1912:
747:
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component of the total revolutionary strategy of the
Comintern. Having already set up a sound organizational structure, IRA now began to refine its methods of reaching the non-Communist masses, i.e., its weapons of agitation and propaganda. The precise relationship between the Comintern and its auxiliary was also stated, a relationship in which IRA acted strictly according to the dictates of the Comintern, while carefully maintaining the fiction of independence. The years before 1926 had molded International Red Aid to the needs of the Comintern; and after 1926 until its dissolution in 1943 IRA served its parent, faithfully executing every demand of Comintern policy.
1237:
478:
660:
356:
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spent on the defense and support of jailed revolutionaries in
Germany and Bulgaria alone — two countries in which there were failed Communist uprisings in that year. While other funds were no doubt collected outside Soviet Russia by national affiliates of IRA and spent locally,> in its initial phase, the organization was essentially a means to provide Soviet support for the defense of imprisoned revolutionaries.
917:
958:
269:, and became increasingly isolated. Because of federal government pressure against organizations it considered subversive, such as the CRC, it became less useful in representing defendants in criminal justice cases. The CRC was dissolved in 1956. At the same time, in this period, black leaders were expanding the activities and reach of the
738:
be an
Executive Committee of nine, of whom six were to be party members and three non-party. With this governing structure decided on June 27, 1925, a founding convention of the ILD was called to order in Chicago on the following day. Subsequent changes to the structure of the organization resulting from this gathering were minor.
635:(1881–1954, co-founder of the CPUSA) "stated unequivocally" that the IRA was not Communist, while stressing the IRA, a "United Front" organization, should support the Communist Party "from below". (Amter was not a member of the IRA when he spoke but became an executive committee member shortly thereafter.) In March 1925,
1349:
as a monthly, profusely illustrated magazine with a low cover price of 10 cents. The circulation of the magazine boomed, rising from about 1,500 paid subscriptions and 8,500 copies in bulk bundle sales in 1927, to about 5,500 paid subscriptions with a bundle sale of 16,500 by the middle of 1928. This
639:
argued "the IRA is a
Communist organization", but the Fifth Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International decided that the IRA "was no longer to be considered a Communist organization, but rather an independent class organization only incidentally supported by Communists." Between
626:
In its initial phase, IRA conducted activities on behalf of jailed
Communists only, rather than non-party labor activists and members of other political organizations. The Russian national section, MOPR, was responsible for providing some 98% of the funds gathered in 1923, of which more than 70% were
1406:
The magazine made a constant plea for additional funds for jailed labor activists across the country. A regular column called "Voices from Prison" highlighted the plight of those behind bars and reinforced the message that good work was being done on the behalf of the so-called "class war prisoners"
907:
Dues were payable either on an individual basis or through the collective affiliation of entire sympathetic organizations. A goal of 200,000 dues-paying members was declared. While falling short of this number, the ILD by 1926 claimed 20,000 individual members in 156 branches, with additional 75,000
737:
The
Communist Party selected the top leadership of ILD; designated National Secretary Jim Cannon submitted a slate of 29 nominees for the group's nominal leadership body, the National Committee — a majority of whom were Workers Party members. The operational governing body of the organization was to
687:
activist who had become a
Communist party leader, was particularly interested in such a new legal defense structure. As early as April 1924, he suggested such a new group, to be known as the "International Workers Defense Committee". This idea of a broad party-sponsored organization for the defense
630:
Over the next several years, debate occurred within the
Comintern and the IRA apparatus as to whether the organization should continue as an openly Communist organization giving aid only to jailed Communists or whether it should try to win broad influence by extending its activities to individuals
648:
The
Comintern apparatus by 1926 had determined that agitation and propaganda, the means by which IRA made contact with and attempted to gain influence over the masses, would become the central work of the organization... The year 1926 marked the emergence of International Red Aid as a recognized
699:
Cannon was sent on the road to build support for the fledgling ILD, making use of his extensive network of personal contacts with present and former members of the IWW (so-called "Wobblies"). Cannon and
Haywood in Moscow had drawn up an initial list of 106 "class war prisoners" needing legal and
611:
This organization was established first in Soviet Russia as the International Society for the Aid of Revolutionary Fighters (MOPR). Outside Soviet Russia the organization was known as International Red Aid (IRA), although the MOPR acronym was also used as an abbreviation for the international
809:
As the 1930s began, the ILD claimed to be "defending nearly 1,100 workers against capitalist justice." Local branches conducted an endless series of mass meetings and fundraising events. New issues came to the fore, such as the abuse of African Americans used as veritable slave labor in the
814:
of the Southern prison system. Given the official Communist Party emphasis on the black liberation movement, the ILD and its magazine highlighted the systemic abuse of the African-American population, including chronic inequities of the justice and political system, which in the South had
695:
After returning to the US in April 1925, Cannon took up the question of a new legal defense organization with the governing Political Committee of the Workers Party. It also received a push from the Comintern to establish an American affiliate of International Red Aid. Cannon's desire for
322:
actions, and in other situations less ambiguously as legal actions against union organizers and activists for their economic activities. To defend its core activists and their activities from what was systematic legal attack, the IWW established a legal advocacy organization called the
543:
trade unionist and journalist. This broad base of support strengthened fundraising activities of the organization among those who would be less inclined to support a purely Communist organization. Control of the organization and its funds remained firmly in Communist Party hands.
