:La Brea Woman 6182: 6180: 6179:Kennewick Man 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071:Serpent Mound 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Pueblo Bonito 6019: 6017: 6016:Poverty Point 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Pinson Mounds 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:Painted Bluff 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Horr's Island 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:Effigy Mounds 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766:Crystal River 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5678:Weeden Island 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643:Safety Harbor 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5633:Poverty Point 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Paleo-Indians 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5574:Mississippian 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263:Sacred bundle 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083:Wulfing cache 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5068:Copper plates 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042:Three Sisters 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Little barley 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4970:Serpent Mound 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4932:Summer Island 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4735:Mississippian 4730: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4586:Mississippian 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Corbin–Tucker 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408:Roods Landing 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:Moccasin Bend 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Hoojah Branch 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4185:Mississippian 4182: 4178: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4108:Menard-Hodges 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4045:Swallow Bluff 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3966:Tennessee and 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Marshall Site 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3668:Mississippian 3664: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437:Morgan Mounds 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3397:Gibson Mounds 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379:Clovelly Site 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3307:Venable Mound 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232:Insley Mounds 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3212:Flowery Mound 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029:at Wikisource 3028: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2959:on 2008-06-26 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873:Mooney, James 2870: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2832:on 2007-11-26 2828: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2585:, p. 370 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2419: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2193:0-8032-9563-4 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2106: 2102:. p. 21. 2101: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1520:Tommy Wildcat 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1437:consanguinity 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1375:matrilineally 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:social status 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1212: 1209: 1201: 1198:February 2023 1191: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1167:This section 1165: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Tellico River 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1001: 998: 993: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 968: 964: 959: 955: 952: 947: 944: 939: 935: 933: 930: 926: 922: 918: 915: 910: 907: 901: 893: 889: 884: 877: 875: 871: 869: 865: 861: 855: 851: 849: 842: 828: 824: 819: 812: 810: 808: 805: 801: 796: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 768: 766: 762: 758: 757:Indian slaves 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 728: 726: 721: 716: 712: 705: 701: 696: 690: 686: 681: 673: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 600: 599:and a feast. 