166:
other public benefits, and land ownership. Both were equally contentious issues. ZNLWVA records noted that about 35,000 guerrillas had been demobilised at the end of the
Rhodesian Bush War. They received a flat severance sum from the Zimbabwean military of about Z$ 400, with a two-year allowance of Z$ 185 per month. Some veterans believed this was grossly inadequate, and demanded formal military pensions for their years of service. Additionally, another 25,000 guerrillas had been dismissed before the military began implementing the severance sums and allowances; these received nothing. By 1985 half of the demobilised guerrillas were also insolvent, having been unable to secure long-term employment or receive job training due to rising unemployment.
162:, the Zimbabwean government agreed to delay land redistribution by means of compulsory seizure for ten years. While at least 20% of white-owned farmland was successfully purchased and redistributed between 1980 and 1989, only 50,000 households benefited from this phase of the programme. Additionally, a disproportionate amount of the redistributed land was being held by fewer than 600 landowners, most of whom were wealthy, politically connected and owned multiple properties. Veterans felt disenfranchised and the founders of the ZNLWVA believed they should be the primary beneficiaries of the land.
315:. In all elections since 2000, the members of the ZNLWVA, commonly known as 'war vets' have spearheaded election campaigns for ZANU-PF. After the leadership of Chenjerai Hunzvi came Habulani Sibanda and Joseph Chinotimba. As such war veterans became instrumental for ZANU-PF in suppressing the opposition through the use of harassment, intimidation, and violence. They often act alongside the ZANU-PF's youth formation.
252:
149:
The ZNLWVA was formed in April 1989 by disgruntled former ZANLA and ZIPRA personnel, many of whom felt that they had received insufficient rewards for their wartime service. During the
Rhodesian Bush War, a number of the guerrillas and their supporters had been led to believe that they would receive
177:
for profiting itself while its former guerrillas were ignored and cheated. Since 1980, war veterans had collectively been robbed of a total of $ 10 billion by ZANU (PF) senior officials and Robert Mugabe's close relatives. In the wake of the war veterans' demands, the government panicked and had to
165:
The ZNLWVA's founding in 1989 was opposed by the government, which initially perceived it as a political threat. Following its first congress in 1992, the ZNLWVA resolved to secure the welfare of all ZANLA or ZIPRA veterans, and lobby the state on their behalf concerning two issues: pensions and
234:(MDC). ZNLWVA members working on behalf of ZANU-PF were often accused of abducting, assaulting and killing those with close ties to the MDC. Due to the organization's political clout and known affiliation with several ZANU-PF cabinet ministers, the
182:
at independence had received only meagre pensions of Z$ 185 per month until 1983. Members had watched these savings evaporate in the wake of a growing financial crisis in the early 1990s. The organisation demonstrated at ZANU-PF headquarters in
154:
in the event of a military or political victory. When significant land reform failed to take place immediately after the war, they felt the promises of their political leadership with regards to this issue had not been truly fulfilled.
187:
and successfully lobbied for additional gratuities of Z$ 50,000 (equivalent to US$ 4000). Tax free pensions of Z$ 2,000 a month were also conceded. This success inspired the protests of another group, the
215:. ZNLWVA threatened a "bloodbath" in future "clashes against commercial farmers" unless land hunger was addressed to their satisfaction. Throughout the early 2000s, members of ZNLWVA, notably
434:
138:
723:
308:
231:
836:
126:
831:
272:
189:
467:
130:
826:
768:
227:
663:
816:
614:
691:
598:
573:
544:
516:
261:
751:
294:
441:
655:
207:, the British High Commissioner to Zimbabwe. It gave vent to the frustrations of landless veterans and blamed the nation's
636:
137:. While not considered a state entity, the ZNLWVA is dependent on funding and support from Zimbabwe's ruling party, the
706:
141:(ZANU-PF). In 2005, the government looked into ways to make members of the organisation part of the army of Zimbabwe.
169:
ZNLWVA was a virtual non-entity in the politics of
Zimbabwe for eight years after it was founded. That changed when
159:
265:
235:
208:
151:
212:
17:
381:
179:
94:
421:
821:
471:
204:
772:
394:
565:
134:
219:, forcibly occupied a number of white-owned commercial farms, which the ZNLWVA described as the
178:
pay off as concessions. The ZNLWVA pointed out that ZIPRA and ZANLA personnel excluded from the
747:
687:
659:
630:
594:
569:
540:
512:
216:
99:
368:
355:
196:
to also compensate female partisans who had served as scouts and spies during the bush war.
