315:
373:, which was also a common cause of death among children across Canada at that time; but, students also died from other causes, including other diseases, fire, accident, drowning, and hypothermia, some of which occurred while running away from school. Some residential schools had mortality rates of 30% or more. The mortality rates at residential schools were much higher than the mortality rates of Canadian children as a whole. Many deaths were the result of neglect, as schools frequently denied basic medical care or assistance to their students until just before they died; in many cases, school staff did not bother searching for missing children until the next day.
396:, the deputy superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1913 to 1932, who supported the assimilation policy said in 1910, "it is readily acknowledged that Indian children lose their natural resistance to illness by habitating so closely in these schools and that they die at a much higher rate than in their villages. But this alone does not justify a change in the policy of this Department, which is being geared towards the final solution of our Indian Problem." In 1914 he added, "the system was open to criticism. Insufficient care was exercised in the admission of children to the schools. The well-known predisposition of Indians to
511:, in the spring of 2013. Webstad recounted her first day of residential schooling at six years old, when she was stripped of her clothes, including the new orange shirt her grandmother bought her, which was never returned. The orange shirt now symbolizes how the residential school system took away the indigenous identities of its students. However, the association of the colour with the First Nations goes back to antiquity, the colour represents sunshine, truth-telling, health, regeneration, strength and power.
377:
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adults and the educational achievement of their children and grandchildren, who were frequently raised in low-income homes. It also found that the sexual and physical abuse received at the schools created life-long trauma in residential school survivors, trauma and abuse which was often passed down to their children and grandchildren, which continues to create victims of the residential school system today.
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514:
Today, Orange Shirt Day exists as a legacy of the SJM Project, and
September 30, the annual date of the event, signifies the time of year when Indigenous children were historically taken from their homes to residential schools. The official tagline of the day, "Every Child Matters", reminds Canadians
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has been used because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the
474:
to their children, leading to 70% of Canada's
Aboriginal languages being classified as endangered. It found that the deliberately poor education offered at the residential school system created a poorly educated indigenous population in Canada, which impacted the incomes those students could earn as
302:
was faced with a country with disparate cultures and identities and wanted to forge a new
Canadian identity to unite the country and ensure its survival. It was Macdonald's goal to absorb the First Nations into the general population of Canada and extinguish their culture. In 1878, he commissioned
522:
practices are also encouraged, drawing from
Webstad's experience in particular. For instance, many communities have held memorial walks, film screenings, and public lectures to raise awareness about Indigenous history. Accordingly, school boards across Canada have begun to use this event to teach
414:
By the 1950s, the government began to relax restrictions on the First
Nations of Canada and began to work towards shutting the schools down. The government seized control of the residential schools from the churches in 1969 and, by the 1980s, only a few schools remained open, with the last school
847:
The Orange Shirt
Society then approved of other Indigenous artists creating orange shirts. Their policy states that while they retain copyright over Orange Shirt Day, other people and organizations may make their own shirts provided that some of the profits go towards the Orange Shirt Society or
311:. One year later, Davin reported that only residential schools could separate aboriginal children from their parents and culture and cause them "to be merged and lost" within the nation. Davin argued that the government should work with the Christian churches to open these schools.
450:
was formed to investigate the relationship between indigenous peoples in Canada, the government of Canada, and
Canadian society as a whole. When its final report was presented five years later, it led the government to make a statement of reconciliation in 1998 and established the
843:
In 2017, the supply of official orange shirts did not meet demand. As a workaround, some communities created their own shirts. Designer Carey Newman made one that sold out in under two days. Newman's father attended a residential school and his design commemorated this.
350:
to seize children from reserves and bring them to the residential schools. When parents came to take their children away from the schools, the pass system was created, banning
Indigenous people from leaving their reserve without a pass from an Indian agent.
610:
I join with all
Canadians on this first National Day for Truth and Reconciliation to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive
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1304:"The great aim of our legislation has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as speedily as they are fit to change." John A. Macdonald, 1887
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added
September 30th to their relevant legislations as a holiday to some extent. As of March 2023, NDTR is a statutory holiday for all workers in British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Prince Edward Island, and Yukon.
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to make September 30 a paid statutory holiday in the province. The legislation was passed on March 9, 2023, making National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a statutory holiday for provincial workers, via amendments to the
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The Orange Shirt Society was founded by the people involved in the creation of Orange Shirt Day, and is headquartered in Williams Lake, British Columbia. Every year, they release an official Orange Shirt Day
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apologized for its role in the residential school system. The Anglican church followed suit in 1992. Some Catholic organizations have apologized for their role in the residential school system and, in 2009,
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expressed sorrow for the experiences of the residential school survivors, but the Roman Catholic Church had not formally apologized for its role in the residential school system. In 2017, Prime Minister
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366:, the chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission later stated that they only included deaths of children that they had records for and that the true number of deaths could be as high as 6,000.
