433:
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42:
424:. Also on 16 December 1961, the Umkhonto we Sizwe distributed leaflets describing how the group "will carry on the struggle for freedom and democracy by new methods, which are necessary to complement the actions of the established national liberation organisations."
576:
443:
When
Apartheid ended, it was decided to keep 16 December as a public holiday, but to infuse it "with the purpose of fostering reconciliation and national unity." It was established by the government in 1994.
709:
352:, 16 December continued to be celebrated as the Day of the Vow and the Day of the Covenant. In 1952, Dingane's Day was changed to Day of the Covenant and in 1980 was changed to The Day of the Vow. The
127:
and indigenous South
African cultures. The celebration of the Day of Reconciliation can take the form of remembering past history, recognising veteran's contributions, marching, and other festivities.
326:
generals. The
Voortrekkers defeated the Zulus who numbered in the tens of thousands and during the battle, 3,000 Zulu warriors were killed. The event became a "rallying point for the development of
389:
on 16 December 1910. Other protests against the government handling of racial discrimination continued to be held on 16 December. In 1929, 1930 and 1934, anti-pass demonstrations were held by the
229:. Some of the communities take part in a walk which also serve as a memorial to Mandela. Other parts of South Africa have chosen to emphasize their need for racial harmony in their communities.
1490:
1224:
412:("Spear of the Nation" or MK), the armed wing of the ANC. On that day, Umkhonto we Sizwe enacted its "first acts of sabotage" which included bomb blasts against government buildings in
333:
The religious significance of the event, where it is called Day of the
Covenant or Day of the Vow, involves the belief that the Voortrekker victory of the Zulus was ordained by
363:
The last year South Africa celebrated Day of the Vow was in 1994. The transition from Day of the Vow to Day of
Reconciliation was viewed with mixed emotions for Afrikaners.
400:(ANC) decided to form a military or armed group. The decision to move to armed resistance happened after the ANC was banned by the government. Nelson Mandela believed that
449:
163:
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717:
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was part of the group of politicians that helped start the idea for the holiday. On 16 December 1995, the first celebration took place. The first meeting of the
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22:
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500:
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393:(CPSA) on that day. The All African Convention (AAC) was held during the same time in 1935, covering dates 15 December through 18 December.
341:
day of thanksgiving by all its congregations" in 1864. Later, in 1894, Dingane's Day was declared a public holiday by the
Government of the
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and national unity for the country. Recognising the need for racial harmony, the government chose the date for its significance to both
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in 1838, and is still celebrated by some
Afrikaners. On that day, 470 Voortrekkers were attacked in an early morning battle led by
166:
chose a day that was special to both ethno-racial groups in the country in order to work on healing the damage done by apartheid.
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108:
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was in 1995. The new government chose to represent national unity by choosing a date that had significance for "both the
273:
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honored forgotten heroes of South Africa, including inscribing around 100 dead veteran's names on the Wall of Names at
1557:
206:
1304:
1537:
397:
262:: Supporting National Reconciliation Through the Promotion, Development and Preservation of Indigenous Languages.
222:
155:
1457:
1072:
776:
634:"Zuma homage to the 'forgotten heroes'; Tribute paid to struggle veterans at Day of Reconciliation ceremony"
323:
146:
on 16 December 1838. For black and indigenous South
Africans, the date marks both peaceful protests against
242:
2015: Bridging the Divide: Building a common South
African nationhood towards a national development state.
1412:
401:
396:
Much later, when efforts of passive protest and resistance against apartheid had been unsuccessful, the
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319:
293:
143:
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and various festivities take place throughout the country. On Day of
Reconciliation 2013, a statue of
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353:
47:
476:
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259:
120:
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26:
1360:
The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State
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488:
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372:
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151:
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The holiday is also used to celebrate minority cultural groups in South Africa, such as the
269:
252:
147:
925:"President Cyril Ramaphosa to virtually deliver Reconciliation Day keynote address, 16 Dec"
382:
194:
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248:
2017: The Year of OR Tambo: Reconciliation through Radical Socio-Economic Transformation.