265:. It intended to expand its appeal, especially to African Americans in the South. In several prominent cases in which blacks had been sentenced to death in the South, the CRC campaigned on behalf of black defendants. It had some conflict with former allies, such as the
559:
shortly after his appeals were exhausted but before he could be shepherded to prison. Tens of thousands of dollars remained tied up on bail well into the 1930s, but no further cases were tried against those indicted in association with the 1922 Bridgman conclave.
696:"Americanization" of the name of the new group, thereby "giving it a title which would not push away non-Communist elements," was accepted. The new organization was to be known as International Labor Defense (ILD) and Cannon was appointed as its chief organizer.
1216:
Miss Damon: They send in an application asking to be affiliated with the International Labor Defense. They pay a fee for that, and they pay a regular fee, monthly or yearly—^it is not iron bound, or a specific fee ; it is mostly on a voluntary basis.
774:
In addition to participating in defense in sensational cases such as those of Sacco and Vanzetti and Tom Mooney, the ILD engaged attorneys in support of jailed strikers in various labor actions. In the late 1920s, it initiated actions on behalf of striking
602:
in Soviet Russia had a similar need, and sought organized support for their jailed comrades in Poland. The Russian Society of Old Bolsheviks and Former Political Exiles and Prisoners, a group whose members had previously raised funds for the support of
1572:(PhD). University of California, Los Angeles. pp. 18 (1917-1918), 25 (Lusk), 39 (Hoover), 40-41 (NDC), 42 (NDC leaders), 42 (NDC attorneys), 43 (WDC), 44 (1919 arrests), 67 (LDC), 67-68 (Frank D. Walsh), 73 (Haywood, CP Poland), 73-74 (SOBFPEP)
523:
demanding a fee of $ 50,000 in the case. Another $ 90,000 was tied up in bail from supporters. The LDC contributed mightily to this effort, raising more than $ 100,000 from party supporters and concerned trade unionists in the interest of the case.
862:. The ILD/CRC became more isolated from former allies, in part because of government pressure against communist-affiliated groups. The Party found that its peak of influence had passed after the 1940s, e.g., in 1954, in a case managed by the
418:
There was a massive need for legal defense on the part of those arrested in connection with these official operations against the communist political movement. In 1920 the Communist Party established its first legal defense organization, the
607:
in Tsarist times, acted upon these suggestions late in the summer of 1922. They passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a new international organization for the legal and economic support of left-wing political prisoners.
2988:
1858:"Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 75th Congress, 3rd session-78th Congress, 2nd session, on HR 282"
1221:
Miss Damon: That is right ... There are two types of membership—affiliated and collective membership, and individual membership, that is made up in I.L.D. branches, like they have local unions—so we have branches of the I.L.D.
248:
in the early 1930s. Its work contributed to the appeal of the Communist Party among African Americans in the South. In addition to fundraising for defense and assisting in defense strategies, from January 1926 it published
474:(WDC). The efforts of these groups to defend those arrested in the Palmer Raids was largely successful, with the result that ultimately fewer than 10% of those arrested in Hoover's January 1920 raids suffered deportation.
402:. This followed a series of strikes and bombings in 1919, including one against US Attorney General Palmer. An estimated 10,000 arrests and detentions resulted from the latter operation, with hundreds held for possible
640:
1923 and 1925, IRA spent more than $ 2 million – half on political prisoners and their families, plus political immigrants to the USSR, and last on legal defense ("conducted exclusively by sections other than MOPR").
575:
3121:
845:
Following World War II, years in which the federal government had intervened in some labor actions in order to protect war production, the Communist Party changed its approach. In 1946 the ILD was merged with the
1668:
826:
The ILD also worked to defend against various government attempts to pass criminal syndicalism legislation in the 1930s, which suppressed workers' right to organize and to strike. The economic crisis of the
342:
in 1917 and 1918 resulted in more than 2,000 prosecutions. These cases led to the formation of a legal defense organization for these defendants called the Civil Liberties Bureau, continued today as the
1207:
Miss Damon: I don't know. But we issue charters to them. The reason I say I don't know is that I can't be accurate about that. We issue charters, and some of them appear and disappear in smaller groups.
292:
Ever since the birth of the organized labor movement, economic disputes have been contested in the legal system. In some cases, an employer or government has gone to court to achieve termination of
1133:
and called herself ILD organizational secretary (1934-1937), national secretary (1937–present 1939), and a "charter member" of the CPUSA who had worked for the Party through the 1920s up to 1933.
423:(NDC), to raise funds and provide legal services for its adherents in legal trouble with criminal or immigration authorities. A number of leading communist activists, including political leaders
300:
by employers to prohibit specific actions and its enforcement by the courts occasionally resulted in groups of defendants being embroiled in the costly legal system for union activities. The
3116:
3106:
2759:
806:
of sticking to the facts (which included the deaths of several strikers) and of not playing into the prosecution's attempt to place the defendants' revolutionary beliefs on trial.