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tabled a new bill on September 29, 2020, proposing Orange Shirt Day become a national statutory holiday, similar to the previous proposal by Jolibois. The new holiday would be officially named the
248:, whose personal clothing—including a new orange shirt—was taken from her during her first day of residential schooling, and never returned. The orange shirt is thus used as a symbol of the forced
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were discovered earlier that year. Trudeau ignored the invitation, and his schedule showed him having meetings in Ottawa that day. However, Trudeau instead took an unannounced private holiday in
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Orange Shirt Day was first established as an observance in 2013, as part of an effort to promote awareness and education of the residential school system and the impact it has had on
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392:. Bryce's report was leaked to journalists, prompting calls for reform from across the country. Despite this public outcry, Bryce's recommendations were largely ignored.
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840:, which features a design by an Indigenous artist and the tagline "Every Child Matters"; proceeds from the sales of the shirt go towards the Orange Shirt Society.
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was rampant. Over the course of the system's existence—more than a century long—approximately 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. The
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to find out what happened at the schools. The commission released its final report in 2015, which found that the Indian residential school system was an act of "
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346:. When the separation of children from their parents was resisted, the government responded by making school attendance compulsory in 1894 and empowered the
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564:, where it passed on March 21, 2019. However, the bill was unable to make it through the Senate before parliament was dissolved ahead of an election.
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that recognized the legacy of residential schools; September 30 was one of the dates considered. The Heritage Committee chose Orange Shirt Day, and
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The schools aimed to eliminate Indigenous language and culture and replace it with English or French language and Christian beliefs. Pictured is
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was common and students were forced to work to help raise money for the school. Students were beaten for speaking their indigenous languages.
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National Day for Truth and Reconciliation was first observed as a federal holiday in 2021. On the first year it was observed, Prime Minister
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2001:
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to make National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a holiday for territorial government employees and territorially-regulated businesses.
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Banners advertising Orange Shirt Day flying in Williams Lake, BC – a city located within T'exelc (Williams Lake First Nation territory)
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brought Bill 47 into force, making National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a statutory holiday for all employees in the territory.
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Orange Shirt Day was first established as an observance in 2013, as part of an effort to promote awareness and education of the
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unanimously approved National Truth and Reconciliation Day as statutory holiday in the province. The bill was sponsored by MLA
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to officially recognize September 30 as a provincial statutory holiday for residents, which passed on November 17 that year.
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in 2017 encouraged people across Canada to participate in this commemorative and educational event. The following year, the
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details deaths of approximately 3,200 children in residential schools, representing a 2.1% mortality rate. However, Justice
2522:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation Adopted as New Statutory Holiday for all Employees in the Northwest Territories"
369:
Most of the recorded student deaths at residential schools took place before the 1950s. The most common cause of death was
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reported to the Department of Indian Affairs in 1897 about the high student mortality rates at residential schools due to
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Beginning in 1883, the government began funding Indian residential schools across Canada, which were run primarily by the
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to mark Orange Shirt Day by highlighting the stories of various residential school survivors. The special received two
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Many schools did not communicate the news of the deaths of students to the students' families, burying the children in
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and Best Picture Editing in a Factual Program or Series (Craig Anderson, Cathy Gulkin, James Kinistino and Ken Yan).
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The day was elevated to a statutory holiday for federal workers and workers in federally-regulated workplaces by the
2616:"Television Nominees Announced For 2021 Canadian Screen Awards, 'Schitt's Creek' Leads The Pack With 21 Nominations"
579:(now referred to as 200 "targets of interest" by Dr. Sarah Beaulieu who performed the search) were discovered in an
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Le Jour du chandail orange, en septembre, est une journée très importante qui gagne en popularité partout au pays.
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system was established, specifically one in which Indigenous peoples in Canada were homogeneously referred to as
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apologized in 2008, on behalf of the federal Cabinet, for the Indian residential school system and created the
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2317:
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407:; in one-third of recorded deaths, the names of the students who had died were not recorded. In some schools,
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1015:"Indigenous business leader disappointed National Day for Truth and Reconciliation not a provincial holiday"
955:
857:
725:
430:
335:
295:
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2830:"Where to Purchase Orange Shirts by Indigenous Designers for the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
2139:
2110:"Government of Canada Encourages Participation in Orange Shirt Day to Honour Residential Schools Survivors"
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other Indigenous charities and causes, and meet other technical requirements as stated on their website.