445:
417:
303:
297:
239:
2014: Social Cohesion, Reconciliation, and National Unity in the 20 Years of Democracy.
190:
175:
159:
131:
95:
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480:
226:
1423:"South Africans tend to take their annual holidays ... mid-December to late January"
265:
2020: United In Action Against Racism, Gender-based Violence and Other Intolerances.
115:
held annually on 16 December. The holiday came into effect in 1995 after the end of
41:
1501:
874:
453:
436:
413:
338:
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135:
112:
67:
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641:
467:, in 2009, also stressed that the holiday was meant to also promote "non-sexism."
1527:
311:
139:
77:
554:"Day of Reconciliation celebrated as a public holiday in SA for the first time"
491:. Many small businesses close down and employees go on leave over this period.
337:. The General Synod of the Afrikaners' Natal Churches chose 16 December as "an
1572:
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484:
464:
460:
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described the holiday as serving the need of healing the wounds of Apartheid.
310:(Dingaan's Day). The Day of the Vow was a religious holiday commemorating the
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Message by President Nelson Mandela on the first National Reconciliation Day
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798:
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349:
218:
124:
116:
607:"Nelson Mandela Statue Unveiled in South Africa on Day of Reconciliation"
405:
357:
198:
1305:"Former Battleground Provides Perfect Setting for Day of Reconciliation"
577:"Mpumalanga Reconciliation Day celebrations display cultural diversity"
524:
452:
also took place on 16 December 1995. In an address in 1995, Archbishop
475:
It is the first of four public holidays observed at the height of the
850:"Message by President Jacob Zuma on National Reconciliation Day 2017"
421:
408:. The date of 16 December is the anniversary of the 1961 founding of
386:
378:
186:
1199:"Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) operations report – The O'Malley Archives"
1225:"Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance"
1147:"December 16, the reflection of a changing South African heritage"
1022:"December 16, the reflection of a changing South African heritage"
431:
377:
Black and indigenous South Africans who did not have the right to
193:, the first black president of South Africa, was unveiled at the
1472:
1336:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 276.
679:"South Africa's ANC Old Guard Reminisce at Site of Police Raid"
130:
The origins of the celebration for Afrikaners goes back to the
360:
was erected on 16 December 1949 to commemorate Dingane's Day.
272:: Promoting Reconciliation During the 25th Anniversary of the
663:"First Necklacing Victim Gets Day of Reconciliation Burial".
174:
The first time the Day of Reconciliation was celebrated as a
1124:"City of change: Exploring new South Africa in old Pretoria"
975:"Minister Nathi Mthethwa: 2022 National Reconciliation Day"
236:
2013: Nation Building, Social Cohesion, and Reconciliation.
1333:
Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Finding Common Ground
404:
was not working to stop Apartheid, and advocated acts of
185:
On Day of Reconciliation, cultural groups participate in
245:
2016: Bridging The Divide Towards A Non-Racist Society.
1363:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
1045:"Holiday of White Conquest Persists in South Africa"
302:
For Afrikaners, 16 December was commemorated as the
91:
83:
73:
63:
55:
34:
1384:
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232:Each year has had a different theme. For example:
450:South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
225:(ANC) remembered the police raid that led to the
221:and remembered. For the celebration in 2001, the
164:South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
439:spoke about the purpose of the holiday in 1995.
1484:
1024:. South African History Online. 31 March 2011
556:. South African History Online. 16 March 2011
519:
517:
515:
16:Public holiday in South Africa on 16 December
8:
201:. During the celebration in 2009, President
769:"16 December: a day to learn from the past"
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1477:
1469:
1446:https://www.gov.za/DayofReconciliation2019
278:2022: National Unity, Healing, and Renewal
40:
31:
575:Wa Monareng, Motsebi (16 December 2015).
23:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
1122:Malathronas, John (12 September 2016).
511:
306:, also known as Day of the Covenant or
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1172:"South Africa: Holiday Tradition Ends"
1016:
1279:Sagolla, Lisa Jo (11 November 2010).
