529:, arrived in Washington D.C. and met Grant at the White House for a bountiful state dinner on May 7, 1870. Red Cloud, at a previous meeting with Secretary Cox and Commissioner Parker, complained that promised rations and arms for hunting had not been delivered. Afterward, Grant and Cox lobbied Congress for the promised supplies and rations. Congress responded by passing the Indian Appropriations Act, which appropriated the tribal monies, and Grant signed it into law on July 15, 1870. Two days after Spotted Tail urged the Grant administration to keep white settlers from invading Native reservation land, Grant ordered all Generals in the West to "keep intruders off by military force if necessary". In 1871, Grant signed another Indian Appropriations Act that ended the governmental policy of treating tribes as independent sovereign nations. Natives would be treated as individuals or
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criticism since the late 20th century. Critics, in addition, note that reformers called for "allotment" (the breakup of an entire reservation so the land would be owned in individual blocks by individual families, who could then resell it to non-Indians) without considering whether it would be beneficial. Ficken concludes that Grant's policy "contained the seeds for its own failure." Historian Cary
Collins says Grant's "Peace Policy," failed in the Pacific Northwest chiefly because of sectarian competition and the priority placed on proselytizing by the religious denominations. Historian Robert Keller surveying the Peace policy as a whole concludes that Grant's policy was terminated in 1882, and resulted in "cultural destruction the majority of Indians."
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348:. There was resistance toward its passage because Congressional patronage power over appointments would be reduced. The act gave President Grant the power to create a board of Commissioners "eminent for their intelligence and philanthropy." Grant was determined to put in public service-minded men, not subject to being influenced by patronage, that had previously plagued the Indian Bureau. Grant secured $ 2,000,000 more in the annual appropriation to make sure that Board would be funded adequately and be successful. Grant invited
963:(1984) contended that Grant, as a pragmatist, saw no inconsistencies with dividing up Native American posts among religious leaders and military officers. He added that Grant's "Quaker Policy", despite having good intentions, failed to solve the real dilemma of the misunderstandings between "the motivations, purposes, and ways of thinking" between both White and Native American cultures. These inconsistencies were evident in the breakdown of peace negotiations between the U.S. military and the Modoc tribal leaders during the
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922:. Two months after Custer's death Grant castigated him in the press, saying "I regard Custer's massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary – wholly unnecessary." As the nation was shocked by the death of Custer, Grant's peace policy became militaristic; Congress appropriated funds for 2,500 more troops, two more forts were constructed, the army took over the Indian agencies and Indians were barred from purchasing rifles and ammunition.
164:. The primary goal of Grant's Indian policy was to have Native Americans assimilated into white culture, education, language, religion, and citizenship, that was designed to break Indian reliance on their own tribal, nomadic, hunting, and religious lifestyles. Some Grant biographers argue that Grant’s Indian policies were well-intentioned, while others argue his assimilationist policies were rooted in destroying Native American culture in the fulfilment of Manifest Destiny.
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Congressional investigation over alleged Bureau malfeasance. Although Parker was exonerated, legislation passed
Congress that authorized the board to approve goods and services payments by vouchers from the Bureau. Parker refused to abide by the voucher legislation and resigned office in 1871. Parker viewed the new law made the office of Commissioner a "clerk" to the board. Grant replaced Parker with reformer Francis A. Walker.
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boots for
European armies, or machine belts attached to steam engines. Acres of land were dedicated solely for drying the hides of the slaughtered buffalo. Native Americans protested at the "wanton destruction" of their food supply. Between 1872 in 1874, the buffalo herd south of the Platte River yielded 4.4 million kills by white hunters, and about 1 million animals killed by Indians.
762:, but this time the battle ended in a decisive U.S. Army victory, and the Modocs finally surrendered. The Modoc warriors who murdered Canby were imprisoned and put on trial and the whole Modoc tribe was rounded up. Meacham, who survived the massacre, defended the indicted Modocs. Captain Jack was found guilty and executed, and the remaining 155 Modocs were relocated to the
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blameless for these hostilities." Grant thought that the extinction of the
Natives would be horrible. Grant said that a policy "which looks to the extinction of a race is too abhorant for a Nation to indulge in without entailing upon the wrath of all civilized Christendom." There was an edgy sense of optimism in Grant's outlook for Native Americans.
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199:. Grant told his wife Julia, who feared violence from the Native Americans, that they were a "harmless" people. Sympathetic with the plight of Native Americans, Grant believed they would remain peaceful had they not been "put upon" by whites. In this way Grant sympathized with the Native groups, which were being devastated by
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and force tribes to stay on their respected reservations and to adopt an agricultural lifestyle rather than roaming the plains and hunting buffalo. Ranchers wanted the buffalo gone to open pasture land for their cattle herds. With the buffalo food supply lowered, Native
Americans were forced to stay on reservations.
