578:
562:
92:
19:
690:
162:
539:(see above sections). Another reason this happens is that, as voter turnout in national elections has already been low for them, it has been reasonable to conclude that turnout in state elections would be even lower, a trend that most all American voters exemplify. Efforts by officials in states with heavier Native populations were able to greatly increase voter turnout for
297:. A study showed that within Native American families' voter turnout was increased by 6% for every $ 3,000 increase in the family's income. It also showed that education had an impact on Natives' likelihood to vote with a 13% increase for every year of schooling. However, despite the positive increases, Native American voting turnout is still less than "non-Indians".
412:
well. Between 1984 and 1996, support for the
Democratic Party never went below 75% (an increase from an average of 66% between 1970 and 1982). In general, Native Americans in all-Native precincts are more likely to vote more Democratic than in mixed or all-white precincts. More recent exit polls show that Natives had initially been more willing to break for
253:
189:
ensured suffrage for all Native
Americans, although some Native Americans still experienced opposition at the hands of state governments from practicing their newly granted right to vote. In 1975, amendments were passed to the Voting Rights Act, such as Section 203, that pushed to distribute election
309:
has been noted as one of the factors for this inconsistency. Because of this history, Native
Americans feel a greater sense of trust towards their respective tribes than to the United States. Many Native Americans believe their rights are more likely to be protected by their own tribe than by the US
152:
denied voting rights and the right to hold office to Native
Americans up to 1940. Practices to prevent Natives from voting included denying citizenship and blocking them from polling places. Some counties in the state continued these restrictive policies until as late as 1970. A court decision from
119:
to Native
Americans living on reservations, arguing that they were under federal not state jurisdiction. Other tactics states used included the argument that Native Americans living on reservations should not have an influence in making state and local laws since they are not subject to their laws.
720:
contributions by gaming corporations, according to data from 2004 (an increase from just 20% in 1994). Studies also show that such issues, when publicized by these groups, have also contributed to an increase in Native turnout. What has been gathered is that, in election years where certain gaming
54:
in 1924, but were historically barred in different states from doing so. After a long history of fighting against voting rights restrictions, Native
Americans now play an increasingly integral part in United States elections. They have been included in more recent efforts by political campaigns to
411:
What further illustrates this is, is that earlier research from 1979 and 1982 shows that Native
Americans, in some areas more or less than others, were not very party rigid. Some specific tribes, such as the Navajo, have even historically preferred the Republican Party, though this has changed as
279:
Today, Native women are shown to generally play a more active role in politics than their male counterparts. Surveys and polls alike show that Native women demonstrate a greater sense of civic duty. Such determination has led women to be essentially at the forefront of efforts to increase turnout
593:
Over time, Native
Americans have been able to gain more representation the more they overcome other legal barriers in voting rights. A previous lack in ability to do so can be traced back to a simple lack of the resources for Native Americans (see section on "economic factors"). In recent years,
373:
studies in the "other" category. Data has more specifically accounted for the Native vote in more recent elections (example: 2020 election). Generally, though, what is found by political research is, at least recently, Natives have generally favored the
Democratic Party. Despite a lack of
499:
In addition to not being likely to "split ticket" vote, Natives have also proven to be helpful in swinging state elections over to
Democrats. Even before 2020, Native voters provided great leeway for the Democrats. Political research attributes the Native vote as a major factor in the electing
124:, before 1948, Natives that did not have to pay state taxes were prevented from voting. Moreover, up until 1962 New Mexico continued suppressing indigenous voting rights on the basis that Native Americans living on reservations were not residents of the state. The same argument was used in
334:
Tactics to increase voter turnout have been very diverse. One direct effort to increase voter turnout was campaigning through radio, as Native Americans are some of the most prevalent users of the radio. Once efforts were made to campaign via radio, political participation increased.
322:
population in the United States. One study showed that Native Americans were 51% less likely to vote than any other race. Other factors that affected Native American voter turnout were family income and education. Voter turnout began to increase as Native Americans enjoyed more
680:
in 1990 (with 5 Navajos running under the slogan "itβs our turn"). As for state legislatures, between the 1980s to 2018, it was reported that the number of state legislators that are Native Americans has tripled. However, 64% of those representatives only live in five states.
