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to be a non-partisan 'national' army. In 1988, he relinquished membership of FRETILIN, believing the fight for a free East Timor transcended political loyalties. He established the
National Council of Maubere Resistance (CNRM) and was declared leader.
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agreed to hold a referendum allowing the
Timorese to choose autonomy (represented on the ballot paper by the Indonesian flag) or independence (represented on the ballot paper by the CNRT flag). 78.5%
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offered East Timor "special autonomy." The CNRT rejected the proposal on 11 August 1998, calling instead for a referendum on independence and the release of Xanana Gusmão from prison. The
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In April 1998, all
Timorese political parties gathered in Peniche, Portugal and agreed to join the CNRM under a new name. Accordingly, it was renamed the
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To Resist is to Win: The
Autobiography of Xanana Gusmao, with selected letters & speeches' ' Edited by Sarah Niner, Melbourne:, 2000.
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blamed on pro-Indonesian militias, the UN took over administration and accepted the CNRT as its
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The term
Maubere was coined by Ramos-Horta in the 1970s. Initially used by the Portuguese to describe illiterate members of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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announced the formation of a coalition. In a re-organisation of the resistance structure, resistance leader
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individuals and organisations dedicated to resisting the
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1988–2001 East
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