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3389:
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790:
679:
393:
327:
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20:
3129:
2255:"Anthropologist explains how she concluded 200 children were buried at the Kamloops Residential School"
2140:"'Another step forward': Date of proposed holiday for reconciliation still needs to be set | CBC News"
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to allow for NWT employees to observe the holiday that year. The following year, on June 3, 2022, the
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901:
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communities for over a century. The impact of the residential school system has been recognized as a
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2754:
2225:"Liberal government tables bill to make Sept. 30 a national holiday to remember residential schools"
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3601:
2664:
1291:
895:
471:
343:
2999:
1993:
827:
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In 2021, subsequently following the federal government's creation of the new federal holiday, the
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of the Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc described his lack of attendance as a "gut punch to the community."
587:, all parties in the House of Commons agreed to fast-track the bill, which passed in the House by
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2259:
2023:
1101:
889:
620:
603:
188:
24:
963:
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Conditions at the schools were rough, as schools were underfunded and the infectious disease of
1132:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation declared statutory holiday in Northwest Territories"
470:" against the First Nations of Canada, as it disrupted the ability of parents to pass on their
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3910:
3789:
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3623:
3537:
3286:
3208:
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588:
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238:
1102:"The Employment Standards Code Amendment and Interpretation Amendment Act (Orange Shirt Day)"
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3532:
3436:
3431:
3296:
3039:
2969:
2348:"Queen says she's joining Canadians to reflect on National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
1438:
1368:
667:
592:
339:
206:
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1957:
970:
is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.
51:
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asked the Pope to issue an apology over its role in the Indian residential school system.
363:
331:
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in 2021, and named "National Day for Truth and Reconciliation", in light of the claims of
245:
165:
153:
122:
2564:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation on track to become statutory day in the Yukon"
2982:
1898:"Orange Shirt Day: How a 6-year-old's 1st day at residential school inspired a movement"
3252:
2495:"Trudeau says 'denialism' rising as nation marks holiday for indigenous reconciliation"
774:
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580:
459:
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3962:
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3611:
3269:
3021:
2374:"The Queen's message to mark Canada's first National Day of Truth and Reconciliation"
1934:
1221:"Yukon legislature unanimously approves Truth and Reconciliation Day as stat holiday"
534:
199:
2713:
2464:
2403:
1835:
1768:
1658:
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2803:"'Power of inspiration': Kwagiulth artist's Orange Shirt Day design sells out fast"
599:
408:
397:
389:
370:
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94:
2435:"Trudeau travels on National Day for Truth and Reconciliation for Tofino vacation"
647:, attracting widespread criticism from the public and media alike. KĂşkpi7 (Chief)
636:
2667:, "Stop, listen and watch: Stories to take in on Truth and Reconciliation Day"].
2590:"B.C. to make National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a paid statutory holiday"
3903:
3357:
2434:
750:
743:
675:
385:
380:
Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921–1965)
195:
2906:
1867:
1251:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
3794:
3214:
3119:
3108:
3097:
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2889:, edited by P. Webstad and J. Sorley. Victoria, BC: Medicine Wheel Education.
2777:"Orange Shirt Day movement growing, but shirts themselves can be hard to find"
728:
548:
announced that it was considering tabling a bill in Parliament to establish a
3107:
School District 27 Residential Schools and Reconciliation. January 6, 2014. "
2080:"Sudbury schools honour Indigenous children who attended residential schools"
3749:
2950:
2627:
291:
1544:
499:
The inspiration for Orange Shirt Day came from residential school survivor
1077:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation - Province of British Columbia"
654:
In 2023's National Truth and Reconciliation Day, Justin Trudeau said that
619:
for federal government employees and private-sector employees to whom the
3873:
2167:"Truth and Reconciliation Day may be Canada's next new statutory holiday"
2054:"Reconciliation week: Orange Shirt Day arrives early at B.C. Legislature"
671:
507:(SJM) Residential School Commemoration Project and Reunion event held in
210:
2288:"MPs fast-track bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
831:
Teachers in a Canadian school wearing orange shirts for Orange Shirt Day
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2879:
837:
683:
244:
The use of an orange shirt as a symbol was inspired by the accounts of
218:
1046:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation to be observed on Sept. 30"
595:
unanimously six days later and received royal assent on June 3, 2021.
187:
federal government employees and private-sector employees to whom the
3692:
575:. On May 28, 2021, the day after it was reported that the remains of
1403:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1: Origins to 1939"
252:
of Indigenous children that the residential school system enforced.
1160:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation | Government of Nunavut"
984:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation – is it a paid holiday?"