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policy was allowing the destruction of the buffalo, the Native food supply, to keep Native peoples dependent on government supplies. In 1872, around two thousand white buffalo hunters working between Kansas, and
Arkansas were killing buffalo for their hides by the many thousands. The demand was for
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Custer's death and the Battle of Little Big Horn shocked the nation. Sheridan avenged Custer, pacified the northern Plains, and put the defeated Sioux on the reservation. On August 15, 1876, President Grant signed a proviso giving the Sioux nation $ 1,000,000 in rations, while the Sioux relinquished
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members, mostly women, and children. General
Sheridan had ordered Baker to attack the Piegan warriors who raided European American settlements. In response, Baker attacked a Native village in Northern Montana on the Marias River. Gruesome details slowly emerged of the carnage: 30 Native warriors and
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Grant believed that the Native practice of free roam hunting and gathering was over. During Grant's presidency the "civilization" of
Indians was a controversial issue. Grant was the first President to advocate the cause of Native Americans in an Inaugural Address. Grant was well aware that Americans
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and the death of
General Canby in a cinematic format. The movie covers both sides of the plight of the Modoc Indians and the westward expansion of white settlers. President Grant is portrayed as an intelligent leader, but compassionate and fair-minded toward Indians. Grant is played by actor Hayden
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in 1876 was shock and dismay at the failure of the Peace Policy. Grant blamed Custer wholly for the defeat stating that the sacrifice of troops was unnecessary. The Indian appropriations measure of August 1876 marked the end of Grant's Peace Policy. The Sioux were given the choice of either selling
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Popular concern for the destruction of the buffalo mounted, and a bill in
Congress was passed, HR 921, that would have made buffalo hunting illegal for whites. Taking advice from Secretary Delano, Grant chose to pocket-veto the bill, believing that the demise of the buffalo would reduce Indian wars
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to be put on reservations where they would receive supplies and agriculture education. The Apache slipped out and occasionally raided white settlers. In one raid, believed to have been conducted by Apache warriors, settlers and mail runners were murdered near Tucson, Arizona. The townspeople traced
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In December 1869, Grant gave his first annual message to Congress, and he mentioned findings and recommendations of the new Indian Commissioners board. Concerning Native wars, Grant said that he "did not hold, either legislation or the conduct of the whites who come most in contact with the Indian,
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Historian Robert E. Ficken points out that the peace policy involved assimilation with the Indians practically forced to engage in farming, rather than hunting, even though much of the reservation land was too barren for farming. The policy also led to boarding schools that have come under intense
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and "squaw men" (A white man with an Indian wife) were banished from the Sioux reservation. To receive the government rations, the Indians had to work the land. Reluctantly, on September 20, the Indian leaders, whose people were starving, agreed to the committee's demands and signed the agreement.
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hides the supply of Plains Natives buffalo was decimated by commercial buffalo hunters. The buffalo slaughter was detrimental to the Native peoples, their religion, and their nomadic lifestyle. With diminished buffalo herds the Plains Natives had no means of survival and independence. In 1874, the
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and the Modoc tribal leaders, there were more Indians in the tent then had been agreed upon. Canby had been warned of duplicity among the Modocs, but he held the conference anyway. As the Indians grew more hostile, Captain Jack, said "I talk no more." and shouted "All ready." Captain Jack drew his
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Native, received racial prejudice opposition in the Senate to his nomination. However, Grant's Attorney General Hoar said Parker was legally able to hold office. Grant believed that the Native Americans, when educated, could work within white society in modern America, and Parker served as Grant's
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and "civilize" Native Americans. No Natives were appointed to the committee, whose members were all white. The commission monitored purchases and began to inspect Native agencies. It attributed much of the Native wars to the encroachment of whites into Native lands. The board, however, approved of
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Soon after Grant took office, he met with tribal chiefs of the Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw nations who expressed interest to teach "wild" Natives outside their own settled districts farming skills. Grant told the Native chiefs that American settlement would lead to inevitable conflict,
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told the President that the Army was overstretched and could not defend the Sioux tribe from the settlers; Grant ordered Sheridan to round up the Sioux and put them on the reservation. Sheridan used a strategy of convergence, using Army columns to force the Sioux onto the reservation. On June 25,
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initiative, said: "If more men are to be scalped and their hearts boiled, we hope to God that it may be some of our Quaker Indian Agents." Unlike many of his military subordinates, Grant blamed frontier Native violence on the white settlement, and supported a Peace Commission rather than wage a
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Grant's promise to reform the nation's Native American policy surprised the nation. Three weeks into his administration, Grant met with religious leaders and philanthropists to discuss his new program. Grant said he desired to create a "humane and Christianizing policy towards the Indians." The
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are a Native tribe who at that time lived by Lake Tule near the Oregon-California border. An earlier 1864 treaty removed the Modocs from their tribal lands, which were handed over to ranchers who coveted the grasslands for their favorable conditions. The Modocs were driven from Lake Tule and
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Additionally, public outcry increased when General Sheridan defended Baker's actions. In response, on July 15, 1870, Grant signed Congressional legislation that barred military officers from holding either elected or appointed office or suffer dismissal from the Army. In December 1870, Grant
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William Welsh, a prominent merchant, and former chairman of the Board of Indian Commissioners launched a personal campaign against Commissioner of Indian Affairs Parker to remove him from office, possibly motivated by racial animus. Welsh was allowed by Congress to prosecute the Bureau in a
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role model. The Senate confirmed Parker by a vote of 36 to 12. During Parker's tenure Native wars dropped by 43 from 101 in 1869 to 58 in 1870. Plains Indians found it difficult to believe a literate "red man" be appointed to "Little Father" that always had gone to a white man.
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and Parker. Parker authorized the Indian Board Commissioners to meet with Native peoples and their agents during the summer and fall. The Bureau under Parker employed more than six hundred workers. A total of seventy agents were under the control of fifteen superintendents.
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was to put the western reservations under the control of religious denominations. During his first term, the implementation of the policy involved the allotting of Indian reservations to religious organizations as exclusive religious domains. Of the 73 agencies assigned, the
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On July 3, 1869, Grant authorized by executive order the Indian Board to "have full power to inspect in person or by a subcommittee, the various Indian Superintendencies, and Agencies in the Indian Country." The Grant Board was given extensive joint-power to supervise the
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On May 27, 1869, representatives of religious denominations met with Grant and approved of his Board appointments, who were mandated by the law to inspect Indian Bureau records, to personally visit tribes, evaluate the treaty system, and to supervise Indian purchases.
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The murders shocked the nation, and Sherman wired to have the Modocs exterminated. Grant, however, overruled Sherman and said he wanted only those involved in Canby's assassination to be punished, rather than the whole tribe. On April 15, 1873, the U.S. Army
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all rights to the Black Hills, except for a 40-mile land tract west of the 103rd meridian. On August 28, a seven-man committee, appointed by Grant, gave additional harsh stipulations for the Sioux in order to receive government assistance.