474:
Also, despite a general trend of low turnout, even before the great turnout bump of 2020, political researchers had for many years seen potential in the Native vote to hold great weight. Research that dates back to 1997 suggests that Natives had potential as
364:
Data from the earliest elections in which Native Americans could vote is scarce. The reason this is, according to political research, is because of a more recent development of political consciousness that began among Native Americans in the wake of the
177:, passed in 1885. The majority of the provisions of this law, however, aimed to assimilate Native American people into Western culture. This act also resulted in a huge loss of native lands. Many Natives were still denied citizenship until the
132:
ruled that Indians were incapable of being good citizens because of their illiteracy and separation from American society. Other states refused to recognize Indians as citizens unless they assimilated and abandoned all tribal connections.
263:
As early as the general women's suffrage movement of the late 19th century and early 20th century, Native American women have played a role in the push for women to play a more active role in politics. As early as the 1810s, groups of
487:. Though today's trends make these states seem much more solidly Republican, the case of Arizona (a state once considered "solid red") in 2020 has led political research to focus once again on this phenomenon of their "
632:, Curtis reached the highest elected office a Native American in the United States has ever reached, a record he still holds. No other Native Americans would be elected to Congress in either chamber until Republican
663:
As legal battles have been won against voter suppression, Native Americans have played more of a role in electing representatives from among their own. Among these historic changes were the local elections in
791:
Schroedel, Jean; Berg, Aaron; Dietrich, Joseph; Rodriguez, Javier M. (2020). "Political Trust and Native American Electoral Participation: An Analysis of Survey Data from Nevada and South Dakota".
243:
230:
to natives. Although the Dawes Act, and especially the Snyder Act, ensured citizenship for all Native Americans, states still pushed to deny Native Americans the right to vote. A 1928
621:
74:
Despite this increase, in general, voter turnout remains low among Native Americans, as does overall trust in American political institutions. They are usually more likely to vote in
556:
269:
653:
605:
294:
24:
1286:
de Rooij, Eline A.; Green, Donald P. (June 2017). "Radio Public Service Announcements and Voter Participation Among Native Americans: Evidence from Two Field Experiments".
343:
tribe in South Dakota, cumulative voting was found to have increased voter turnout among tribal members. A majority of the members enjoyed using the cumulative system.
280:
among Natives. Despite all of this, Native women still play a minimal role in positions of government. Much of this is attributed to a resource gap along gender lines.
1698:
1645:
1560:
1527:
1405:
1352:
1272:
1163:
1016:
934:
884:
826:
234:
ruling, Porter v. Hall, claimed Native Americans were not competent enough to vote. Many other states followed this ruling and denied suffrage to Native Americans.
107:
were given citizenship, that they were able to vote. However, even as citizens some states still found ways to deny them the right to vote. One example is when the
385:
What is known is that Natives likely developed great support for the Democratic Party, as with African Americans, because of their inclusion and participation in
272:(guaranteeing women's suffrage) and the Snyder Act, activism for including Native female voices continued. As early as the 1930s, Native tribes such as the
173:
There have been many laws passed to guarantee the voting rights of Native Americans. One of the first instances of these protections can be found in the
768:
629:
421:
417:
181:
was passed in 1924. Many individual states still denied suffrage to Native Americans because, they argued, they lived on federal lands, did not pay
480:
75:
613:
1754:
704:. Native-specific interest groups have, since the 1980s, been demonstrating quite some influence in passing legislation such as gambling and
104:
43:
436:
for the Democrats, NPR reported that Native Americans voted for Trump over Biden nationwide (albeit narrowly) by 52% to 45%. Republican and
1764:
468:
967:
657:
617:
552:
521:
513:
505:
219:
709:
694:
268:
women, for instance, were seen advocating for equal rights to share with white women. After the 1920s, which saw the passage of the
247:
227:
389:
programs. Says one Native who recalls the New Deal Era: βWe had it good once he was in charge. The New Deal was a big deal here."