3699:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
2928:
Butterfly Books Recommends: Two Picture Books for Orange Shirt Day
959:
826:
691:
375:
313:
226:
3013:
1703:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2: 1939 to 2000"
400:
resulted in a very large percentage of deaths among the pupils."
3220:
3150:
3134:
What is Orange Shirt Day? Bob Joseph- Indigenous Master Trainer
2866:, edited by E. Bullen. Victoria, BC: Medicine Wheel Education.
2404:"Truth and Reconciliation: Trudeau slammed for taking vacation"
1412:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Archived from
567:
During the subsequent parliamentary session, Heritage Minister
261:
over 1,000 unmarked graves near former residential school sites
3098:
Eddy Charlie shares his story of survival for Orange Shirt Day
16:
Canadian day of remembrance for victims of residential schools
2465:"Trudeau visits First Nation to apologise after holiday snub"
1956:
Sinclair, Murray; Littlechild, Wilton; Wilson, Marie (2015).
1798:
Sinclair, Murray; Wilson, Marie; Littlechild, Wilton (2015).
1701:
Sinclair, Murray; Wilson, Marie; Littlechild, Wilton (2015).
1401:
Sinclair, Murray; Wilson, Marie; Littlechild, Wilton (2015).
1190:"Province observes National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
658:
was on the rise, and the whole truth needed to be uncovered.
2547:
P.E.I. to recognize National Day of Truth and Reconciliation
3669:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
3000:
Understanding the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
2864:
The Orange Shirt Story: The True Story of Orange Shirt Day
1369:"Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds"
1280:"CBC, APTN to air special on residential school survivors"
1044:
Government of New Brunswick, Canada (September 22, 2022).
518:
Education on the history of residential schools and their
1506:"Why so many children died at Indian Residential Schools"
2194:"Indigenous stat holiday bill destined to die in Senate"
813:
In September 2021, CBC Television aired the documentary
172:), is a Canadian holiday to recognize the legacy of the
717:
of Prince Edward Island introduced an amendment to the
1998:
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1598:"10 quotes John A. MacDonald made about First Nations"
1336:
Johnson, J.K.; Marshall, Tabitha (November 28, 2017).
1307:"10 quotes John A. Macdonald made about First Nations"
799:
Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series
515:
that all peoples' cultural experiences are important.
158:
Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation
41:
Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation
3033:
Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre
2753:. Orange Shirt Society. June 23, 2021. Archived from
2642:"Webstad documentary Returning Home premieres at UBC"
1931:
Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre
1809:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from
1712:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from
1075:
Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation.
783:
Every Child Matters: Reconciliation Through Education
639:
nation near Kamloops, B.C., near the place the first
2747:"Orange Shirt Society Branding and Copyright Policy"
1836:"Phyllis (Jack) Webstad's story in her own words..."
1769:"Trudeau asks Pope Francis to apologise for schools"
816:
We Know the Truth: Stories to Inspire Reconciliation
546:
Department of Canadian Heritage and Multiculturalism
3889:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a MĂ©tis Child
3818:
3758:
3721:
3712:
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3642:
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3192:
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128:
118:
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90:
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71:
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34:
804:Webstad was profiled in the 2021 documentary film
3948:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
2318:"43rd PARLIAMENT, 2nd SESSION: JOURNALS, No. 106"
708:Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
2192:Somos, Christy; Aiello, Rachel (June 21, 2019).
1933:. University of British Columbia. Archived from
114:2021 (National Day for Truth and Reconciliation)
2828:Stringer-Holden, Bridget (September 15, 2021).
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1396:
1394:
2714:"THE Official 2021 Orange Shirt Day t-shirt!!"
160:), originally and still colloquially known as
3969:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
3162:
3087:Phyllis Webstad Orange Shirt Day Presentation
662:Provincial/territorial government recognition
464:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
425:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
360:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
8:
2741:
2739:
1807:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1710:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1410:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
925:. Permanent Committee on Canadian Heritage,
873:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
787:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
83:National day to recognize the impact of the
39:
3826:Portrayals of the residential school system
954:rather than by language that distinguishes
635:had been invited to spend the day with the
539:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
3718:
3639:
3343:
3189:
3169:
3155:
3147:
3109:Murray Sinclair – Truth and Reconciliation
1800:"Canada's Residential Schools: The Legacy"
294:on the treaties signed between it and the
50:
31:
1499:
1497:
1495:
933:from the original on September 13, 2019.
878:Canadian Indian residential school system
641:Indian residential school unmarked graves
573:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
290:inherited the responsibility of advising
278:Canadian Indian residential school system
174:Canadian Indian residential school system
142:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
85:Canadian Indian residential school system
35:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
3516:Violence against WetĘĽsuwetĘĽen protesters
2926:Antoniades, Helen. September 27, 2018. "
309:residential schools in the United States
4014:Indigenous child displacement in Canada
3120:St. Joseph's Residential School Stories
3035:. University of British Columbia. 2020.