663:
During its early years, the ILD tried to portray itself as a multi-tendency organization largely independent of the Communist Party, as exemplified by this ILD magazine featuring
1275:
164:
3136:
3131:
746:
3096:
2953:
1673:(PhD dissertation). Emory University. pp. 10 (IRA), 13 (IRA, MOPR), 14 (allegiance), 49 (funds), 49-50 (MOPR 1923), 56-57 (Amter), 58-59 (Zinoviev), 67-68 (summary)
2741:
1486:
847:
254:
51:
3126:
2995:
1463:
1436:
The International Labor Defense: Its Constitution and Organization: Resolution Adopted by the Fourth National Convention Held in Pittsburgh, Pa., Dec. 29-31, 1929.
631:
professing allegiance to other organizations or to no organization at all. During the First International Conference of IRA, held in Moscow on July 14–16, 1924,
3046:
2152:
840:
3009:
2821:
1375:
depicted a black-and-white world of heroic trade unionists and dastardly factory owners, of oppressed African Americans struggling for freedom against the
3101:
2896:
1523:
Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1894. For a multi-sided account of union activity and its legal repercussions, see United States Strike Commission,
816:
2093:
James A. Miller, Susan D. Pennybacker, and Eve Rosenhaft, "Mother Ada Wright and the International Campaign to Free the Scottsboro Boys, 1931-1934",
1519:
The literature on the Pullman Strike is voluminous. For a sympathetic contemporary depiction of the strikers' activities, see William H. Carwardine,
2974:
2340:
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595:
527:
Although established by the Communist Party, the LDC included a number of prominent non-Communists among its formal Executive Committee, including
2864:
1271:
160:
2925:
1429:
Labor Defense Manifesto: Resolutions, Constitution Adopted by the First National Conference Held in Ashland Auditorium, Chicago, June 28, 1925.
1126:
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coal miners in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Illinois, as well as coordinating legal defense and relief for jailed textile workers in
500:
was raided by state and federal authorities, resulting in the arrest of dozens of leading party activists, headed by top trade union official
1893:
1259:
395:
367:
The fledgling American Communist movement which emerged in the summer of 1919 quickly was subject to systemic legal attack as part of the
767:
and James P. Cannon. The organization's paid staff was stuffed with factional loyalists. By 1928 the opposing factional group headed by
763:
Within the faction-filled world of the 1920s American Communism, the ILD became a bastion for adherents of the Chicago-based faction of
616:
1290:. Organizational publications include conferences (1929-1943), board (1939-1949), and financials (1930-1945). Publications include:
2547:
296:, or to seek prosecution for alleged malefactors for physical violence or property damage resulting from such turmoil. The use of the
1379:
and the use of state terror to stifle and divide and destroy all opposition. Writers included both non-party voices such as novelist
885:
2145:
1625:
802:. Beal was later to charge that in its instructions to witnesses the party deliberately torpedoed the defense strategy of the ILD's
363:
is seated in the front row in the middle. The Labor Defense Council was established to defend the individuals arrested in this raid.
1434:
3032:
2946:
2002:
Milton Cantor, "Labor Defender: Chicago and New York, 1926-1937; Equal Justice: New York, 1937-1942," in Joseph R. Conlin (ed.),
1735:
Prometheus Research Library editorial note to Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," pg. 536.
432:
1527:
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1895. A modern review of the strike and its aftermath is Susan Eleanor Hirsch,
784:
684:
383:
315:
895:
James P. Cannon was formally named as National Secretary of the ILD at its founding convention, with his factional associates
798:
and five other defendants charged, and ultimately convicted, of conspiracy in the strike-related killing of a police chief in
2750:
2708:
344:
1879:
2795:
225:
1200:
688:
of so-called "class war prisoners" was further developed in Moscow in March 1925 during conversations between Cannon and
481:
Rare pinback button issued by the Labor Defense Council in conjunction with the 1923 trials of chief Bridgman defendants
447:
acted as Secretary-Treasurer. A number of prominent liberal and radical attorneys were employed by the group, including
2138:
1885:
1350:
mid-1928 circulation figure was said by Assistant Secretary Marty Abern to be "greater than the combined circulation of
1196:
2871:
2610:
2040:
1270:
During her 1939 testimony, Damon read from an ILD publication to declare that its only two affiliated groups were the
868:
552:
275:
771:
had gained a position of dominance over the party, and they gave increased scrutiny and criticism to ILD activities.
1419:
magazine from 1938 to 1942. Among other issues, it defended African-Americans against violence and discrimination.
375:
of the New York state legislature, conducted coordinated raids upon headquarters and about 70 meeting places of the
3067:
1481:
795:
780:
668:
532:
420:
387:
376:
359:
Party leaders jailed in connection with the August 1922 raid on the CPA's Bridgman Convention. Executive Secretary
3074:
2903:
2387:
1959:
731:
599:
547:
The Bridgman case ended in a protracted stalemate. The initial test case against William Z. Foster resulted in a
471:
2960:
2932:
2878:
2829:
1278:. She emphatically denied any affiliation with the Moscow-based International Red Aid or its American section.
799:
716:
676:
623:
of the working class", the IRA emphasized its organic connection to the Comintern during its first five years.
493:
324:
1900:
Eli was represented by local attorneys George Croom and Stanley Belden, and ILD attorney Samuel Neuberger, ...
1286:
The ILD left behind several bodies of publications: organizational, public, and legal cases, archived at the
1615:
3002:
2813:
2777:
2722:
2673:
1496:
1287:
851:
783:. The group also worked for the release of imprisoned IWW members convicted for their part in the so-called
331:
55:
36:
1210:
The Chairman: Let me see if I understand. You have affiliated groups with the International Labor Defense?