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revolver and fired directly into the head of Canby and killed him. Canby was the highest-ranking officer to be killed during the Indian Wars that took place from 1850 to 1890. Reverend Eleazar Thomas, a Methodist minister, was also killed,
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policy, Wars between settlers, the federal army, and Natives had been decreasing from 101 per year in 1869 to a low of 15 per year in 1875, into Grant's second term. However, the Modoc War, the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of the
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Grant desired to end the Modoc War that had started in November 1872 peacefully. Grant ordered General Sherman not to attack the Indians, held up at Stronghold, but to settle matters by a commission. Sherman then sent Major General
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launched a military campaign, and, with few casualties on either side, forced the Indians back to their reservations by destroying their horses and winter food supplies. Grant, who agreed to the Army plan advocated by Generals
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policy was religious agency infighting in addition to Parker's resignation in 1871. Grant's intentions of peacefully "civilizing" Natives were often in conflict with the nation's westward settlement, the pursuit of gold, the
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and a small band of warriors escaped and killed 18 white settlers. The Modocs fled to a strong defensive position called Stronghold, located in lava beds. On January 17, 1873, the U.S. Army attacked the Modocs at
918:(see below). Grant had Custer arrested for breach of military protocol in Chicago and barred him from leading an upcoming campaign against the Sioux. Grant finally relented and let Custer fight under Brig. Gen.
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to nominate agents to work with the Native tribes. To bypass legal concerns regarding the separation between church and state, Grant refused to ask his Attorney General Hoar for a legal opinion on the matter.
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the destruction of Native culture to be replaced by European American culture. The Natives were to be instructed in Christianity, agriculture, representative government, and assimilated on reservations.
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Penney, Michael Q. "The Red River War 1874-1875: Evidence of Operational Art and Mission Command" (Army Command And General Staff College Fort Leavenworth Ks School Of Advanced Military Studies, 2014).
236:"The proper treatment of the original occupants of this land--the Indians one deserving of careful study. I will favor any course toward them which tends to their civilization and ultimate citizenship."
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said that Grant planned "to make a radical change in the Indian policy of the government." Wendell Phillips, a civil rights advocate, thanked Grant for launching a new Native policy.
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met the Sioux at the Battle of Little Big Horn and part of his command was slaughtered. Approximately 253 federal soldiers and civilians were killed compared to 40 Indians.
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687:. Indian wars per year jumped up to 32 in 1876 and remained at 43 in 1877. One of the highest casualty Indian battles that took place in American history was at the
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Illick, Joseph E. "'Some of Our Best Indians Are Friends...': Quaker Attitudes and Actions regarding the Western Indians during the Grant Administration."
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Church, state, and the American Indians;: Two and a half centuries of partnership in missions between Protestant churches and government
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Historians admire Grant's sincere efforts to improve Native relations in the United States but remain critical of the destruction of
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policy was the incorporation of religious groups that served on Native agencies, which were dispersed throughout the United States.
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near the California-Oregon border, marking the beginning of the Modoc War. Jackson managed to drive the Modocs from their camp, but
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On November 27, the U.S. Army was ordered to force the Modocs back to the Klamath Reservation. On November 28, U.S. Army Captain
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held up in Stronghold, however, the fighting was inconclusive and the Modocs escaped. On April 26, the U.S. Army stationed at
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Cary C. Collins, "A Fall From Grace: Sectarianism And The Grant Peace Policy In Western Washington Territory, 1869–1882,"
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Dippie, Brian W. (1970). "'What Will Congress Do About It?' The Congressional Reaction to the Little Big Horn Disaster".
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Levine, Richard R. "Indian fighters and Indian reformers: Grant's Indian peace policy and the conservative consensus."
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massacre, in 1870, military officers were barred from holding elected or appointed offices. During Grant's first term,
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one. Infighting between competitive missionary groups over the distribution of agencies was detrimental to Grant's
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was created to make reforms in Native policy and to ensure Native tribes received federal help. Grant lobbied the
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Two weeks after Grant was elected President for a second term his Native American peace policy was shaken. The
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Policy. The selection criteria were vague and some critics saw the Peace Policy as violating Native American
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herds, which served as a tribal food supply. Native American culture was destroyed in order to engineer the
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580:; during the chase, they killed 13 Apache. Grant immediately removed Stoneman of his command in Arizona.
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this raid to Apache reservation from Camp Grant. 500 Apache lived at the Camp Grant near Dudleyville.
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their lands in the Black Hills for cash or not receiving government gifts of food and other supplies.
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140 women and children were butchered outright. Philanthropist newspapers decried the violence. The
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submitted to Congress the names of the new appointees, most of whom were confirmed by the Senate.
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in 1876. Indian war casualties in Montana went from 5 in 1875, to 613 in 1876 and 436 in 1877.
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Robert E. Ficken, "After the Treaties: Administering Pacific Northwest Indian Reservations."
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Graber, Jennifer. "'If a War It May Be Called': The Peace Policy with American Indians."
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Waltmann, Henry G. "Circumstantial Reformer: President Grant & the Indian Problem."
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policy fell apart. Settlers demanded to invade Native land to get access to gold in the
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152:(1873-1896), financial corruption, racism, and ranchers. The driving force behind the
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to ensure that Native peoples would receive adequate funding. The hallmark of Grant's
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Whitner, Robert L. "Grant's Indian Peace Policy on the Yakima Reservation, 1870-82."