2840:from the original on September 28, 2021
2724:from the original on September 30, 2021
2694:from the original on September 29, 2021
2328:from the original on September 23, 2021
2267:from the original on September 30, 2022
2223:Ballingall, Alex (September 29, 2020).
2146:from the original on September 29, 2021
2090:from the original on September 28, 2021
1904:from the original on September 28, 2021
1878:from the original on September 29, 2021
1845:from the original on September 30, 2021
1480:from the original on September 29, 2021
1025:from the original on September 13, 2021
914:
785:, a television special produced by the
700:Government of the Northwest Territories
2286:Reynolds, Christopher (May 28, 2021).
2000:. Government of Canada. May 24, 2018.
1921:
1919:
1862:
1860:
1779:from the original on September 5, 2021
1566:Smith, Maximilian (October 31, 2019).
615:The legislation made September 30th a
583:cemetery on the grounds of the former
448:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
2946:17 books to read for Orange Shirt Day
2783:from the original on October 31, 2020
2475:from the original on January 29, 2022
2384:from the original on October 18, 2021
2354:from the original on November 4, 2022
2142:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
1994:"Commemorative promotional resources"
1470:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
1274:
1272:
1244:
1242:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1184:
1182:
1180:
779:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
7:
3984:Recurring events established in 2013
3597:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
3177:Violence and discrimination against
3118:Shaw TV Northern BC. May 24, 2013. "
2520:LLP, McLennan Ross (July 12, 2022).
2445:from the original on October 2, 2021
2414:from the original on October 1, 2021
2235:from the original on August 13, 2021
2204:from the original on August 15, 2021
2120:from the original on August 15, 2021
1749:from the original on August 14, 2021
1516:from the original on October 1, 2021
1348:from the original on August 17, 2021
1154:
1152:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1009:
1007:
1005:
978:
976:
3657:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3265:First Nations nutrition experiments
3096:ProvinceofBC. September 29, 2018. "
2809:from the original on August 5, 2018
2173:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2165:Hwang, Priscilla (March 27, 2019).
1974:from the original on August 4, 2021
1965:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1639:from the original on April 10, 2021
1608:from the original on April 18, 2021
1317:from the original on April 18, 2021
1136:Government of Northwest Territories
904:, a grassroots initiative in Turkey
606:, issued a message marking the day:
194:provincial government employees in
3925:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
2545:Chang, Arturo. 2021 September 9. "
1675:from the original on June 24, 2021
1602:Indigenous Corporate Training, Inc
1578:from the original on July 26, 2021
1541:Canadian Public Health Association
1379:from the original on July 20, 2021
585:Kamloops Indian Residential School
490:Canadian residential school system
286:in 1867, the ministers in the new
14:
3686:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
3085:johndellca. September 24, 2016. "
3062:Indigenous Corporate Training Inc
2433:Burke, Ashley (October 1, 2021).
2298:from the original on May 31, 2021
2034:from the original on July 1, 2022
2004:from the original on July 3, 2022
179:As of March 2023, NDTR is a
3545:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
2060:from the original on May 3, 2019
1659:"A Condensed Timeline of Events"
1504:Hopper, Tristan (May 29, 2021).
1449:from the original on May 1, 2021
1439:"Indian Act and the Pass System"
749:In February 2023, B.C. Minister
496:communities for over a century.
272:Indian residential school system
3740:British Columbia Treaty Process
3074:CBC News. September 28, 2018. "
2987:Canadian Children's Book Centre
1868:"The Story of Orange Shirt Day"
868:National Indigenous Peoples Day
733:Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
532:Minister of Indigenous Services
509:Williams Lake, British Columbia
133:National Indigenous Peoples Day
527:Federal government recognition
1:
3979:2013 establishments in Canada
2983:Orange Shirt Day Reading List
1666:Aboriginal Healing Foundation
1468:Moran, Ry (October 5, 2020).
1443:Indigenous Corporate Training
1311:Indigenous Corporate Training
1249:Bryden, Joan (June 3, 2021).
492:and the impact it has had on
453:Aboriginal Healing Foundation
348:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
3179:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3051:Centennial College Libraries
2975:University of Manitoba Press
2885:Orange Shirt Society. 2020.
1743:Facing History and Ourselves
863:Indigenous peoples in Canada
503:, who shared her story at a
3994:Indigenous events in Canada
3800:Old-growth logging protests
3076:What Orange Shirt Day means
3027:September 22, 2020, at the
2647:September 30, 2021, at the
1367:Davin, Nicholas F. (1879).