339:
was another effort made to help minorities such as Native Americans increase turnout. In one study conducted among members of the
1759:
390:
223:
64:
1574:
400:
are also suggested as a factor into this preference, though Natives did have somewhat warm relations with Republican presidents
1769:
440:
tends to fare better with Natives in more mixed settings, namely more rural precincts, as seen in elections as recent as 2020.
68:
56:
195:
854:
340:
47:
713:
1593:
624:, which allowed for the election of senators by popular vote. Upon becoming vice president following his election with
1542:
665:
456:
305:
Scholars note that there is a significant difference in voter turnout between United States and tribal elections. The
1032:"Voices and Votes in the Fields of Settler Society: American Indian Media and Electoral Politics in 1930s Wisconsin"
717:
637:
532:
1616:"Beyond Green Chiles and Coyotes: The Changing Shape of New Mexico's Political-Cultural Regions from 1967 to 1997"
397:
344:
199:
186:
36:
669:
577:
1368:"Collective Representation as a Mobilizer: Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Their Intersections at the State Level"
351:
were among the first to use this tactic. This resulted in significant increase in voter turnout in the 1970s.
689:
641:
594:
though, a general trend of increase in Native American representation has been evident, particularly in the
561:
540:
141:
1419:
716:(or IGRA). This group, along with other contributors, have been able to make Indian gaming make up 66% of
366:
178:
145:
51:
535:. Research attributes Nativesβ inability to help at least narrow down these races is because of historic
347:
were also an effective method to increase non-tribal political participation among Native Americans. The
1692:
1639:
1521:
1399:
1346:
1273:"Radio Public Service Announcements and Voter Participation Among Native Americans in the United States"
1184:
1157:
1106:
1010:
998:
991:"Suffrage Petitioning as Formative Practice: American Women Presage and Prepare for the Vote, 1840β1940"
928:
878:
820:
673:
660:(although originally a member of the Democratic Party, Campbell left for the Republican Party in 1995).
231:
108:
393:
306:
28:
379:
375:
318:
Voter turnout for all minority groups, including Native Americans, is much lower than the majority
46:
have had a unique history in their ability to vote and participate in United States elections and
18:
1680:
1554:
1509:
1501:
1387:
1334:
1303:
1254:
1145:
1098:
1059:
1051:
916:
808:
595:
528:
129:
50:. Native Americans have been allowed to vote in United States elections since the passage of the
226:
while still maintaining their tribal citizenship. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of granting
1631:
1627:
1615:
1437:
1211:
Doherty, Steven J. (1999). "The Political Behavior of Native Americans in the Upper Midwest".
645:
536:
336:
328:
161:
91:
1661:"The 1994 Navajo Presidential Election: Analysis of the Election and Results of an Exit Poll"
1728:
1672:
1493:
1379:
1367:
1295:
1246:
1137:
1090:
1043:
866:
800:
656:, and would become the first Native American in the Senate since Curtis when he was elected
599:
566:
214:
The issue of US citizenship among Native Americans resulted in many legal battles. In 1884,
137:
1482:"Indian Nations as Interest Groups: Tribal Motivations for Contributions to U.S. Senators"
870:
543:, especially in the 1970s, which has helped Native turnout increase in general over time.
509:
501:
1464:(Thesis). The University of Utah, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing: University of Utah.
1178:
625:
609:
517:
464:
460:
443:
Though a majority of Native American voters support the Democratic Party, the dominant
319:
215:
59:, when Native American turnout was attributed to the historic flipping of the state of
855:"Minority representation, resistance, and public policy: The Navajos and the counties"
721:
laws are on the ballot, Natives will be more likely to turn out and vote those years.
1748:
1459:
1391:
1307:
1102:
1063:
812:
677:
405:
401:
1079:"Feminist Nations? A Study of Native American Women in Southwestern Tribal Politics"
989:
Carpenter, Daniel; Popp, Zachary; Resch, Tobias; Schneer, Benjamin; Topich, Nicole.
1541:
Strickland, Produced By Jon Huang, Samuel Jacoby, Michael; Lai, K. Rebecca (2017).