551:. A second case against C.E. Ruthenberg resulted in a conviction, but a series of appeals that reached the
2838:
2617:
2589:
2019:
1491:
1255:
1180:
During her testimony, Damon stated that membership in the ILD was roughly 300,000 due to "affiliations":
305:
1365:
3039:
2804:
2582:
2500:
1501:
1468:
1458:
1205:
Mr. Whitley: How many branches does it have throughout the United States? ... Could you approximate it?
1035:
1025:
961:
873:
855:
594:
to Soviet Russia, made a proposal in Moscow to establish a new entity dedicated to the legal defense of
579:
569:
513:
270:
258:
217:
65:
40:
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that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. The CRC dissolved in 1956, at a time when the
1236:
1214:
The Chairman: That is a loose affiliation, is it not? What do they do to affiliate? Do they pay dues?
727:
516:(LDC) was established to raise funds and coordinate defense efforts for this new group of defendants.
470:
and coordinated its work with another radical legal defense organization based in the East called the
2687:
2483:
2024:
James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism. Selected Writings and Speeches, 1920-1928.
1162:
1145:
1137:
1082:
701:
253:, a monthly illustrated magazine that achieved wide circulation. In 1946 the ILD was merged with the
382:
This effort was expanded and intensified on the night of January 2/3, 1920 in a mass dragnet by the
2967:
2161:
2103:
Hugh T. Murray, Jr., "The NAACP versus the Communist Party: The Scottsboro Rape Cases, 1931-1932",
2036:
1247:
1240:
1130:
1071:
859:
712:
456:
262:
823:— extrajudicial violence that featured the torture and murder of criminal, mostly black suspects.
241:
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2768:
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2631:
2371:
1784:
689:
604:
587:
497:
444:
221:
87:
1118:
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charges. the next month, the list had 128 names, including such high-profile cases as those of
1965:. New York Public Library. pp. 9 (African-Americans), 11 (all publications), 13 (EJ years)
477:
3017:
2981:
2645:
2526:
2467:
2443:
2403:
2304:
2221:
2185:
2066:
Kenneth W. Mack, "Law and Mass Politics in the Making of the Civil Rights Lawyer, 1931-1941",
1889:
1776:
1621:
1392:
987:
831:
and high unemployment increased pressure on workers to accept whatever management would give.
764:
757:
620:
619:, held in Moscow from November 5 to December 5, 1922. Although professing to be a "non-party,
501:
482:
460:
319:
504:
and CPA Executive Secretary C.E. Ruthenberg. The latter had only recently been released from
2680:
2666:
2568:
2554:
2533:
2395:
2363:
1156:
1141:
1017:
828:
659:
636:
509:
505:
2113:
Eric W. Rise, "Race, Rape, and Radicalism: The Case of the Martinsville Seven, 1949-1951",
406:
from the United States for alleged violation of immigration laws caused by their purported
3025:
2638:
2561:
2419:
2268:
1400:
1317:
1251:
1185:
Mr. Whitley: Miss Damon, what is the total membership of the International Labor Defense?
1060:
1012:
982:
948:
920:
888:
723:
680:
540:
486:
436:
428:
391:
368:
360:
335:
245:
237:
229:
175:
83:
17:
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2603:
2427:
1474:
1388:
1380:
1330:
1168:
1122:
992:
977:
972:
957:
803:
752:
664:
528:
520:
492:
In August 1922 another legal crisis arose for the American Communist movement when its
448:
372:
355:
301:
3090:
2715:
2652:
2624:
2491:
2459:
2411:
2379:
2284:
2030:
1986:
Martin Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," in
1857:
1853:
1384:
1099:
900:
768:
719:
452:
440:
293:
209:
116:
2125:
The Communist Civil Rights Movement: Legal Activism in the United States, 1919-1946.
2701:
2694:
2519:
2451:
2435:
2332:
2316:
2205:
1753:
Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," pg. 539.
1744:
Abern, "International Labor Defense Activities (1 January - 1 July 1928)," pg. 538.
1569:
The Communist Civil Rights Movement: Legal Activism in the United States, 1919-1946
1396:
1376:
1352:
1040:
924:
896:
708:
632:
556:
536:
399:
233:
1443:
2076:
Charles H. Martin, "Communists and Blacks: The ILD and The Angelo Herndon Case",
1934:
1567:
1144:
had served as national secretary between her and Cannon. She was unsure whether
2575:
2540:
1670:
International Red Aid, 1922-1928: The Founding of a Comintern Front Organization
1358:
1104:
1030:
916:
424:
403:
339:
312:
1620:. Viking Press. pp. 175 (LDC), 180–181 (MOPR, ILD), 181 (Labor Defender).
519:
Costs associated with the Bridgman case were high, with prominent labor lawyer
304:
of 1894, which brought about the trial and imprisonment of the officers of the
3053:
2939:
2596:
1693:
James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890-1928.
1323:
811:
776:
297:
2989:
List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
1780:
371:. On November 7 and 8, 1919 New York state authorities, at the behest of the
791:
705:
615:
IRA was formally launched on an international basis in conjunction with the
548:
407:
213:
208:) (1925–1947) was a legal advocacy organization established in 1925 in the
884:
327:(GDC). It raised funds and coordinated the union's legal defense efforts.