523:children about the system.
484:History of Orange Shirt Day
4065:
3567:Judge David William Ramsay
2970:Orange Shirt Day Booklist!
2959:Books for Orange Shirt Day
2912:November 26, 2021, at the
2322:House of Commons of Canada
927:House of Commons of Canada
898:, United States of America
795:9th Canadian Screen Awards
422:
298:of Canada. Prime Minister
275:
18:
4044:Fashion-related occasions
4039:Genocide remembrance days
4019:Public holidays in Canada
3938:
3688:for trafficking of minors
3555:Saskatoon freezing deaths
3239:Residential school system
3058:What is Orange Shirt Day?
1572:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1537:"History of tuberculosis"
1474:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1342:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1194:www.princeedwardisland.ca
753:introduced a bill in the
731:gave royal assent at the
49:
3629:Walking With Our Sisters
3550:Killing of Chantel Moore
3444:Winnipeg serial killings
3203:Gradual Civilization Act
2933:October 1, 2021, at the
2862:Webstad, Phyllis. 2018.
2720:. Orange Shirt Society.
2690:. Orange Shirt Society.
1739:"The Churches Apologize"
1344:. Anthony Wilson-Smith.
762:Employment Standards Act
719:Employment Standards Act
645:Tofino, British Columbia
419:Truth and Reconciliation
334:; but also included the
307:to write a report about
144:(sometimes shortened to
19:Not to be confused with
3999:Anti-bullying campaigns
3989:Annual events in Canada
3805:Trans Mountain pipeline
3528:Gustafsen Lake standoff
3132:. September 28, 2019. "
3045:April 18, 2021, at the
1568:"Peter Henderson Bryce"
1338:"Sir John A. MacDonald"
1285:April 19, 2021, at the
858:First Nations in Canada
726:Commissioner of Nunavut
598:On September 30, 2021,
431:United Church of Canada
336:United Church of Canada
170:Jour du chandail orange
112:2013 (Orange Shirt Day)
3780:Caledonia land dispute
3634:Women's Memorial March
3394:Healthcare inequality
3282:High Arctic relocation
2684:"Orange Shirt Society"
2621:April 1, 2021, at the
2380:. September 30, 2021.
2086:. September 30, 2019.
1745:. September 20, 2019.
1021:. September 11, 2021.
832:
738:In November 2022, the
637:Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc
613:
604:Canada's head of state
591:. The bill passed the
381:
323:
169:
157:
40:
4024:September observances
4009:Fall events in Canada
3974:Observances in Canada
3479:Jean Virginia Sampare
3464:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
2757:on September 28, 2021
2673:, September 30, 2021.
2655:, September 30, 2021.
2653:Williams Lake Tribune
1958:"The Survivors Speak"
1775:. BBC. May 29, 2017.
1627:Wilson, Kory (2014).
1547:on September 28, 2021
830:
791:Canadian Screen Award
773:On October 11, 2020,
680:Northwest Territories
608:
558:private member's bill
394:Duncan Campbell Scott
379:
328:Roman Catholic Church
317:
215:Northwest Territories
21:Day of Reconciliation
3860:Missing and Murdered
3420:Missing and Murdered
3260:Forced sterilization
2640:Monica Lamb-Yorski,
2471:. October 18, 2021.
1225:Vancouver Is Awesome
1196:. September 30, 2022
929:. November 8, 2018.
902:I Apologize campaign
740:Legislature of Yukon
688:Prince Edward Island
501:Phyllis Jack Webstad
472:indigenous languages
305:Nicholas Flood Davin
257:Parliament of Canada
246:Phyllis Jack Webstad
223:Prince Edward Island
3775:Burnt Church Crisis
3602:Moose Hide campaign
3474:Helen Betty Osborne
3373:Criminal sentencing
3347:Structural violence
3194:Settler colonialism
2978:. October 18, 2018.
2954:. CBC/Radio-Canada.
1255:Winnipeg Free Press
1227:. November 24, 2022
896:Native American Day
793:nominations at the
769:Film and television
666:The governments of
344:Presbyterian Church
4049:Scandals in Canada
3785:Clayoquot protests
3378:Mass incarceration
3351:and discrimination
3064:. August 28, 2020.
3053:. August 27, 2020.
2834:Vancouver Magazine
2751:OrangeShirtDay.org
2718:orangeshirtday.org
2688:orangeshirtday.org
2670:The Globe and Mail
2596:. February 7, 2023
2292:The Globe and Mail
2260:The Globe and Mail
1967:. pp. 39–45.