1513:
437:
413:
203:
182:
166:
149:
369:
of the 1960s and 1970s. Often, even today, the Native vote is grouped together in
1002:
968:"Crossing the divide from Citizen to Voter Tribal Suffrage in Montana, 1880β2016"
1188:
1110:
582:
488:
425:
324:
112:
96:
32:
1094:
1733:
1716:
1299:
1047:
990:
705:
633:
586:
476:
370:
256:
121:
1497:
1383:
1078:
55:
increase voter turnout. Such efforts have borne more notable fruit since the
1594:"Trump investment in North Carolina's Native American Lumbee Tribe pays off"
448:
429:
174:
428:
was the Republican candidate. However, while the Native vote swung towards
99:
illustrating voter suppression towards Native Americans in the 19th century
620:. This year held the first senate elections held after the passage of the
459:. New Mexico studies showed, for example, that Native voters there value "
1461:
Empowerment of American Indians and the effect on political participation
1180:
Empowerment of American Indians and the effect on political participation
701:
649:
570:
463:, liberal care for the less fortunate", but also "self-determination and
452:
444:
386:
273:
265:
116:
1505:
1481:
1338:
1322:
1055:
1031:
920:
904:
1684:
1660:
1258:
1234:
1149:
1126:"Women and Tribal Politics: Is There a Gender Gap in Indian Elections?"
1125:
804:
484:
433:
252:
60:
185:, and participated in tribal elections, among other reasons. The 1965
1323:"Native Americans and Cumulative Voting: The Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux"
348:
191:
1676:
1250:
1141:
378:, they are even less likely than other ethnic groups to vote for a "
293:
It has been found that, largely, economic factors have an impact on
222:, which questioned whether or not Native Americans could be granted
1717:"Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Representation in State Legislatures"
688:
576:
560:
160:
90:
17:
1614:
Gastil, John; Jenkins-Smith, Hank; St. Clair, Gilbert K (2002).
749:
Rising from the Ashes: Survival, Sovereignty, and Native America
125:
700:
Natives have also been somewhat known to have played a role in
307:
violent history between the United States and Native Americans
905:"Native American Vote Suppression: The Case of South Dakota"
769:"Native American votes helped secure Biden's win in Arizona"
751:. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 169β220.
153:
2006 also failed to recognize Native American citizenship.
451:
and research over time illustrate that Natives tend to be
382:", a trait they share with other minority voters as well.
244:
Native Americans and women's suffrage in the United States
1219:(2): 531 – via America: History & Life (EBSCO).
23:
Proportion of Indigenous Americans in each county of the
1235:"Native American Turnout in the 1990 and 1992 Elections"
612:(R-Kansas) was the first Native American elected to the
1575:"Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey"
622:
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
616:; he also became the first Native American senator in
557:
List of Native Americans in the United States Congress
1321:
Engstrom, Richard L; Barrilleaux, Charles J. (1991).
467:". This specific study also says that they value "
140:, suffrage was largely restricted to include only
652:was elected into the House of Representatives in
640:) of South Dakota, who served from 1961 to 1971;
479:in what were at the time deemed fairly equal in
202:. This was also weakly enforced by the state of
128:in 1956 to deny Indians the right to vote. The
1480:Boehmke, Frederick J; Witmer, Richard (2012).
276:were including full suffrage for their women.
8:
1697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1644:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1559:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1526:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1404:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1351:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1162:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1015:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
933:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
883:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
825:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1659:Russell, Scott C.; Henderson, Eric (1999).
1366:Uhlaner, Carole Jean; Scola, Becki (2016).
712:, founded in 1988 after the passage of the
1036:Comparative Studies in Society and History
903:Schroedel, Jean; Aslanian, Artour (2015).
853:Berman, David R; Salant, Tanis J. (1998).
1732:
995:Studies in American Political Development
955:. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 244.
1183:(PhD dissertation). University of Utah.
972:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
251:
730:
1690:
1637:
1552:
1519:
1397:
1344:
1228:
1226:
1155:
1008:
926:
876:
818:
524:(who still holds office, as of 2024).