170:
509:
Polarization and
Transformation in Zimbabwe: Social Movements, Strategy Dilemmas and Change
810:
312:
230:, the ZNLWVA orchestrated a campaign of political violence against supporters of the
193:
652:
Pioneers, settlers, aliens, exiles: the decolonisation of white identity in
Zimbabwe
342:
276:
200:
537:
Guerrilla
Veterans in Post-War Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980-1987
794:
724:
The
Department of Information and Publicity Office of the President and Cabinet
220:
311:(ZANU-PF), the ruling party, and by extension the government formerly led by
211:
of predominantly
British descent for refusing to participate in constructive
615:"Online NewsHour – Land Redistribution in Southern Africa: Zimbabwe Program"
122:
68:
797:
174:
110:
184:
53:
238:
was reluctant to investigate the ZNLWVA for its alleged crimes.
245:
190:
Women in the
National Liberation War Collaborators Association
746:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 2712–2713.
591:
The State and
Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas
539:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42.
173:
became its chairman in 1997. Hunzvi bitterly criticised
125:
organisation established by former guerrillas of the
119:
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association
36:
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association
199:
In January 2000, ZNLWVA wrote a letter addressed to
617:. Pbs.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2004
593:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 84–87.
562:
South Africa's Destabilization of Zimbabwe, 1980-89
106:
88:
78:
60:
49:
41:
139:Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front
433:Southern Africa Report, (various) (July 2011).
309:Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front
511:. Plymouth: Lexington Books. pp. 77–79.
8:
684:Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
29:
18:National Liberation War Veterans Association
742:Maxwell, David (2001). Jones, Derek (ed.).
737:
735:
733:
468:"Welcome to the Financial Gazette Online!"
275:. Please do not remove this message until
28:
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
530:
528:
440:. Randburg: Mopani Media. Archived from
322:
271:Relevant discussion may be found on the
411:
677:
675:
628:
228:2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election
769:"War veterans head for a major split"
150:land expropriated from the country's
7:
417:
415:
131:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
686:. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing.
25:
837:Organizations established in 1989
307:ZNLWVA has a close alliance with
744:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia
707:Zim 'bloodbath warnings ignored'
250:
832:1989 establishments in Zimbabwe
326:
232:Movement for Democratic Change
133:(ZIPRA) who served during the
1:
827:Zimbabwean military personnel
589:Drinkwater, Michael (1991).
192:, which called on President
720:Inside the Third Chimurenga
277:conditions to do so are met
853:
682:Stiff, Peter (June 2000).
435:"Zimbabwe Security Forces"
718:Mugabe, Robert G (2001).
635:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
507:McCandless, Erin (2011).
203:and communicated through
160:Lancaster House Agreement
34:
399:30 March 2018 – present
373:2001 – 15 November 2014
236:Zimbabwe Republic Police
817:Veterans' organizations
158:In accordance with the
535:Kriger, Norma (2003).
382:Christopher Mutsvangwa
242:Instrument for ZANU-PF
180:Zimbabwe National Army
95:Christopher Mutsvangwa
800:(accessed 18/10/2010)
785:(accessed 02/08/2008)
560:Dzimba, John (1998).
484:(accessed 02/10/2008)
722:. Harare, Zimbabwe:
658:. pp. 159–165.
650:Fisher, J L (2010).
775:on 11 February 2008
568:. pp. 72–135.
465:Threat of War Vets
386:15 November 2014 –
360:1997 – 4 June 2001
264:of this section is
31:
566:Palgrave Macmillan
347:April 1989 – 1997
201:Queen Elizabeth II
135:Rhodesian Bush War
726:. pp. 1–201.