1927:"Orange Shirt Day"
1872:OrangeShirtDay.org
1839:OrangeShirtDay.org
1295:, October 9, 2020.
890:National Sorry Day
833:
704:Public Service Act
621:Canada Labour Code
600:Queen Elizabeth II
505:St. Joseph Mission
382:
324:
189:Canada Labour Code
25:Reconciliation Day
3956:
3955:
3943:Indigenous rights
3934:
3933:
3790:Keystone Pipeline
3745:Yukon Land Claims
3708:
3707:
3624:Sisters in Spirit
3575:
3574:
3459:Pamela Holopainen
3333:
3332:
3287:RCMP dog killings
3209:Numbered Treaties
3130:Wilbur Sargunaraj
2895:978-1-989122-43-3
2631:, March 30, 2021.
2570:. October 6, 2022
2526:McLennan Ross LLP
2501:. October 1, 2023
2263:. July 15, 2021.
2231:. Jordan Bitove.
1816:on March 28, 2021
1719:on March 26, 2021
1535:Hopper, Tristan.
1445:. June 23, 2015.
1313:. June 28, 2016.
713:In 2021, Premier
617:statutory holiday
589:unanimous consent
569:Steven Guilbeault
554:Georgina Jolibois
550:statutory holiday
468:cultural genocide
436:Pope Benedict XVI
415:closing in 1996.
300:John A. Macdonald
288:Cabinet of Canada
239:cultural genocide
181:statutory holiday
138:
137:
45:
4056:
4029:Remembrance days
3891:
3853:Highway of Tears
3810:UnistĘĽotĘĽen Camp
3767:Water protection
3765:
3726:
3719:
3640:
3533:Ipperwash Crisis
3507:
3504:Police brutality
3494:Lisa Marie Young
3484:Loretta Saunders
3449:Immaculate Basil
3432:Highway of Tears
3424:Indigenous Women
3423:
3350:
3344:
3325:Indian hospitals
3221:Role of the RCMP
3190:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3040:Orange Shirt Day
3022:Orange Shirt Day
3017:
3016:
3014:Official website
3006:Orange Shirt Day
2887:Orange Shirt Day
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
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2799:
2793:
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2790:
2788:
2773:
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2766:
2764:
2762:
2743:
2734:
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2731:
2729:
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2699:
2680:
2674:
2662:
2656:
2638:
2632:
2612:
2606:
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2603:
2601:
2594:British Columbia
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2517:
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2482:
2480:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2410:. October 2021.
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2378:The Royal Family
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2324:. May 28, 2021.
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2251:
2245:
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2240:
2229:The Toronto Star
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
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2189:
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2180:
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2156:
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2100:
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2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1990:
1984:
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1981:
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1962:
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1947:
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1923:
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1663:
1655:
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1648:
1646:
1644:
1629:"The Indian Act"
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:on March 5, 2017
1418:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1302:
1296:
1278:Kelly Townsend,
1276:
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1234:
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1041:
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1032:
1030:
1011:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
990:. September 2022
988:www.cfib-fcei.ca
980:
971:
966:peoples. Use of
944:
938:
937:
919:
884:Other Countries:
724:In spring 2022,
668:British Columbia
562:House of Commons
340:Methodist Church
207:British Columbia
162:Orange Shirt Day
65:Orange Shirt Day
54:
44:
43:
37:
32:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3930:
3887:
3867:The Pass System
3814:
3763:
3760:Land protection
3754:
3735:Specific claims
3724:
3714:
3704:
3673:
3644:
3638:
3607:REDress Project
3571:
3560:Neil Stonechild
3505:
3498:
3437:list of victims
3421:
3414:
3385:Food insecurity
3348:
3339:
3329:
3291:
3275:Kimelman Report
3225:
3181:
3175:
3144:
3071:
3047:Wayback Machine
3029:Wayback Machine
3012:
3011:
3008:
2996:
2939:Butterfly Books
2935:Wayback Machine
2923:
2914:Wayback Machine
2859:
2857:Further reading
2854:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2827:
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2800:
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2725:
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2697:
2695:
2682:
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2677:
2663:
2659:
2649:Wayback Machine
2639:
2635:
2623:Wayback Machine
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2599:
2597:
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2007:
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1991:
1987:
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1975:
1971:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1937:on July 1, 2021
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542:Carolyn Bennett
529:
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481:
458:Prime Minister
427:
421:
405:unmarked graves
364:Murray Sinclair
332:Anglican Church
320:Fort Resolution
280:
274:
269:
205:all workers in
129:Related to
123:Phyllis Webstad
119:Started by
113:
109:First time
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4011:
4006:
4004:Awareness days
4001:
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3410:Long-term DWAs
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3403:Joyce Echaquan
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3398:Brian Sinclair
3392:
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3368:Climate change
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807:Returning Home
781:jointly aired
775:CBC Television
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755:BC Legislature
702:amended their
663:
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633:Justin Trudeau
628:
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485:
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460:Stephen Harper
441:Justin Trudeau
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3619:Red handprint
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2266:
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2019:
2016:
2003:
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1995:
1989:
1986:
1978:September 23,
1970:
1966:
1959:
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1941:September 23,
1936:
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1546:
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1520:September 28,
1515:
1512:. Postmedia.