481:Democratic and Republican registration
1710:
1708:
1609:
1607:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1453:
1451:
1372:State Politics & Policy Quarterly
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
946:
944:
871:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a030002
676:in 1986; and in precincts across the
420:, which is an apparent increase from
44:Native Americans in the United States
7:
1721:PS, Political Science & Politics
1213:Dissertation Abstracts International
898:
896:
894:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
786:
784:
782:
762:
760:
758:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
284:Voter turnout among Native Americans
165:President Coolidge stands with four
1077:Prindeville, Diane-Michele (2004).
553:List of Native American politicians
82:History of Native American suffrage
14:
710:National Indian Gaming Commission
695:National Indian Gaming Commission
301:In comparison to tribal elections
248:Native American women in politics
685:Native American interest groups
447:among Natives is more complex.
69:1996 U.S. presidential election
57:2020 U.S. presidential election
1458:Robinson, Jennifer L. (2010).
1177:Robinson, Jennifer L. (2010).
259:, a Native American suffragist
136:From the early history of the
78:and to trust their officials.
63:, which had not voted for the
1:
953:The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
747:Riggs, Christopher K (2020).
708:. A prominent example is the
1755:American Indian reservations
1620:New Mexico Historical Review
1486:Political Research Quarterly
1083:Political Research Quarterly
714:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
500:Democratic senators such as
432:the next election, securing
103:It was not until 1924, when
1765:Native American politicians
1543:"Election 2016: Exit Polls"
666:McKinley County, New Mexico
531:exist today are considered
314:Efforts to increase turnout
144:. After the passage of the
1786:
1124:Miller, Bruce, G. (1994).
1095:10.1177/106591290405700108
1030:Arndt, Grant (July 2015).
966:Clow, Richmond L. (2019).
550:
241:
1734:10.1017/S1049096519000052
1665:American Indian Quarterly
1300:10.1007/s11109-016-9358-4
1239:American Indian Quarterly
1130:American Indian Quarterly
1048:10.1017/S0010417515000286
951:Treuer, David J. (2019).
767:Fonseca, Felicia (2020).
533:"solid Republican" states
345:Voter registration drives
200:Native American languages
37:2020 United States Census
1498:10.1177/1065912910388182
1384:10.1177/1532440015603576
1327:Social Science Quarterly
1233:Peterson, Geoff (1997).
909:Race, Gender & Class
793:Social Science Quarterly
670:Coconino County, Arizona
614:House of Representatives
1760:Native American history
1715:Reingold, Beth (2019).
642:Ben Nighthorse Campbell
541:gubernatorial elections
341:Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux
1770:Native American topics
1592:Fordham, Evie (2020).
1420:"President Exit Polls"
697:
590:
574:
367:civil rights movements
260:
179:Indian Citizenship Act
170:
100:
52:Indian Citizenship Act
40:
1579:National Public Radio
997:. 32. Iss. 1: 24β48.
692:
674:San Juan County, Utah
580:
564:
438:conservative politics
255:
164:
109:Arizona Supreme Court
94:
21:
1438:"National Exit Poll"
398:termination policies
29:District of Columbia
581:Interior Secretary
529:Native reservations
512:of South Dakota in
453:political moderates
396:β ties to historic
232:Arizona state court
95:Picture created by
1547:The New York Times
1424:The New York Times
1288:Political Behavior
1152:– via JSTOR.
1066:– via JSTOR.
923:– via JSTOR.
805:10.1111/ssqu.12840
698:
678:Navajo reservation
596:legislative branch
591:
575:
527:Many states where
457:traditional values
445:political ideology
360:National elections
355:Party partisanship
261:
206:, until recently.
198:, including those
196:minority languages
190:materials such as
171:
169:at the White House
130:Utah Supreme Court
101:
41:
646:Northern Cheyenne
537:voter suppression
520:of Washington in
337:Cumulative voting
329:cultural identity
187:Voting Rights Act
138:Dakota settlement
87:Voter suppression
1777:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1477:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1006:
986:
980:
979:
963:
957:
956:
948:
939:
938:
932:
924:
915:(1β2): 308β323.