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The management of Native affairs was delegated by Grant to the Secretary of Interior
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1042:"President Ulysses S. Grant and Federal Indian Policy (U.S. National Park Service)"
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after he testified in 1876 about corruption in the War Department under Secretary
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was attacked by 22 Modocs. On May 10, the Modocs attacked the U.S. Army again at
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Cronon, William. "Nature's Metropolis". W. W. Norton & Company, 1992, p. 216
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American Indian Policy in Crisis, Christian Reformers and the Indian, 1865–1900
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to quell the Native uprising. During the peace negotiations between Brig. Gen.
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undermined public confidence in Grant's peace policy, according to historian
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In 1871, Grant's Indian peace policy, enforced and coordinated by Brig. Gen.
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2177:(University Press of Kansas, 2017), a thorough scholarly treatment; 720pp;
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New Hope for the Indians: The Grant Peace Policy and the Navajo in the 1870s
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124:(1876), were detrimental to Grant's goal of enforced Native assimilation to
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had a major setback when Major Edward M. Baker senselessly slaughtered 173
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and believed that the original occupants of the land were worthy of study.
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Unsuccessful 19th-century US policy of reconciliation with Native Americans
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The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians
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Cultural assimilation of Native Americans § Grant's "Peace Policy"
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Beaver, R. Pierce. "The Churches and President Grant's Peace Policy."
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blamed one of Grant's top generals, Sheridan, for starting the fight.
2328:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 501–503.
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995:(1954) is about 1872 violence along the California-Oregon border by
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On April 13, 1869, in a bold step, Grant appointed his aide General
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Native American policy by United States presidential administration
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Frontier Regulars: the United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891
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Our Red Brothers and the Peace Policy of President Ulysses S. Grant
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Warrior in Two Camps: Ely S. Parker, Union General and Seneca Chief
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and Indian policies would be legislated by Congressional statutes.
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President Grant declared in his March 4, 1869, Inaugural Address:
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Edwards, Martha L. "A Problem of Church and State in the 1870s."
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policy unraveled during his second term in office. Under Grant's
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but that the "march to civilization" would lead to pacification.
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En route to Washington D.C. to plea President Grant to honor the
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American Protestantism and United States Indian Policy, 1869-82
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American Protestantism and United States Indian Policy, 1869–82
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During the Great Sioux War, Grant came into conflict with Col.
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Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation
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Congressional reaction to the losses suffered by Lt. Col.
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Angered over the murders, the Tucson townspeople hired 92
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said the attack was a "national disgrace." Worse yet, the
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set the tone for the Grant administration Native American
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1017:"March 4, 1869: First Inaugural Address | Miller Center"
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and Phil Sheridan, imprisoned 74 insurgents in Florida.
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said Baker's war was a "sickening slaughter," while the
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Fritz, Henry E. "The Making of Grant's" Peace Policy".
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1218:
513:
policy received a boost when Chief of the Oglala Sioux
33:
Native Chiefs: (Bottom L-R), Sitting Bull, Swift Bear,
2322:(1984). "Chapter 20: Structures of the Peace Policy".
1139:
1137:
1135:
2266:
A Companion to Custer and the Little Bighorn Campaign
618:
relocated 25 miles north and forced to live with the
2350:
Sim, David. "The peace policy of Ulysses S. Grant."
319:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
4017:
3989:
3966:
3938:
3915:
3890:
3872:
3854:
3749:
3714:
3684:
3654:
3629:
3594:
3544:
3519:
3452:
3224:
3191:
3069:
3051:
3010:
2940:
2922:
2899:
2798:
2741:
2690:
2652:
2555:
2490:
1096:
Ulysses S. Grant, Inaugural Address, March 04, 1869
885:of 1868. In 1875, to avoid conflict Grant met with
427:. Parker was Grant's military secretary during the
187:, Grant served in the Fourth Infantry stationed at
168:
Grant's early contact with Native Americans (1850s)
803:After the 1870 invention of a new method to tan
459:On January 23, 1870, the Grant administration's
2214:A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn
234:
108:decreased. By the end of his second term, his
3357:
2453:
344:On April 10, 1869, Grant signed into law the
156:policy and Native land displacement, was the
8:
2371:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant
2304:"Ulysses S. Grant, Inaugural Address Online"
241:were generally hostile to Native peoples.
1646:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1549:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1455:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1353:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1317:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
894:1876, one of these columns, led by Colonel
728:was killed at a Modoc war peace conference.
3887:
3746:
3681:
3626:
3541:
3449:
3364:
3350:
3342:
3066:
2649:
2460:
2446:
2438:
2014:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonovan2008 (
1902:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonovan2008 (
1883:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonovan2008 (
1864:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDonovan2008 (
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1593:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
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1500:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
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1279:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1194:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1175:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
1081:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCalhoun2017 (
746:, an Indian Agent, was severely wounded.
1713:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1634:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1537:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFOlson1965 (
183:During his 1850s military service in the
137:cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2773:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
2763:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
1947:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1795:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1742:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1666:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1615:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
1473:
1471:
1124:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith2001 (
869:In 1874 gold had been discovered in the
634:), rushed back to their original land.
28:
2009:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1821:
1641:
1588:
1544:
1514:
1495:
1451:
1432:
1384:
1348:
1324:
1312:
1293:
1274:
1189:
1170:
1107:
1076:
1008:
1778:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1576:
1564:
1408:
2280:: Mountain Press Publishing Company.
2154:(1966), includes Grant administration
1942:
1790:
1737:
1708:
1661:
1629:
1610:
1533:
1462:
1372:
1360:
1336:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1155:
1143:
1119:
1064:
7:
2931:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
2682:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
2395:. New York: Macmillan. p. 206.
2221:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
955:Historical reputation and evaluation
942:Central to the Grant administration
812:erupted on the southern Plains when
4067:United States federal Indian policy
2352:American Nineteenth Century History
143:and government. Detrimental to his
4062:Grant administration controversies
3373:Public policy of the United States
2302:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
2000:(U of Nebraska Press, 1983) p 155.