1511:
1510:National Post
1507:
1500:
1498:
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1484:September 26,
1479:
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1378:
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956:First Nations
953:
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923:"TĂ©moignages"
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800:
797:in 2021, for
796:
792:
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766:
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756:
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582:
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543:
540:
536:
535:Jane Philpott
533:
526:
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497:
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491:
483:
478:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
449:
446:In 1991, the
444:
442:
437:
432:
429:In 1986, the
426:
418:
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391:
387:
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365:
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316:
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306:
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297:
296:First Nations
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284:Confederation
279:
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258:
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251:
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224:
220:
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208:
204:
201:
200:New Brunswick
197:
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167:
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159:
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26:
22:
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3858:
3851:
3846:Foster Child
3844:
3839:Finding Dawn
3837:
3697:
3685:
3661:
3592:History wars
3469:Serena McKay
3358:Birth alerts
3315:Potlatch ban
3251: /
3213:
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3123:
3112:
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2938:
2886:
2863:
2842:. Retrieved
2833:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2805:. CBC News.
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2779:. CBC News.
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2755:the original
2750:
2726:. Retrieved
2717:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2636:
2626:
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2598:. Retrieved
2593:
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2567:
2558:
2550:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2525:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2498:
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2477:. Retrieved
2468:
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2447:. Retrieved
2438:
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2416:. Retrieved
2407:
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2386:. Retrieved
2377:
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2356:. Retrieved
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2321:
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2300:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2228:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2197:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2056:. CBC News.
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2028:First People
2027:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1964:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1930:
1906:. Retrieved
1900:. CBC News.
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1871:
1847:. Retrieved
1838:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1806:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1709:
1677:. Retrieved
1665:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1632:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1571:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1540:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1509:
1482:. Retrieved
1473:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1414:the original
1409:
1381:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1341:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1310:
1300:
1290:
1259:. Retrieved
1254:
1229:. Retrieved
1224:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1111:December 12,
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1055:December 12,
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1018:
992:. Retrieved
987:
967:
951:
946:
942:
934:
917:
883:
882:
846:
842:
834:
814:
812:
805:
803:
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761:
748:
737:
723:
718:
712:
703:
697:
665:
653:
630:
614:
609:
597:
572:
566:
556:submitted a
530:
520:assimilation
517:
513:
498:
487:
457:
445:
428:
413:
409:sexual abuse
402:
398:tuberculosis
390:tuberculosis
383:
371:tuberculosis
368:
356:tuberculosis
353:
325:
281:
254:
250:assimilation
243:
232:
178:
161:
149:
145:
141:
139:
95:September 30
80:Significance
29:
3904:Secret Path
3727:land claims
3643:Commissions
3390:Foster care
3310:Pass system
3305:Stereotypes
2907:Lay summary
2813:October 20,
2787:October 20,
2479:January 29,
2388:October 18,
2358:November 4,
2150:October 24,
2124:October 20,
2114:newswire.ca
2064:October 20,
1908:October 19,
1633:OpenText BC
1050:www2.gnb.ca
892:, Australia
760:province's
751:Harry Bains
744:Annie Blake
715:Dennis King
676:Nova Scotia
627:Controversy
386:Peter Bryce
196:Nova Scotia
146:T&R Day
67:T&R Day
62:Also called
3963:Categories
3911:This River
3795:Oka Crisis
3723:Indigenous
3244:gravesites
3215:Indian Act
3186:Background
2963:49th Shelf
2903:1989122434
2880:0993869491
2872:0993869491
2665:John Doyle
2505:October 1,
2449:October 2,
2418:October 1,
2239:October 7,
2198:ctvnews.ca
1882:October 2,
909:References
729:Eva Aariak
690:, and the
577:215 bodies
494:Indigenous
342:, and the
267:Background
235:Indigenous
3750:Land Back
3580:Responses
2951:CBC Books
2628:ET Canada
1373:Canadiana
1257:. Bob Cox
656:denialism
623:applies.
292:the Crown
101:Frequency
3874:Pig Girl
3338:Specific
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