665:978-1-921666-14-8
474:on 20 August 2007
447:on 5 January 2012
403:
402:
305:
304:
297:
217:Joseph Chinotimba
116:
115:
100:Joseph Chinotimba
16:(Redirected from
844:
801:
792:
786:
784:
782:
780:
771:. Archived from
764:
758:
757:
739:
728:
727:
715:
709:
704:
698:
697:
679:
670:
669:
647:
641:
640:
634:
626:
624:
622:
611:
605:
604:
586:
580:
579:
557:
551:
550:
532:
523:
522:
504:
485:
483:
481:
479:
470:. Archived from
463:
457:
456:
454:
452:
446:
439:
430:
424:
419:
369:Jabulani Sibanda
356:Chenjerai Hunzvi
328:
323:
319:List of chairmen
300:
293:
289:
286:
280:
254:
253:
246:
221:Third Chimurenga
171:Chenjerai Hunzvi
71:
32:
21:
852:
851:
847:
846:
845:
843:
842:
841:
807:
806:
805:
804:
793:
789:
778:
776:
767:
765:
761:
754:
741:
740:
731:
717:
716:
712:
705:
701:
694:
681:
680:
673:
666:
649:
648:
644:
627:
620:
618:
613:
612:
608:
601:
588:
587:
583:
576:
564:. Basingstoke:
559:
558:
554:
547:
534:
533:
526:
519:
506:
505:
488:
477:
475:
466:
464:
460:
450:
448:
444:
437:
432:
431:
427:
422:Security Forces
420:
413:
408:
321:
301:
290:
284:
281:
270:
255:
251:
244:
205:Peter Longworth
147:
102:, Vice-Chairman
98:
91:
81:
74:
67:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
850:
848:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
809:
808:
803:
802:
787:
766:Wat Vet Split
759:
752:
729:
710:
699:
693:978-1919854021
692:
671:
664:
642:
606:
600:978-0312053505
599:
581:
575:978-0333713693
574:
552:
546:978-0521818230
545:
524:
518:978-0739125953
517:
486:
458:
425:
410:
409:
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
392:
388:
387:
384:
379:
375:
374:
371:
366:
362:
361:
358:
353:
349:
348:
345:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
320:
317:
303:
302:
258:
256:
249:
243:
240:
209:white minority
152:white minority
146:
143:
121:(ZNLWVA) is a
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
64:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
849:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
812:
799:
795:
791:
788:
774:
770:
763:
760:
755:
753:1-57958-135-8
749:
745:
738:
736:
734:
730:
725:
721:
714:
711:
708:
703:
700:
695:
689:
685:
678:
676:
672:
667:
661:
657:
653:
646:
643:
638:
632:
616:
610:
607:
602:
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
571:
567:
563:
556:
553:
548:
542:
538:
531:
529:
525:
520:
514:
510:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
487:
473:
469:
462:
459:
443:
436:
429:
426:
423:
418:
416:
412:
405:
398:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
383:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
367:
364:
363:
359:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
325:
324:
318:
316:
314:
313:Robert Mugabe
310:
299:
296:
288:
278:
274:
268:
267:
263:
257:
248:
247:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
194:Robert Mugabe
191:
186:
181:
176:
172:
167:
163:
161:
156:
153:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
109:
105:
101:
96:
93:
87:
83:
77:
70:
66:
65:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
27:
19:
790:
777:. Retrieved
773:the original
762:
743:
719:
713:
702:
683:
654:. Canberra:
651:
645:
619:. Retrieved
609:
590:
584:
561:
555:
536:
508:
476:. Retrieved
472:the original
461:
449:. Retrieved
442:the original
428:
395:Hoyini Bhila
343:John Gwitira
306:
291:
282:
260:
225:
198:
168:
164:
157:
148:
129:(ZANLA) and
118:
117:
107:Affiliations
50:Headquarters
26:
796:Factbox by
779:11 February
656:ANU E Press
478:11 February
451:24 February
226:During the
213:land reform
811:Categories
406:References
262:neutrality
123:Zimbabwean
97:, Chairman
90:Key people
56:, Zimbabwe
273:talk page
80:Members
631:cite web
285:May 2019
266:disputed
69:Zimbabwe
61:Location
822:ZANU–PF
798:Reuters
334:Period
175:ZANU-PF
145:History
111:ZANU-PF
42:Founded
750:
690:
662:
621:18 May
597:
572:
543:
515:
185:Harare
84:30,000
54:Harare
30:ZNLWVA
445:(PDF)
438:(PDF)
331:Name
781:2008
748:ISBN
688:ISBN
660:ISBN
637:link
623:2016
595:ISBN
570:ISBN
541:ISBN
513:ISBN
480:2008
453:2016
259:The
45:1989
327:No.
813::
732:^
674:^
633:}}
629:{{
527:^
489:^
414:^
391:5
378:4
365:3
352:2
339:1
223:.
783:.
756:.
696:.
668:.
639:)
625:.
603:.
578:.
549:.
521:.
482:.
455:.
298:)
292:(
287:)
283:(
279:.
269:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.