900:
889:
888:
882:
874:
850:
831:
830:
824:
816:
799:(5): 1885β1904.
788:
777:
776:
764:
753:
752:
744:
567:Markwayne Mullin
422:four years prior
402:Richard M. Nixon
289:Economic factors
228:dual citizenship
220:US Supreme Court
142:free white males
105:Native Americans
76:tribal elections
65:Democratic Party
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1689:
1677:10.2307/1185965
1658:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1518:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1396:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1251:10.2307/1185650
1232:
1231:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1196:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1154:
1142:10.2307/1185727
1123:
1122:
1118:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1007:
988:
987:
983:
965:
964:
960:
950:
949:
942:
925:
902:
901:
892:
875:
852:
851:
834:
817:
790:
789:
780:
766:
765:
756:
746:
745:
732:
727:
687:
559:
551:Main articles:
549:
510:George McGovern
502:James E. Murray
497:
495:State elections
362:
357:
316:
303:
291:
286:
250:
242:Main articles:
240:
212:
183:real estate tax
159:
148:, the state of
89:
84:
39:
12:
11:
5:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1727:(3): 426β429.
1704:
1651:
1626:(2): 173β195.
1603:
1584:
1566:
1533:
1492:(1): 179β191.
1467:
1447:
1429:
1411:
1378:(2): 227β263.
1358:
1333:(2): 388β393.
1313:
1294:(2): 327β346.
1278:
1264:
1245:(2): 321β331.
1222:
1194:
1169:
1116:
1089:(1): 101β112.
1069:
1042:(3): 780β805.
1022:
981:
958:
940:
890:
832:
778:
754:
729:
728:
726:
723:
686:
683:
638:Rosebud Lakota
626:Herbert Hoover
610:Charles Curtis
548:
547:As politicians
545:
518:Maria Cantwell
504:of Montana in
496:
493:
465:libertarianism
361:
358:
356:
353:
315:
312:
302:
299:
290:
287:
285:
282:
270:19th amendment
239:
236:
224:US citizenship
216:Elk v. Wilkins
211:
208:
158:
155:
88:
85:
83:
80:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
982:
977:
973:
969:
962:
959:
954:
947:
945:
941:
936:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
880:
872:
868:
865:(4): 83β104.
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
833:
828:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
763:
761:
759:
755:
750:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
731:
724:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
691:
684:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
601:
600:local offices
597:
588:
584:
579:
572:
568:
563:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:2016 election
415:
409:
407:
406:Ronald Reagan
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
372:
368:
359:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
332:
330:
326:
321:
313:
311:
308:
300:
298:
296:
295:voter turnout
288:
283:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
258:
254:
249:
245:
238:Role of women
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
210:Legal battles
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
167:Osage Indians
163:
156:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
93:
86:
81:
79:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
20:
16:
1724:
1720:
1693:cite journal
1671:(2): 23β37.
1668:
1664:
1654:
1640:cite journal
1623:
1619:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1546:
1536:
1522:cite journal
1489:
1485:
1460:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1400:cite journal
1375:
1371:
1361:
1347:cite journal
1330:
1326:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1216:
1212:
1179:
1172:
1158:cite journal
1136:(1): 25β41.
1133:
1129:
1119:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1011:cite journal
994:
984:
975:
971:
961:
952:
929:cite journal
912:
908:
879:cite journal
862:
858:
821:cite journal
796:
792:
772:
748:
699:
662:
604:
592:
526:
498:
477:swing voters
473:
442:
414:Donald Trump
410:
384:
380:split ticket
376:partisanship
363:
333:
317:
310:government.