2475:
2233:
1860:. US GPO. pp. 5925–5934, 5936 (overall members), 5938 (affiliations)
1148:
had ever served as executive secretary but stated "she was an official".
820:
679:, long sought to coordinate and regularize its legal defense activities.
591:
273:. In 1954, in a case managed by the NAACP, the US Supreme Court ruled in
2086:
Charles H. Martin, "The International Labor Defense and Black America",
1788:
1764:
931:
Founding members of the ILD (of whom many were also associated with the
700:
financial support, mostly convicted Wobblies jailed under various state
2118:
2098:
2081:
2071:
964:(some time between 1880 and 1900) was among the co-founders of the ILD.
467:
318:
was subject to particularly intense legal pressure, framed at times as
2130:
2108:
819:
since the turn of the 20th century. ILD also publicized opposition to
512:
under New York state law. A new legal defense organization called the
443:, served on the governing Executive Committee of the NDC. CLP member
1724:
James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left,
1706:
James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left,
858:(CRC). The CRC served as the new legal defense organization of the
2046:
1235:
956:
915:
883:
863:
745:
658:
573:
476:
354:
266:
2031:"International Labor Defense (1925-1946): Organizational History"
2020:"International Labor Defense Activities (1 January-1 July 1928)"
1121:(born Anna Cohen, married as Anna E. David) appeared before the
932:
2134:
1195:
Miss Damon. It is made up mostly of affiliated organizations —
574:
2127:
PhD dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles, 2007.
1226:
Miss Damon: I can't say. That is very difficult to ascertain.
1765:"Review of Gastonia 1929: The Story of the Loray Mill Strike"
1391:, as well as prominent Communists such as trade union leader
1224:
The Chairman. Well, how many individual members do you have?
2054:
Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights, 1919-1950.
692:, an American IWW leader who had defected to Soviet Russia.
261:, which served as the new legal defense organization of the
1336:
Case of the Gallup, New Mexico Coal Mine Workers, 1933-1938
2063:
Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988.
1988:
James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism.
2033:, Early American Marxism website, www.marxisthistory.org/
1529:
After the Strike: A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman.
555:
extended the process for years. Ruthenberg died of acute
279:
that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.
3122:
Workers' rights organizations based in the United States
1695:
Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007; pg. 261.
2760:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
2061:
Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946-1956.
1219:
The Chairman: Whatever they can afford to contribute?
903:
named as editor of the new group's official magazine,
598:, given its level of activity. Representatives of the
1990:
New York: Prometheus Research Library, 1992; pg. 537.
1276:
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born
165:
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born
1828:
Cantor, "Labor Defender ... Equal Justice," pg. 255.
1816:
Cantor, "Labor Defender ... Equal Justice," pg. 254.
1804:
Cantor, "Labor Defender ... Equal Justice," pg. 253.
675:
The legal communist party in the United States, the
2917:
2888:
2856:
2849:
2732:
2511:
2355:
2260:
2177:
2170:
170:
156:
146:
133:
125:
109:
101:
93:
79:
71:
61:
46:
32:
2037:"People & Events: International Labor Defense"
3117:Legal advocacy organizations in the United States
1935:"Subversive Influence in the Educational Process"
2742:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
2097:vol. 106, no. 2 (April 2001), pp. 387–430.
2080:vol. 64, no. 2 (Spring 1979), pp. 131–141.
2004:The American Radical Press, 1880-1960: Volume 1.
1487:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
1448:New York: International Labor Defense, May 1935.
848:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
582:used at the time of its 10th Anniversary in 1932
255:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
52:National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
2049:, Industrial Workers of the World, www.iww.org/
1531:Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
1525:Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July 1894.
1464:International Association of Democratic Lawyers
3107:Anti-racist organizations in the United States
2117:vol. 58, no. 3 (Aug. 1992), pp. 461–490.
2107:vol. 28, no. 3 (QIII-1967), pp. 276–287.
2047:IWW General Defense Committee official website
2026:New York: Spartacist Publishing Company, 1992.
590:, former Wobbly leader turned bail-jumper and
2146:
2006:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974; pg. 250.
1439:New York: International Labor Defense, n.d. .
1345:Beginning in January 1926, the ILD published
891:was instrumental in forming the ILD (no date)
841:The Communist Party USA and African Americans
8:
2070:vol. 93, no. 1 (June 2006), pp. 37–62.
1998:
1996:
1960:"International Labor Defense - Record Group"
1824:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1431:Chicago: International Labor Defense, n.d. .
1189:Mr. Whitley: Is that individual membership?
27:
3137:Political imprisonment in the United States
3132:1947 disestablishments in the United States
1718:
1716:
1714:
1407:of America. In 1937, the magazine ceased.
1403:, a former political prisoner in New York.
899:tapped as Assistant National Secretary and
2853:
2174:
2153:
2139:
2131:
1982:
1980:
1915:. New York Sun. 7 October 1941. p. 30
1881:Books on trial: red scare in the Heartland
1561:
1559:
1557:
26:
1609:
1607:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
3097:1925 establishments in the United States
2975:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
2090:vol. 26, no. 2 (1985), pp. 165–194.