14:
3114:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
2838:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
2374:. Random House Publishing Group.
2306:. The American Presidency Project
48:Interpreter: (Top L) Julius Meyer
3325:
3324:
2498:Grant and the American Civil War
1918:The Republic for which it Stands
277:received fourteen; the Orthodox
1420:
708:Second Battle of the Stronghold
352:religious groups that included
61:sympathized with the plight of
2482:President of the United States
2175:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
601:First Battle of the Stronghold
425:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
337:Board of Indian Commissioners
98:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
92:to appoint a Native American,
90:President of the United States
25:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
1:
2728:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2159:Journal of Church & State
2107:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
980:Battle of the Little Big Horn
478:National Anti-Slavery Society
346:Board of Indian Commissioners
261:"campaign against Indians."
75:Board of Indian Commissioners
2602:State of the Union addresses
2254:(U of Nebraska Press, 1983).
2245:Western Historical Quarterly
675:, and the completion of the
423:, the first Native American
122:Battle of the Little Bighorn
67:Grant's Inauguration Address
3614:Low-level radioactive waste
3171:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
2429:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
2274:Encyclopedia of Indian Wars
2272:Michno, Gregory F. (2003).
2198:. New York: Penguin Press.
1972:Oregon Historical Quarterly
4088:
2867:Naturalization Act of 1870
2758:U.S. Department of Justice
2718:General Mining Act of 1872
2389:Utley, Robert M. (1984) .
2264:Lookingbill, Brad D. ed.
843:
788:
701:
590:
210:
203:spread by white settlers.
18:
3379:
3303:
2778:Yellowstone National Park
2698:Public Credit Act of 1869
2475:
2368:White, Ronald C. (2016).
1961:Prucha 1984, pp. 501–503.
1809:
1486:Prucha 1984, pp. 501–503.
1477:Utley 1984a, pp. 127–133.
862:Seifert Gugler & Co.
850:Battle of Little Big Horn
824:. The Army under General
556:in Arizona, required the
431:. Parker, who was a full
141:European American culture
46:and keep the Black Hills.
2980:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
2882:Civil Rights Act of 1875
2790:Electoral Commission Act
2768:Civil Service Commission
689:Battle of Little Bighorn
677:Northern Pacific Railway
383:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2850:Enforcement Act of 1870
1985:Pacific Northwest Forum
1683:, pp. 295–96, 363.
976:George Armstrong Custer
912:George Armstrong Custer
770:. This episode and the
658:Second term (1873–1877)
3141:Ohio Statehouse statue
2855:Second Enforcement Act
2818:Native American policy
2547:Commanding generalship
2421:13.4 (1971): 323-342.
2240:(2014) 24#1 pp: 36–69.
2231:Chronicles of Oklahoma
2183:10.14296/RiH/2014/2270
2143:Armstrong, William H.
2112:Henry Holt and Company
2049:"Drum Beat (Synopsis)"
1974:106.3 (2005): 442–461.
939:
883:Treaty of Fort Laramie
866:
800:
729:
610:
549:
506:
412:
394:Appointment of Parker
238:
229:
207:First term (1869–1873)
180:
139:into citizenship, and
128:culture and society.
79:United States Congress
54:
3316:Rutherford B. Hayes →
2753:Judiciary Act of 1869
2703:Copyright Act of 1870
2597:Judicial appointments
2261:31.4 (1985): 329-352.
2074:"Drum Beat (Credits)"
1208:Francis Paul Prucha,
933:
857:
798:
723:
702:Further information:
608:
547:
498:
404:
256:, hostile to Grant's
220:
211:Further information:
195:(July, 1853), in the
191:, afterwards renamed
175:
32:
3882:Same-sex immigration
3276:Ulysses S. Grant III
3258:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
3252:Frederick Dent Grant
3234:Hannah Simpson Grant
3084:Presidential library
2909:Bid for a third term
2708:Currency Act of 1870
2662:Treaty of Washington
2419:Arizona and the West
2354:9.3 (2008): 241-268.
2320:Prucha, Francis Paul
2247:2.3 (1971): 283-294.
2223:11.1 (1924): 37-53.
2147:(Syracuse UP, 1990).
2031:North Dakota History
1987:(1995) 8#2 pp 55–77.
1900:, pp. 321, 327.
1728:Utley 1984b, p. 206.
1498:, pp. 270, 272.
987:Cinematic portrayals
967:from 1872 to 1873.
859:Custer's Last Charge
712:Battle of Sand Butte
643:Battle of Lost River
597:Battle of Lost River
537:Camp Grant massacre
488:Appropriations Acts
293:seven; the Hicksite
254:Leavenworth Bulletin
120:(1872–1873) and the
106:American Indian Wars
88:Grant was the first
3288:Ulysses S. Grant IV
3264:Jesse Root Grant II
3193:Cultural depictions
3156:U.S. Postage stamps
3146:Philadelphia statue
3126:U.S. Capitol statue
2713:Funding Act of 1870
2570:Second inauguration
2528:Richmond–Petersburg
2172:Calhoun, Charles W.
2150:Beaver, R. Pierce.
1881:, pp. 322–323.
1824:, pp. 110–111.
1812:(1976), pp. 260–263
1613:, pp. 534–536.
1591:, pp. 408–409.
1517:, pp. 270–272.
1387:, pp. 265–266.
1363:, pp. 265–266.
1327:, pp. 656–657.
1277:, pp. 267–268.
1265:, pp. 492–493.
1192:, pp. 272–273.
1158:, pp. 486–487.
1110:, pp. 631–632.
926:Buffalo destruction
752:attacked the Modocs
624:Klamath Reservation
574:Camp Grant Massacre
331:freedom of religion
268:At the core of the
44:Fort Laramie Treaty
3424:Telecommunications
3205:(2002 documentary)
3151:San Francisco bust
3102:General Grant tree
2723:Timber Culture Act
2565:First inauguration
2250:Keller, Robert H.