304:
292:
278:
262:
218:reached the
213:
204:South Dakota
172:
150:South Dakota
135:
102:
73:
42:
25:fifty states
15:
706:gaming laws
583:Deb Haaland
573:), Cherokee
489:swing power
461:egalitarian
426:Mitt Romney
371:demographic
325:sovereignty
157:Legislation
113:citizenship
97:Thomas Nast
33:Puerto Rico
1749:Categories
1003:2037394274
725:References
634:Ben Reifel
483:, such as
449:Exit polls
391:Republican
257:ZitkΓ‘la-Ε Γ‘
146:Snyder Act
122:New Mexico
67:since the
35:as of the
1555:cite news
1392:147970313
1308:156414553
1189:822626824
1111:215321991
1103:153333644
1064:152091630
813:225568501
672:in 1980;
668:in 1972;
589:), Pueblo
469:Reaganism
455:and hold
430:Joe Biden
320:Caucasian
175:Dawes Act
1598:Fox News
1506:23209568
1339:42864266
1185:ProQuest
1107:ProQuest
1056:43908371
999:ProQuest
978:: 35β54.
921:26505340
702:lobbying
693:Logo of
650:Colorado
565:Senator
394:senators
387:New Deal
374:serious
274:Ho-Chunk
266:Cherokee
117:suffrage
48:politics
1685:1185965
1632:2747794
1581:. 2021.
1514:2739309
1444:. 2013.
1426:. 2013.
1259:1185650
1150:1185727
859:Publius
773:AP News
606:In 1892
598:and in
485:Montana
434:Arizona
424:, when
416:in the
192:ballots
111:denied
61:Arizona
1683:
1630:
1512:
1504:
1390:
1337:
1306:
1257:
1187:
1148:
1109:
1101:
1062:
1054:
1001:
919:
811:
516:, and
349:Navajo
31:, and
27:, the
1681:JSTOR
1510:S2CID
1502:JSTOR
1388:S2CID
1335:JSTOR
1304:S2CID
1255:JSTOR
1146:JSTOR
1099:S2CID
1060:S2CID
1052:JSTOR
917:JSTOR
809:S2CID
648:) of
1699:link
1646:link
1628:SSRN
1561:link
1528:link
1406:link
1353:link
1164:link
1017:link
935:link
885:link
827:link
658:1992
654:1986
630:1928
618:1914
555:and
522:2000
514:1962
506:1954
471:".
404:and
327:and
246:and
126:Utah
115:and
1729:doi
1673:doi
1494:doi
1442:CNN
1380:doi
1296:doi
1247:doi
1138:doi
1091:doi
1044:doi
867:doi
801:doi
797:101
718:PAC
628:in
585:(D-
569:(R-
491:".
194:in
120:In
1751::
1725:52
1723:.
1719:.
1707:^
1695:}}
1691:{{
1679:.
1669:23
1667:.
1663:.
1642:}}
1638:{{
1624:77
1622:.
1618:.
1606:^
1596:.
1577:.
1557:}}
1553:{{
1545:.
1524:}}
1520:{{
1508:.
1500:.
1490:65
1488:.
1484:.
1470:^
1450:^
1440:.
1422:.
1402:}}
1398:{{
1386:.
1376:16
1374:.
1370:.
1349:}}
1345:{{
1331:72
1329:.
1325:.
1302:.
1292:39
1290:.
1253:.
1243:21
1241:.
1237:.
1225:^
1217:60
1215:.
1197:^
1160:}}
1156:{{
1144:.
1134:18
1132:.
1128:.
1105:.
1097:.
1087:57
1085:.
1081:.
1058:.
1050:.
1040:57
1038:.
1034:.
1013:}}
1009:{{
993:.
976:69
974:.
970:.
943:^
931:}}
927:{{
913:22
911:.
907:.
893:^
881:}}
877:{{
863:28
861:.
857:.
835:^
823:}}
819:{{
807:.
795:.
781:^
771:.
757:^
733:^
608:,
602:.
587:NM
571:OK
508:,
408:.
331:.
71:.
1737:.
1731::
1701:)
1687:.
1675::
1648:)
1634:.
1600:.
1563:)
1549:.
1530:)
1516:.
1496::
1408:)
1394:.
1382::
1355:)
1341:.
1310:.
1298::
1275:.
1261:.
1249::
1191:.
1166:)
1140::
1113:.
1093::
1046::
1019:)
1005:.
937:)
887:)
873:.
869::
829:)
815:.
803::
775:.
644:(
636:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
