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be removed from the ecosystem. Scientists, headed up by Dr. Charles
Birkenland, used the starfish's destruction as a focus of their long-term research: to follow the recovery of a coral reef. Because corals grow slowly, the research team chose a multi-year cycle of data collection. Beginning in 1985, and again in 1988, 1995, 1998, 2001 and 2004, the team amassed information on coral, fishes, invertebrates and marine plants. This database is unique for Samoa and the study is one of the few long-running surveys of its type in the world
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the reefs more resilient as a whole. The population of crown-of-thorns sea star, a natural predator of corals, is closely monitored and controlled to prevent outbreaks. The sea stars are injected with ox bile that painlessly kills them and does not harm the rest of the ecosystem. A coral nursery project was also piloted in 2020. In the future, corals from the nursery could be used to restore reefs after devastation due to weather or other events.
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process waste from the corals, hence are extremely essential to their survival. Six mass bleaching events have occurred from 1994 to 2020, with the 2015 event causing the most damage. These events are projected to become more frequent and intense in the future. It is estimated that the reefs of the
American Samoa could experience yearly bleaching by the year 2040.
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The sanctuary also provides guided tours of the area, and allows any student to come on field-trips, for which they provide educational guides. They also emphasize the cultural aspects of the reefs and the wildlife, so as to combine traditional culture with the scientific knowledge students learn in
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Many different types of fish call this reef home, and many biologists and marine researchers attempt to cooperate with the local government in an effort to find new species within the local waters. Many new species have been found, but as it is a marine sanctuary, fish or other marine animals cannot
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The
Fagatele Bay portion of the sanctuary is completely contained in the 0.25 square miles (0.65 km) of the bay formed by an eroded volcanic crater . The land surrounding the bay resides in the hands of the families who have lived near the bay's slopes for thousands of years. Fortunately, there
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The NOAA Ocean
Acidification Program placed a very scientifically powerful buoy in Fagatele Bay in May 2019. This buoy records real-time values of water temperature, acidity, and other relevant parameters, that can then be used to assess trends. NOAA also tackles non-climate stressors that can make
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volunteers assist the outreach program. Staff members are
American Samoa Government employees based in Pago Pago, American Samoa and operate through a cooperative agreement between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and American Samoa's Economic and Development Planning Office, as
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The sanctuary makes a special effort to work with the
American Samoan community with outreach programs for all ages. The sanctuary co-sponsors a summer environmental education program for 8- to 12-year-old children. These programs explore the marine life in the bay, including ancient reef-dwellers
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The sanctuary sponsors education programs, such as the EnviroDiscoveries Camp, which is an outdoor activity and learning camp for 8- to 12-year-olds. Scientific programs include a continuing resource assessment survey, begun in 1985, and coral reef monitoring. Sanctuary regulations prohibit taking
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Also known as Big Mama and Fale Bommie, Big Momma is the biggest known coral on Earth. It is located in the Valley of Giants in the
National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa. It is 21-foot (6.4 m) tall, and its circumference is 134 feet (41 m). It is over 500 years old. Its scientific
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In the
American Samoa, climate change is estimated to increase rainfall by about 10% by 2100, while extreme precipitation events are also projected to increase in frequency. These extreme events cause large amounts of sediment runoff, which bury corals, suffocating and killing them. This sediment
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By the year 2115, under extreme warming, it is projected that water temperatures in this region may be too high for species currently living in the reefs. Due to the isolation of the Samoan reefs, species may not be able to find another suitable habitat. Warming temperatures may also worsen coral
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The
American Samoa archipelago is located in the mid-south Pacific Ocean, halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand. It is the only American Territory south of the equator. The Park has one visitor center in Tutuila, known as Tauese P.F. Sunia Ocean Center. There are exhibits for all ages, and it is
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Extreme temperature events, also known as heatwaves, have also increased in frequency. Coupled with the rise in ocean temperature, these heatwaves cause coral bleaching events, wherein symbiotic algae are expelled from the coral, causing the corals to appear white. These algae provide food and
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The
National Marine Sanctuary Program protects and preserves nature and local culture. The program is found in areas of special significance such as the oceans and Great Lakes of the United States. There are 14 sanctuaries in the program ranging from Stellwagen Bank off Cape Cod to the Channel
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or crown-of-thorns starfish (alamea), a coral-eating animal, ate their way through Tutuila's reefs. More than 90 percent of all the living corals were destroyed. At the time, Fagatele Bay was not a National Marine Sanctuary, but this disaster propelled the decision for the site's designation.