2164:Bender, Norman J.
2012:, pp. 322–23.
1996:Robert H. Keller,
1945:, pp. 536–38.
1793:, pp. 538–40.
1740:, pp. 534–36.
1644:, pp. 408–409
1632:, pp. 534–536
1547:, pp. 273–274
1315:, pp. 265–266
940:
916:William W. Belknap
867:
831:William T. Sherman
822:Adobe Walls, Texas
801:
730:
716:Battle of Dry Lake
683:was killed in the
611:
550:
531:wards of the state
521:, and Brulé Sioux
507:
413:
366:Congregationalists
307:Congregationalists
230:
181:
55:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
3911:
3910:
3850:
3849:
3710:
3709:
3650:
3649:
3590:
3589:
3339:
3338:
3220:
3219:
3213:(2020 miniseries)
3178:Grant High School
2895:
2894:
2677:Korean Expedition
2431:(1959): 135-142.
2402:978-0-8032-9551-3
2381:978-1-5883-6992-5
2335:978-0-8032-3668-4
2278:Missoula, Montana
2259:Civil War History
2212:Donovan, James.
2205:978-1-5942-0487-6
2121:978-0-03-085322-7
2110:. New York City:
1929:Kennedy (2001), "
1711:, pp. 534–36
1579:, p. 250—51.
1567:, p. 248—49.
1212:(2014) pp. 30–71.
744:Alfred B. Meacham
189:Columbia Barracks
185:Pacific Northwest
126:European American
50:Frank F. Courier
4079:
3888:
3747:
3682:
3627:
3542:
3450:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3343:
3328:
3327:
3309:← Andrew Johnson
3294:Julia Dent Grant
3240:Jesse Root Grant
3202:Ulysses S. Grant
3183:U.S. Grant Hotel
3067:
2995:speeding arrests
2968:White Haven home
2887:Page Act of 1875
2860:Ku Klux Klan Act
2845:Enforcement Acts
2650:
2485:
2469:Ulysses S. Grant
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2414:
2385:
2347:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2291:
2233:(1960) 37:411-32
2209:
2133:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1934:
1931:The Last Buffalo
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1763:
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1754:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1702:
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1608:
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1505:
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1449:
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1442:
1430:
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1418:
1412:
1406:
1395:
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1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
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1340:
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1303:
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1206:
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1199:
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1130:
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1111:
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1086:
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1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:millercenter.org
1013:
896:George A. Custer
875:Dakota Territory
837:Great Sioux War
816:, leader of the
768:Indian Territory
673:Dakota Territory
474:New York Tribune
452:Peigan massacre
197:Oregon Territory
162:Manifest Destiny
63:Native Americans
59:Ulysses S. Grant
21:Ulysses S. Grant
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4041:
4013:
3985:
3962:
3940:Native American
3934:
3907:
3886:
3868:
3846:
3772:F. D. Roosevelt
3745:
3706:
3680:
3646:
3625:
3586:
3540:
3515:
3448:
3375:
3370:
3340:
3335:
3299:
3296:(granddaughter)
3216:
3187:
3131:Brooklyn relief
3120:The Peacemakers
3065:
3047:
3006:
2936:
2918:
2901:Post-presidency
2891:
2833:Great Sioux War
2794:
2785:Post Office Act
2744:
2737:
2733:Desert Land Act
2691:Economic policy
2686:
2648:
2551:
2491:Military career
2486:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2367:
2357:Tatum, Lawrie.
2336:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2288:
2271:
2206:
2188:
2161:4 (1962): 174+.
2140:
2138:Further reading
2122:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:
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2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1924:
1916:Richard White,
1915:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1835:
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1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
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1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1707:, p. 265;
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1665:
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1656:
1645:
1633:
1628:
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1123:
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1102:
1094:
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1080:
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1059:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1006:
989:
978:'s unit at the
961:Robert M. Utley
957:
928:
861:
852:
846:Great Sioux War
844:Main articles:
842:
793:
787:
776:Robert M. Utley
772:Great Sioux War
718:
700:
660:
620:Klamath peoples
603:
591:Main articles:
589:
554:George Stoneman
542:
502:
493:
457:
408:
399:
342:
291:Roman Catholics
247:New York Herald
224:
222:President Grant
215:
209:
176:Fort Vancouver
170:
150:Long Depression
49:
47:
41:
27:
19:Main articles:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4085:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3917:Infrastructure
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3876:
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3829:
3824:
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3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
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3759:
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3726:
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3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3669:Climate change
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3609:Nuclear energy
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
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3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:War on Poverty
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Transportation
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
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3406:
3401:
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3391:
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3377:
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3371:
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3346:
3337:
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3334:
3333:
3320:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Chicago statue
3133:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Grant Memorial
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:"Peace Policy"
2815:
2814:
2813:
2806:Reconstruction
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2656:
2654:Foreign policy
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2316:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2186:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2120:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2065:
2040:
2021:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1954:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1862:, p. 115.
1852:
1843:, p. 112.
1833:
1814:
1802:
1783:
1781:, p. 296.
1771:
1769:, pp. 536–538;
1765:Smith (2001),
1758:
1749:
1730:
1721:
1697:
1695:, p. 368.
1685:
1673:
1664:, p. 538.
1654:
1622:
1600:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1526:
1507:
1488:
1479:
1467:
1444:
1435:, p. 273.
1425:
1413:
1411:, p. 362.
1396:
1377:
1375:, p. 491.
1365:
1341:
1339:, p. 490.
1329:
1305:
1296:, p. 269.
1286:
1267:
1252:
1250:, p. 493.
1237:
1235:, p. 492.
1214:
1201:
1182:
1173:, p. 267.