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251:2018: The Year of Nelson Mandela and
182:and liberation struggle traditions".
7:
1250:"The formation of Umkhonto We Sizwe"
704:
702:
700:
548:
546:
544:
542:
1330:Daly, Erin; Sarkin, Jeremy (2007).
632:Bateman, Barry (17 December 2009).
50:largely represents peace and unity.
1386:"Thousands Celebrate Day of Unity"
1223:Laing, Aislinn (5 February 2011).
1043:Bearak, Barry (16 December 2009).
875:"National Reconciliation Day 2018"
775:. 16 December 2014. Archived from
740:"Invitation to Reconciliation Day"
716:. 16 December 2015. Archived from
710:"SA Celebrates Reconciliation Day"
501:South African apartheid referendum
119:, with the intention of fostering
14:
1500:
255:: Liberators for Reconciliation.
209:. In 2008, the first victim of "
1599:Public holidays in South Africa
1507:Public holidays in South Africa
1282:"Collaborating Across Cultures"
1203:Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory
391:Communist Party of South Africa
1293:(45): 6 – via EBSCOhost.
854:Department Of Arts and Culture
1:
1413:"When To Go To South Africa"
900:"Day of Reconciliation 2019"
799:"Day of Reconciliation 2015"
527:. Government of South Africa
1357:Wilson, Richard A. (2001).
1186:– via Newspapers.com.
1145:Anonymous (31 March 2011).
950:"Reconciliation Month 2021"
693:– via Newspapers.com.
463:. South African President,
158:(ANC) on 16 December 1961.
1625:
1433:: CS1 maint: postscript (
370:
291:
20:
1513:
1254:African National Congress
825:"Reconciliation Day 2016"
398:African National Congress
330:, culture and identity."
223:African National Congress
156:African National Congress
154:paramilitary wing of the
134:, which commemorates the
39:
1609:History of KwaZulu-Natal
1176:The Galveston Daily News
979:South African Government
954:South African Government
929:South African Government
904:South African Government
879:South African Government
829:South African Government
803:South African Government
744:South African Government
150:and the founding of the
68:Republic of South Africa
21:Not to be confused with
1604:Society of South Africa
1102:Encyclopædia Britannica
1098:"Day of Reconciliation"
1073:"Day of Reconciliation"
525:"Day of Reconciliation"
1401:– via EBSCOhost.
1149:. www.sahistory.org.za
440:
402:non-violent resistance
1563:Day of Reconciliation
1464:Day of Reconciliation
1415:. Go2Africa Pty (Ltd)
435:
428:Day of Reconciliation
387:racial discrimination
371:Further information:
328:Afrikaner nationalism
320:Battle of Blood River
294:Battle of Blood River
292:Further information:
144:Battle of Blood River
105:Day of Reconciliation
35:Day of Reconciliation
1594:December observances
1553:National Women's Day
354:Voortrekker Monument
260:Indigenous Languages
1197:O'Malley, Padraig.
667:. 17 December 2008.
479:summer, along with
477:Southern Hemisphere
170:Date and observance
1460:, 16 December 1995
1393:. 17 December 2009
1311:. 16 December 2014
1178:. 17 December 1994
1049:The New York Times
981:. 16 December 2022
805:. 16 December 2015
779:on 5 December 2016
746:. 11 December 2013
720:on 26 October 2016
685:. 16 December 2001
613:. 16 December 2013
587:on 26 October 2016
471:Other significance
441:
268:2021: The year of
258:2019: The Year of
59:Reconciliation day
27:Reconciliation Day
1581:
1580:
1075:. Office Holidays
773:South Africa.info
683:The Index-Journal
410:Umkhonto we Sizwe
383:South African War
373:Umkhonto we Sizwe
343:Orange Free State
314:victory over the
288:Afrikaner origins
152:Umkhonto we Sizwe
138:victory over the
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1523:Human Rights Day
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270:Charlotte Maxeke
253:Albertina Sisulu
148:racial injustice
87:16 December 1995
64:Observed by
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1573:Day of Goodwill
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1260:on 29 July 2017
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