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
596:political prisoners in the United States
564:International Red Aid (MOPR) (1922-1943)
1954:
1952:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1512:
1272:American League for Peace and Democracy
1193:Mr. Whitley: Or affiliated membership?
927:, was among the co-founders of the ILD.
790:In 1928, ILD represented party members
756:, featuring workers imprisoned for the
330:Government efforts to silence and jail
161:American League for Peace and Democracy
3127:Communist Party USA mass organizations
2926:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
236:, and prominently participated in the
1260:Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
396:Attorney General of the United States
390:, coordinated by the newly appointed
7:
1617:American Communism and Soviet Russia
1243:(circa 1910-1913) was an ILD lawyer.
654:
129:defend rights of political prisoners
1913:"Lawyer Walks Out on Tutor's Trial"
1566:Uhlmann, Jennifer Ruthanne (2007).
1187:Miss Damon: Approximately 300,000.
617:4th World Congress of the Comintern
466:The NDC maintained headquarters in
398:, and remembered in history as the
1250:was an ILD lawyer and represented
945:Edward C. Wentworth, vice chairman
25:
3102:Organizations established in 1925
1937:. US GPO. 1953. pp. 995–1023
1203:unions, and other organizations.
414:National Defense Committee (1920)
28:International Labor Defense (ILD)
3047:Relations with African Americans
866:, the US Supreme Court ruled in
439:of the CPA, as well as attorney
685:Industrial Workers of the World
394:, 24-year-old assistant to the
316:Industrial Workers of the World
212:as the American section of the
2751:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
1314:Sacco-Vanzetti Case, 1926-1930
876:was expanding its activities.
345:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
3033:San Francisco Workers' School
2796:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
1387:, and Socialist Party leader
1127:U.S. House of Representatives
2115:Journal of Southern History,
2068:Journal of American History,
2056:New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.
1886:University of Oklahoma Press
1469:International Red Aid (MOPR)
942:Andrew T. McNamara, chairman
750:The September 1929 issue of
2123:Jennifer Ruthanne Uhlmann,
2095:American Historical Review,
2041:Public Broadcasting Service
1667:Ryle, James Martin (1967).
1282:Publications (NYPL archive)
1212:Miss Damon: That is right.
869:Brown v. Board of Education
817:disenfranchised most blacks
730:, who had confessed to the
553:United States Supreme Court
276:Brown v. Board of Education
202:International Labor Defense
3153:
3068:Young Communist League USA
2052:Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore,
1482:National Defense Committee
1341:Labor Defender (1926-1937)
838:
785:Centralia Massacre of 1919
781:New Bedford, Massachusetts
669:Socialist Party of America
655:ILD's establishment (1925)
567:
421:National Defense Committee
377:Communist Party of America
220:network. The ILD defended
18:National Defense Committee
3075:Young Pioneers of America
2078:Journal of Negro History,
1614:Draper, Theodore (1960).
1411:Equal Justice (1938-1942)
732:Los Angeles Times Bombing
600:Communist Party of Poland
472:Workers Defense Committee
325:General Defense Committee
288:Pre-Communist forerunners
240:and legal appeals in the
224:, was active in the anti-
2961:International Publishers
2933:Bill of Rights socialism
2830:Watkins v. United States
908:collective memberships.
800:Gastonia, North Carolina
717:Preparedness Day bombers
677:Workers Party of America
494:1922 National Convention
3003:New York Workers School
2814:Scales v. United States
2778:Dennis v. United States
1497:National Negro Congress
1445:Night Riders in Gallup.
1288:New York Public Library
1136:Damon also stated that
1006:Bishop William M. Brown
852:National Negro Congress
535:orator and writer, and
508:after a conviction for
384:Bureau of Investigation
338:political opponents of
332:conscientious objectors
56:National Negro Congress
2954:English-language press
2839:Yates v. United States
2618:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2590:Shirley Graham Du Bois
2499:Rossana Cambron &
2366:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
1492:National Lawyers Guild
1256:Rapp-Coudert Committee
1244:
1229:
965:
928:
892:
760:
672:
652:
586:In the spring of 1922
583:
489:
364:
308:, is but one example.
306:American Railway Union
3040:Soviet Negro Republic
2947:Communist Labor Party
2805:Noto v. United States
2583:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
2396:L. E. Katterfeld
2364:C. E. Ruthenberg
1502:Workers Defense Union
1459:Civil Rights Congress
1383:, former Wobbly poet
1310:Major cases include:
1239:
1182:
1174:Anna Damon, secretary
1117:On October 16, 1939,
1036:Charles E. Ruthenberg
1026:Alice Stone Blackwell
962:Alice Stone Blackwell
960:
951:, executive secretary
919:
887:
874:Civil Rights Movement
856:Civil Rights Congress
787:in Washington state.
749:
662:
645:
580:International Red Aid
577:
570:International Red Aid
514:Labor Defense Council
480:
433:Communist Labor Party
358:
351:Communist forerunners
271:Civil Rights Movement
259:Civil Rights Congress
218:International Red Aid
66:Civil Rights Congress
41:International Red Aid
2996:National conventions
2688:William L. Patterson
1775:(3): (326–331) 329.