598: 594: 589: 582:historic site 581: 577: 573: 567: 563: 558: 551: 546: 539: 537: 535: 530: 526: 525: 520: 516: 509:Protohistoric 508: 506: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 478: 477:pre-Columbian 474: 473:Emerald Mound 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 417: 413: 406:Emerald Mound 404: 397: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 280: 275: 274: 265: 238: 229: 221: 217: 213: 208: 205: 201: 197: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 169: 157: 145: 133: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 84: 81: 73: 70:February 2023 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 6387:Water glyphs 6342:Oasisamerica 6332:N.A.G.P.R.A. 6292:Folsom point 6282:Effigy mound 6262:Clovis point 6230:Aridoamerica 6131:Wickiup Hill 6086:Spiro Mounds 6066:Salmon Ruins 6061:Russell Cave 5856:Helen Blazes 5851:Grimes Point 5831:Fort Juelson 5821:Fort Ancient 5796:El Vallecito 5756:Chaco Canyon 5696:Angel Mounds 5658:Steed-Kisker 5608:Paleo-Arctic 5530:Glacial Kame 5515:Fort Ancient 5407:Post-Classic 5378: 5310:Chevron bead 5216:Burial mound 5110:Shell gorget 5078:Spiro plates 5073:Rogan plates 4892:Knoll Spring 4867:Hartley Fort 4827:Beattie Park 4711:Transylvania 4678: 4549:Bottle Creek 4511:Lake Jackson 4393:Pisgah phase 4323:Little Egypt 4273:Garden Creek 4258:Dallas phase 4145:Tipton phase 4123:Nodena phase 4020:Mound Bottom 4005:Fewkes Group 3990:Brick Church 3892:Angel Mounds 3758:Kuhn Station 3753:John Chapman 3571: 3531:Maberry Site 3521:Dogtown Site 3506:Baytown Site 3442:Pecan Mounds 3431:Machias Lake 3287:Spanish Fort 3272:Raffman site 3077:Natchez Wars 3069: 3055: 2994: 2981: 2961:. 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Retrieved 1571: 1562: 1514:freedom suit 1470:Tattooed Arm 1455: 1445:matrilateral 1441: 1433:incest taboo 1430: 1410: 1403: 1383: 1379: 1360: 1351:ethnographic 1339: 1332:classes and 1327: 1306:John Swanton 1295: 1272: 1261: 1246: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1204: 1195: 1180:Please help 1168: 1124: 1117: 1098: 1090: 1072: 1058:(Muscogee), 1053: 1040: 1014: 1010: 1002: 994: 983: 972: 966: 948: 940: 936: 911: 903: 894:in Louisiana 892:Natchez Wars 872: 864:Fort Rosalie 856: 852: 844: 827:Fort Rosalie 797: 793: 788: 784: 776: 769: 741: 729: 720:La Glorieuse 708: 699: 661: 652:The Natchez 651: 646: 642: 639: 621:in 1699 and 607:missionaries 601: 585: 522: 512: 492: 485: 443: 409: 349: 345:Ethnologists 314: 236: 234: 200:Christianity 92:Ethnic group 76: 67: 48: 6372:Thunderbird 6240:Black drink 6204:Peñon woman 6141:Winterville 6121:Velda Mound 6101:Taos Pueblo 5996:Parkin Park 5981:Orwell site 5966:Nodena site 5861:Holly Bluff 5836:Four Mounds 5826:Fort Center 5751:Casa Grande 5701:Anzick site 5593:Monongahela 5520:Fort Walton 5495:Coles Creek 5460:Belle Glade 5445:Anishinaabe 5285:Thunderbird 5211:Black drink 5063:Emmons mask 5007:Chenopodium 4995:Agriculture 4917:Plum Island 4872:Hotel Plaza 4721:Winterville 4701:Scott Place 4639:Holly Bluff 4559:Fort Walton 4313:Lamar phase 4167:Walls phase 4063:Belle Meade 4056:Mississippi 4000:Dunbar Cave 3902:Annis Mound 3897:Angel phase 3871:Ware Mounds 3866:Twin Mounds 3716:Ramey state 3701:Monks Mound 3541:Roland Site 3267:Peck Mounds 3257:Mott Mounds 3207:Fisher site 3121:Coles Creek 2640:Lorenz 2000 2628:Lorenz 2000 2616:Lorenz 2000 2603:Lorenz 2000 2568:Lorenz 2000 2527:15 February 2501:15 February 2475:15 February 2449:15 February 2342:Mooney 1995 2318:Mooney 1995 2277:Lorenz 2000 2224:Lawson 2004 1958:Lorenz 2000 1945:Gallay 2002 1933:Gallay 2002 1921:Gallay 2002 1859:Lorenz 2000 1847:Lorenz 2000 1757:Lorenz 2000 1488:Nancy Raven 1452:Ethnobotany 1318:Nancy Raven 1242:Dawes Rolls 1238:matrilineal 1140:Coosa River 1134:, and 1814 834: 1850 807:plantations 781:White Apple 733:infanticide 461:Mississippi 398:Prehistoric 337:matrilineal 132:Mississippi 62:introducing 6423:Categories 6317:Metallurgy 6277:Eden point 6174:Buhl Woman 6046:Rock Eagle 6036:River Styx 5961:Mummy Cave 5956:Moundville 5936:Mesa Verde 5921:Marksville 5668:Tchefuncte 5628:Plaquemine 5564:Las Palmas 5480:Calf Creek 5475:Cades Pond 5022:Marshelder 4907:Oak Forest 4877:Hoxie Farm 4691:Pocahontas 4584:Plaquemine 4521:Letchworth 4453:Town Creek 4388:Park Mound 4353:Moundville 4338:Mandeville 4328:Long Swamp 4288:Jere Shine 4140:Quigualtam 4088:Chucalissa 3975:Backusburg 3968:Cumberland 3957:Yankeetown 3942:Slack Farm 3917:Ellerbusch 3821:Adams site 3728:Cloverdale 3526:Hayes site 2963:2007-08-15 2583:White 1971 2438:(3): 277. 2412:2020-05-15 2388:2020-05-15 2364:2020-05-15 2330:Brown 1986 1902:White 1971 1721:White 1971 1640:References 1628:2024-02-15 1603:2024-02-15 1578:2024-02-15 1512:who won a 1494:Archie Sam 1391:hereditary 917:plantation 785:Jenzenaque 765:Chaouachas 647:Jenzenaque 524:Quigualtam 517:. 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