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Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary was designated in 1986 in response to a proposal from the American Samoa Government to the National Marine Sanctuary Program. The National Marine Sanctuary Program supports research in all of its 14 sites. Research plays a role in management by supplying
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destabilizes Samoan reefs by impacting crustose corraline algae, a calcareous species that consolidates and cements reefs together. A reduction in coral calcification impairs coral growth and density, increasing vulnerability to erosion and damage. The increase in acidification also makes it
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system. Spanning 13,581 sq mi, it is thought to be home to the greatest biodiversity of aquatic species of all the marine sanctuaries. Among them are expansive coral reefs, including some of the oldest Porites coral heads on earth, deep-water reefs, hydrothermal vent communities, and rare
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An increase in greenhouse gas emissions have caused a rise in global temperatures. This phenomenon, known as global warming or climate change, is beginning to impact Earth's most treasured natural spaces, and the Samoan Islands are among the most vulnerable regions. This rise in
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diseases and favor invasive species, such as the outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns sea star, a predator of the coral. Algal blooms will also become more expansive and longer-lasting. Some of these blooms may also be Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and become toxic to life around it.
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Tropical cyclones drive harsh winds and towering waves that cause damage to coral systems, sometimes causing persistent decrease in coral cover. These storms are expected to increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency over the next 70 years.
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750:(NMSA). The volunteers typically work for 3 months and then take the rest of the time off, but a volunteer can work enough to become a paid worker for the NMSA or even take a Manager position at another Marine Sanctuary.
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The oceans absorb much of the heat caused due to increase in global temperature. Waters in American Samoa have risen 1.8F in the past 30 years, and are projected to increase 4.7F by 2090.
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information needed to make resource protection decisions based on hard scientific data. Fagatele Bay's most important research project spans over a decade. In the late 1970s, millions of
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difficult for clams in all stages of life to grow their shells, and for the larvae of corral reef fish to grow, survive, and make it back to the reef. It is projected that by 2060, the
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school. The sanctuary also aids local education by organizing projects for the High Schoolers on the island, to further reinforce the necessity of the National Marine Sanctuary.
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and solar-powered clams, teaching ways to protect the resources there. Samoan cultural events and general community outreach/education programs are also run year-round.
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Islands in southern California. All manage their precious resources through a combination of education, research, long-term monitoring, regulation and enforcement.
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The National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa comprises six protected areas: Fagatele Bay and Fagalua/Fogama`a (the bay east of Fagatele) on the island of
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also clouds up the water, making photosynthesis challenging. Nitrogen from fertilizers increase coral disease and contribute to coral bleaching.
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Parts of this article (those related to Sanctuary has been expanded and renamed National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa.) need to be
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nestled within Fagatele Bay is a vibrant tropical marine ecosystem, filled with all sorts of brightly colored tropical fish, including
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invertebrates and sea turtles, as well as historical artifacts. Only traditional fishing methods are permitted in the inner bay.
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and temperature causes an imbalance in the Samoan reef ecosystem in a myriad of ways, which will be described below.
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archeological resources. It was established in 1986, and then expanded and renamed in 2012.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Fagatele Bay, with view on Steps Point, the most southerly point of Samoa (excluding
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and the one reliable stream that empties near the beach runs clear and clean.
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to calve and court in Samoan waters. Visitors can hear courting males sing
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Since 1750, the acidity of the ocean has increased by 30%. An increase in
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Map of the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa
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968:"Visit | National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa"
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996:NOAA.gov. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
806:NOAA.gov. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
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1518:Monterey Bay
1483:Florida Keys
1478:Cordell Bank
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1222:. Retrieved
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1015:ocean.si.edu
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746:well as the
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173:January 2020
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115:Please help
110:verification
107:
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33:Please help
30:
1538:Thunder Bay
1508:Mallows Bay
1493:Gray's Reef
482:sea turtles
474:whale songs
438:parrot fish
402:, areas at
394:Description
333:Established
312: /
300:170°45′54″W
288:Coordinates
1558:Categories
1224:2024-04-03
1176:2022-04-15
1044:2022-02-28
1020:2022-02-28
977:2022-04-05
950:2022-04-05
926:2022-04-05
899:2022-02-28
872:2022-02-28
845:2022-03-21
783:References
743:Americorps
520:Hi'ialakai
514:Rose Atoll
470:Antarctica
442:damselfish
431:coral reef
416:Rose Atoll
297:14°21′54″S
269:Rose Atoll
143:newspapers
82:April 2014
36:improve it
705:Dolphin:
633:Big Momma
616:Education
568:aragonite
486:hawksbill
434:ecosystem
424:watershed
274:Vailulu'u
42:talk page
646:name is
359:/welcome
276:Seamount
238:Location
1574:Tutuila
1513:Monitor
656:Animals
478:dolphin
462:octopus
450:lobster
400:Tutuila
249:Tutuila
157:scholar
72:updated
518:NOAAS
458:sharks
414:, and
404:Aunuʻu
265:Island
259:Island
257:Aunu'u
159:
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1242:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1153:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
754:Notes
738:Staff
570:(CaCO
454:crabs
361:.html
355:.noaa
164:JSTOR
150:books
680:and
488:and
460:and
444:and
408:Taʻū
369:The
357:.gov
325:Area
263:Ta‘ū
136:news
1342:of
410:,
119:by
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