1163:William J. Patterson
1155:U.S. Representative
1152:National Executive:
1146:Juliet Stuart Poyntz
1138:William L. Patterson
1113:Organization in 1939
969:National Committee:
912:Organization in 1925
702:criminal syndicalism
410:political activity.
2968:Language federation
2163:Communist Party USA
1769:Appalachian Journal
1763:HOWIE, SAM (1996).
1521:The Pullman Strike.
1258:in 1941 and the US
1248:Samuel A. Neuberger
1241:Samuel A. Neuberger
1131:Abraham J. Isserman
1083:Lovett Fort Whitman
1072:David Rhys Williams
1048:William Mollenhauer
1003:Edward C. Wentworth
925:Scopes Monkey Trial
860:Communist Party USA
713:Bartolomeo Vanzetti
605:political prisoners
263:Communist Party USA
105:Promote world peace
29:
3061:Yokinen Show Trial
2769:De Jonge v. Oregon
2660:Antoinette Konikow
2632:Dorothy Ray Healey
2372:Alfred Wagenknecht
1423:Other publications
1415:The ILD published
1245:
997:Andrew T. McNamara
966:
929:
923:, attorney in the
893:
854:(NNC) to form the
761:
690:William D. Haywood
673:
588:"Big Bill" Haywood
584:
498:Bridgman, Michigan
490:
388:Justice Department
365:
222:Sacco and Vanzetti
148:Official language
88:William D. Haywood
3084:
3083:
3010:Non-English press
2982:Lincoln Battalion
2913:
2912:
2709:Charles E. Taylor
2646:Oakley C. Johnson
2527:William Albertson
2512:Prominent members
2468:William Z. Foster
2444:William Z. Foster
2414:(1922; 1927–1929)
2404:William Weinstone
2351:
2350:
2261:Vice Presidential
2222:Charlene Mitchell
2186:William Z. Foster
1895:978-0-8061-3868-8
1691:Bryan D. Palmer,
1393:William Z. Foster
1227:
1054:Mandell Schuchter
988:William Z. Foster
765:William Z. Foster
758:Loray Mill strike
650:
621:mass organization
531:, recently freed
502:William Z. Foster
483:William Z. Foster
461:Joseph R. Brodsky
198:
197:
16:(Redirected from
3144:
3077:
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2956:
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2928:
2918:Related articles
2906:
2899:
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2822:Smith Act trials
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2676:
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2667:Claude Lightfoot
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2564:
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2555:Walter Bernstein
2550:
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2534:Herbert Aptheker
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1353:The Daily Worker
1262:(SISS) in 1953.
1191:Miss Damon: No.
1184:
1157:Vito Marcantonio
1142:J. Louis Engdahl
1051:Henry Corbishley
1018:William F. Dunne
829:Great Depression
728:John B. McNamara
647:
637:Grigory Zinoviev
510:criminal anarchy
506:Sing Sing prison
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2420:James P. Cannon
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2269:Benjamin Gitlow
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2029:Tim Davenport,
2015:
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1455:
1442:Louis Coleman,
1425:
1413:
1401:Benjamin Gitlow
1347:Labor Defender,
1343:
1326:Case, 1931-1939
1320:Case, 1931-1946
1308:
1284:
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1252:Morris U. Cohen
1234:
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1186:
1165:, vice chairman
1115:
1090:James P. Cannon
1065:Robert Whitaker
1061:Benjamin Gitlow
1013:Harrison George
983:Clarence Darrow
949:James P. Cannon
921:Clarence Darrow
914:
905:Labor Defender.
889:James P. Cannon
882:
843:
837:
796:Clarence Miller
744:
724:Warren Billings
681:James P. Cannon
657:
572:
566:
541:Cleveland, Ohio
533:Socialist Party
487:C.E. Ruthenberg
437:C.E. Ruthenberg
429:L.E. Katterfeld
416:
392:J. Edgar Hoover
369:First Red Scare
361:C.E. Ruthenberg
353:
336:anti-militarist
290:
285:
246:Scottsboro Boys
174:
149:
139:
136:
121:
84:James P. Cannon
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2746:
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2088:Labor History,
2084:
2074:
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2059:Gerald Horne,
2057:
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2044:
2034:
2027:
2018:Martin Abern,
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
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1976:
1948:
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1381:Upton Sinclair
1373:Labor Defender
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1337:
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1331:Angelo Herndon
1327:
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973:Upton Sinclair
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839:Main article:
836:
833:
804:Leon Josephson
753:Labor Defender
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665:Eugene V. Debs
656:
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612:organization.