1160:
1148:
1146:, p. 486.
1131:
1122:, p. 467.
1112:
1100:
1088:
1079:, p. 265.
1069:
1067:, p. 115.
1057:
1033:
1007:
1005:
1002:
988:
985:
956:
953:
927:
924:
841:
835:
789:Main article:
786:
782:Red River War
780:
724:Major General
699:
693:
659:
656:
588:
582:
541:
535:
492:
486:
470:New York Times
456:
450:
398:
392:
341:
335:
303:Dutch Reformed
208:
205:
193:Fort Vancouver
169:
166:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4084:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:By Presidency
3889:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:G. H. W. Bush
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:L. B. Johnson
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:By Presidency
3748:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:By Presidency
3683:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:Environmental
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:By Presidency
3628:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:By Presidency
3543:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3487:Great Society
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:Chapman Grant
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3095:General Grant
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:Social policy
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Fort Donelson
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2287:0-87842-468-7
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:online review
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:(3): 161–189.
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1920:(2017) p 296.
1919:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1351:, p. 491
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:Modoc Indians
994:
986:
984:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
962:
954:
952:
948:
945:
937:
932:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
899:
897:
892:
891:Phil Sheridan
888:
884:
881:tribe by the
880:
876:
872:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
840:
836:
834:
832:
827:
826:Phil Sheridan
823:
819:
815:
814:Quanah Parker
811:
810:Red River War
806:
799:Red River War
797:
792:
791:Red River War
785:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Quapaw Agency
761:
757:
753:
747:
745:
740:
736:
727:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
657:
655:
653:
648:
644:
640:
639:James Jackson
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
607:
602:
598:
594:
587:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
546:
540:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
505:
501:
497:
491:
487:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
462:
455:
451:
449:
445:
442:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Ely S. Parker
411:
407:
406:Ely S. Parker
403:
397:
393:
391:
387:
384:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
362:Episcopalians
359:
358:Presbyterians
355:
351:
347:
340:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:Episcopalians
284:
283:Presbyterians
280:
276:
271:
266:
262:
259:
255:
250:
248:
242:
237:
233:
228:
225:Mathew Brady
223:
219:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
174:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Ely S. Parker
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
45:
40:
36:
31:
26:
22:
3947:
3757:T. Roosevelt
3482:New Frontier
3384:Agricultural
3323:
3314:
3307:
3270:Nellie Grant
3208:
3200:
3118:
3094:
3061:Bibliography
3002:Grant's Tomb
2990:Horsemanship
2958:Boyhood home
2929:
2872:Comstock Act
2817:
2667:
2428:
2418:
2391:
2370:
2358:
2351:
2324:
2308:. Retrieved
2273:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2213:
2194:
2190:Chernow, Ron
2174:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2106:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2010:Donovan 2008
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1957:
1938:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1898:Donovan 2008
1893:
1879:Donovan 2008
1874:
1860:Donovan 2008
1855:
1841:Donovan 2008
1836:
1822:Donovan 2008
1817:
1805:
1786:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1733:
1724:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1657:
1642:Calhoun 2017
1625:
1589:Calhoun 2017
1584:
1572:
1560:
1545:Calhoun 2017
1529:
1515:Calhoun 2017
1510:
1496:Calhoun 2017
1491:
1482:
1452:Calhoun 2017
1447:
1433:Calhoun 2017
1428:
1421:Brown (1970)
1416:
1385:Calhoun 2017
1380:
1368:
1349:Calhoun 2017
1344:
1332:
1325:Chernow 2017
1313:Calhoun 2017
1308:
1294:Calhoun 2017
1289:
1275:Calhoun 2017
1270:
1209:
1204:
1190:Calhoun 2017
1185:
1171:Calhoun 2017
1151:
1115:
1108:Chernow 2017
1103:
1091:
1077:Calhoun 2017
1072:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1023:. 2016-10-20
1020:
1011:
990:
973:
969:
958:
949:
943:
941:
920:Alfred Terry
909:
900:
868:
863:
858:
838:
802:
783:
748:
739:Edward Canby
735:Edward Canby
731:
726:Edward Canby
696:
681:Edward Canby
667:
663:
661:
636:
632:Captain Jack
631:
615:Modoc people
612:
585:
568:Indians, 42
563:
551:
538:
527:Siŋté Glešká
526:
523:Spotted Tail
519:Maȟpíya Lúta
518:
510:
508:
504:Maȟpíya Lúta
503:
489:
482:
477:
473:
469:
461:Peace Policy
460:
458:
453:
446:
441:Jacob D. Cox
438:
420:
414:
409:
395:
388:
379:
375:
343:
338:
326:
270:Peace Policy
269:
267:
263:
257:
253:
251:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
221:
182:
177:
153:
144:
130:
109:
100:. After the
87:
82:
71:Peace policy
70:
56:
51:
35:Spotted Tail
3874:Immigration
3856:Gun control
3734:Middle East
3664:Solid waste
3467:New Freedom
3462:Square Deal
3439:Vaccination
3246:Julia Grant
2985:Galena home
2963:Schoolhouse
2811:Amnesty Act
2538:Court House
2518:Chattanooga
2484:(1869–1877)
1779:Michno 2003
1705:Michno 2003
1693:Michno 2003
1681:Michno 2003
1577:Michno 2003
1565:Michno 2003
1409:Michno 2003
1046:www.nps.gov
871:Black Hills
289:eight; the
114:Black Hills
4056:Categories
3827:G. W. Bush
3782:Eisenhower
3674:G. W. Bush
3621:Smart grid
3604:Hydropower
3567:G. W. Bush
3501:G. W. Bush
3290:(grandson)
3284:(grandson)
3278:(grandson)
3272:(daughter)
3089:Grant Park
3036:convention
3021:convention
2953:Birthplace
2948:Early life
2914:World tour
2877:Poland Act
2743:Government
2557:Presidency
2533:Appomattox
2102:Brown, Dee
1943:Smith 2001
1791:Smith 2001
1738:Smith 2001
1709:Smith 2001
1662:Smith 2001
1630:Smith 2001
1611:Smith 2001
1534:Olson 1965
1463:White 2016
1373:White 2016
1361:White 2016
1337:White 2016
1263:White 2016
1248:White 2016
1233:White 2016
1156:White 2016
1144:White 2016
1120:Smith 2001
1065:White 2016
1051:2022-03-16
1027:2022-03-16
1004:References
991:The movie
959:Historian
904:Halfbreeds
756:Sand Butte
695:Modoc War
652:Stronghold
647:Hooker Jim
584:Modoc War
548:Camp Grant
490:1870, 1871
421:Donehogawa
410:Donehogawa
354:Methodists
350:Protestant
315:Unitarians
311:Christians
305:five; the
301:five; the
285:nine; the
275:Methodists
57:President
3981:Stem cell
3729:Criticism
3477:Fair Deal
3409:Fireworks
3404:Education
3166:$ 50 bill
3071:Memorials
3011:Elections
2828:Modoc War
2513:Vicksburg
2310:April 28,
2083:April 12,
2058:April 12,
993:Drum Beat
965:Modoc War
934:American
887:Red Cloud
839:1876–1877
784:1874–1875
704:Modoc War
685:Modoc War
628:Kintpuash
609:Kintpuash
593:Modoc War
515:Red Cloud
500:Red Cloud
429:Civil War
323:Lutherans
321:one; and
297:six; the
281:ten; the
201:small pox
160:ideal of
118:Modoc War
96:, as the
39:Red Cloud
3529:Monetary
3521:Economic
3472:New Deal
3454:Domestic
3419:Taxation
3394:Cultural
3330:Category
3242:(father)
3236:(mother)
3161:Currency
3041:election
3026:election
2580:Grantism
2575:Scandals
2523:Overland
2361:(1899).
2192:(2017).
2104:(2007).
1423:, p. 179
938:or bison
818:Comanche
760:Dry Lake
662:Grant's
570:Mexicans
509:Grant's
299:Baptists
158:American
52:May 1875
37:(Top R)
3976:Genetic
3968:Science
3864:Clinton
3822:Clinton
3787:Kennedy
3724:History
3716:Foreign
3562:Clinton
3534:history
2745:reforms
2668:Alabama
2592:Cabinet
2587:Pardons
2344:9918967
2268:(2015).
2095:Sources
2078:tmc.com
2053:tmc.com
1000:Rorke.
936:buffalo
873:in the
805:buffalo
766:in the
622:on the
578:Cochise
370:Quakers
309:three;
295:Friends
279:Friends
133:buffalo
3991:Social
3812:Reagan
3807:Carter
3777:Truman
3767:Hoover
3762:Wilson
3596:Energy
3557:Reagan
3496:Reagan
3414:Fiscal
3389:Arctic
3248:(wife)
3226:Family
3053:Legacy
2670:Claims
2508:Shiloh
2433:online
2423:online
2411:867414
2409:
2399:
2378:
2363:online
2342:
2332:
2297:online
2284:
2225:online
2216:(2008)
2202:
2168:(1989)
2130:110210
2128:
2118:
714:, and
599:, and
566:Papago
558:Apache
465:Piegan
433:Seneca
368:, and
116:. The
102:Piegan
73:. The
4037:Biden
4032:Trump
4027:Obama
4019:Space
4009:Biden
4004:Trump
3999:Obama
3958:Obama
3953:Nixon
3948:Grant
3930:Biden
3925:Trump
3903:Biden
3898:Trump
3842:Biden
3837:Trump
3832:Obama
3797:Nixon
3739:Obama
3702:Biden
3697:Trump
3692:Obama
3642:Trump
3637:Obama
3582:Biden
3577:Trump
3572:Obama
3552:Nixon
3511:Trump
3506:Obama
3429:Trade
3266:(son)
3260:(son)
3254:(son)
3210:Grant
3107:grove
3032:1872
3017:1868
2923:Books
2195:Grant
1767:Grant
944:Peace
879:Sioux
668:Peace
664:Peace
511:Peace
327:Peace
317:two;
313:two;
258:Peace
154:Peace
145:Peace
110:Peace
83:Peace
3802:Ford
3444:Visa
3399:Drug
3097:ship
2973:farm
2941:Life
2642:1876
2637:1875
2632:1874
2627:1873
2622:1872
2617:1871
2612:1870
2607:1869
2479:18th
2407:OCLC
2397:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2340:OCLC
2330:ISBN
2312:2019
2282:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2126:OCLC
2116:ISBN
2085:2022
2060:2022
2016:help
1949:help
1904:help
1885:help
1866:help
1847:help
1828:help
1810:Gray
1797:help
1744:help
1715:help
1668:help
1648:help
1636:help
1617:help
1595:help
1551:help
1539:help
1521:help
1502:help
1457:help
1439:help
1391:help
1355:help
1319:help
1300:help
1281:help
1196:help
1177:help
1126:help
1083:help
864:1876
848:and
697:1873
586:1872
539:1871
454:1870
396:1869
339:1869
252:The
227:1870
178:1859
23:and
2179:doi
4058::
2405:.
2338:.
2276:.
2124:.
2114:.
2076:.
2051:.
2035:37
2033:.
1640:;
1603:^
1543:;
1470:^
1461:;
1399:^
1359:;
1323:;
1255:^
1240:^
1217:^
1163:^
1134:^
1044:.
1019:.
778:.
710:,
706:,
595:,
525:,
517:,
419:,
364:,
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333:.
3489:/
3365:e
3358:t
3351:v
2461:e
2454:t
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2181::
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2018:)
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