568:Main article:
565:
562:
529:Eugene V. Debs
521:Frank P. Walsh
449:Swinburne Hale
415:
412:
373:Lusk Committee
352:
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302:Pullman Strike
294:strike actions
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1417:Equal Justice
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1394:
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1382:
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75:June 28, 1925
74:
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19:
3016:
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2702:Tupac Shakur
2695:Paul Robeson
2674:Steve Nelson
2548:John Bernard
2520:Bernard Ades
2452:Earl Browder
2436:Abram Jakira
2333:Angela Davis
2317:Jarvis Tyner
2206:Earl Browder
2178:Presidential
2124:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2023:
2003:
1987:
1967:. Retrieved
1939:. Retrieved
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1907:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1772:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1723:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1669:
1631:. Retrieved
1616:
1574:. Retrieved
1568:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1473:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1397:Robert Minor
1377:Ku Klux Klan
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1266:Affiliations
1246:
1183:
1179:
1135:
1116:
1041:Robert Minor
1009:Rose Karsner
1000:Fred Merrick
939:Executives:
935:) included:
930:
904:
897:Martin Abern
894:
880:Organization
867:
844:
825:
808:
789:
773:
762:
751:
736:
715:, purported
709:Nicola Sacco
698:
694:
674:
646:
642:
633:Israel Amter
629:
625:
614:
610:
585:
557:appendicitis
546:
537:Max S. Hayes
526:
518:
491:
465:
417:
400:Palmer Raids
381:
366:
329:
310:
291:
274:
257:to form the
250:
234:civil rights
205:
201:
199:
157:Affiliations
137:(circa 1939)
2576:Anne Burlak
2541:Max Bedacht
2494:(2014–2019)
2486:(2000–2014)
2478:(1959–2000)
2470:(1945–1957)
2462:(1945–1959)
2454:(1934–1945)
2446:(1929–1934)
2438:(1922–1923)
2430:(1921–1922)
2422:(1921–1922)
2406:(1921–1922)
2390:(late 1920)
2382:(1920–1921)
2374:(1919–1921)
1359:Labor Unity
1333:, 1932-1937
1254:before the
1197:A. F. of L.
1171:, treasurer
1105:Max Bedacht
1087:Jacob Dolla
1068:Cora Meyers
1057:Dan Stevens
1045:Rose Barron
1031:Helen Hayes
850:(NFCL) and
812:chain gangs
683:, a former
445:Edgar Owens
425:Max Bedacht
408:"anarchist"
404:deportation
340:World War I
313:syndicalist
135:Membership
33:Predecessor
3091:Categories
3054:Ware Group
2940:Browderism
2733:Litigation
2597:Bella Dodd
1941:11 October
1919:11 October
1508:References
1369:combined.
1324:Tom Mooney
1318:Scottsboro
1159:, chairman
1119:Anna Damon
777:anthracite
742:Operations
720:Tom Mooney
706:anarchists
578:Symbol of
435:(CLP) and
298:injunction
3112:Comintern
2099:.In JSTOR
1781:0090-3779
1677:18 August
1633:18 August
1576:18 August
1076:Fred Mann
821:lynchings
792:Fred Beal
643:In sum:
549:hung jury
230:movements
214:Comintern
142:~ 300,000
72:Formation
62:Successor
37:Comintern
2872:Maryland
2501:Joe Sims
2484:Sam Webb
2476:Gus Hall
2234:Gus Hall
2171:Nominees
2119:In JSTOR
2109:In JSTOR
2082:In JSTOR
2072:In JSTOR
1888:. 2007.
1856:(1940).
1789:40933777
1726:pg. 263.
1722:Palmer,
1708:pg. 262.
1704:Palmer,
1478:magazine
1453:See also
1329:Case of
1274:and the
1201:C. I. O.
592:defector
347:(ACLU).
226:lynching
180:/history
176:marxists
126:Services
110:Location
2897:Alabama
2889:Defunct
2865:Georgia
2857:Current
2356:Leaders
2105:Phylon,
2043:, 1999.
1969:21 July
1232:Members
1125:of the
468:Chicago
431:of the
386:of the
379:(CPA).
283:History
244:of the
238:defense
171:Website
152:English
102:Purpose
80:Founder
2904:Hawaii
2398:(1921)
1892:
1864:7 July
1787:
1779:
1624:
1399:, and
1298:, and
835:Merger
726:, and
459:, and
186:/other
2879:Texas
2022:, in
1963:(PDF)
1785:JSTOR
1306:Cases
864:NAACP
267:NAACP
192:.html
50:with
2341:1984
2337:1980
2325:1976
2321:1972
2309:1968
2297:1940
2293:1936
2289:1932
2277:1928
2273:1924
2250:1984
2246:1980
2242:1976
2238:1972
2226:1968
2214:1940
2210:1936
2198:1932
2194:1928
2190:1924
1971:2018
1943:2018
1921:2018
1890:ISBN
1866:2018
1777:ISSN
1679:2020
1635:2020
1622:ISBN
1578:2020
1363:and
1140:and
933:ACLU
722:and
711:and
539:, a
485:and
427:and
334:and
311:The
232:for
200:The
190:/ild
188:/ild
184:/eam
182:/usa
178:.org
54:and
496:at
216:'s
206:ILD
39:'s
3093::
2339:;
2323:;
2295:;
2291:;
2275:;
2248:;
2244:;
2240:;
2212:;
2196:;
2192:;
2039:,
1995:^
1979:^
1951:^
1898:.
1884:.
1833:^
1821:^
1809:^
1797:^
1783:.
1773:23
1771:.
1767:.
1713:^
1643:^
1586:^
1536:^
1302:.
1294:,
794:,
734:.
463:.
455:,
451:,
228:,
163:,
86:,
2343:)
2335:(
2327:)
2319:(
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2307:(
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2287:(
2279:)
2271:(
2252:)
2236:(
2228:)
2224:(
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2208:(
2200:)
2188:(
2154:e
2147:t
2140:v
1973:.
1945:.
1923:.
1868:.
1791:.
1681:.
1637:.
1580:.
1361:,
1355:,
671:.
204:(
20:)
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