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National Pan-Hellenic Council

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2000: 1873: 2612:(NIC) organizations that have many traditional Greek houses primarily for undergraduate members on or near their college campuses, NPHC organizations have only a few. Most of the few existing NPHC organization houses are untraditional and unaffiliated with a college. In recent years, a growing number of undergraduate chapters of NPHC organizations have advocated for convenient traditional Greek housing for recruitment, meetings, 43: 2616:
practices, socializing, and storing chapter paraphernalia but the lack of proper funding and coordination amongst members continues to be a major issue. In substitute of it, some undergraduate chapters have settled for small outdoor Greek plots to help substantiate their presence on campus.
1808: 1695: 149: 2062:
the phrase "The Divine Nine" when referring to the coalition. As required by various campus recognition policies, neither the NPHC, nor its member national or chapter organizations discriminate on the basis of race or religion.
1976:
Each constituent member organization determines its own strategic direction and program agenda. Today, the primary purpose and focus of member organizations remains camaraderie and academic excellence for its members and
1680: 2074:
through the joint cooperation of Indiana University and the National Board of Directors of NPHC. Prior to its establishment, for over a 62-year period, the national office would sojourn from one officer to the next.
1612: 1690: 1675: 1972:
The council promotes interaction through forums, meetings, and other media for the exchange of information and engages in cooperative programming and initiatives through various activities and functions.
328: 974: 387: 339: 2011:
Unanimity of thought and action as far as possible in the conduct of Greek letter collegiate fraternities and sororities, and to consider problems of mutual interest to its member organizations.
3414: 2626: 1685: 1637: 1647: 1642: 3487: 1913: 1657: 3286: 1627: 3424: 3389: 2651: 530: 371: 1562: 1552: 1632: 309: 1622: 1617: 1993:
when Greek letter collegiate organizations founded by white Americans did not want to be affiliated with Greek letter collegiate organizations founded by African Americans.
3492: 2636: 1652: 1532: 3482: 3497: 848: 2599: 1887: 1788: 535: 407: 261: 60: 2631: 1906: 3502: 3455: 2332: 1842: 1822: 1582: 1074: 1059: 546: 3279: 1587: 1567: 3382: 2646: 853: 314: 3444: 2609: 1999: 1517: 1394: 428: 1899: 1837: 1602: 1557: 1803: 1547: 1542: 1527: 3076: 3477: 3419: 3409: 3272: 1522: 1507: 1414: 356: 351: 3375: 3242: 3220: 3205: 2641: 1474: 551: 540: 402: 324: 3091: 1981:
to the communities they serve. Each promotes community awareness and action through educational, economic, and cultural service activities.
107: 3429: 3398: 2656: 1577: 1537: 1479: 1434: 294: 79: 3449: 1464: 1444: 1289: 858: 704: 1592: 1572: 1126: 991: 423: 86: 2784: 1965:, with Matthew W. Bullock as the active Chairman and B. Beatrix Scott as Vice-Chairman. NPHC was incorporated under the laws of the 472: 304: 126: 3118: 1882: 1818: 1429: 1079: 492: 392: 3434: 2605: 1384: 1251: 1069: 996: 93: 31: 3139: 3027: 2258: 2071: 1793: 1469: 1419: 64: 1484: 1454: 1439: 1424: 1399: 1379: 635: 502: 75: 1512: 1404: 1389: 1374: 1341: 640: 319: 2613: 1942: 1735: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1459: 931: 722: 692: 630: 579: 507: 397: 3165: 1750: 1730: 1233: 1168: 941: 843: 810: 597: 482: 3151: 1705: 1449: 1409: 698: 1284: 1064: 911: 795: 569: 450: 278: 2745: 3264: 2681: 2568: 1798: 1740: 1203: 1163: 886: 785: 663: 477: 53: 100: 497: 487: 467: 1121: 1111: 1043: 1006: 790: 780: 680: 361: 3068: 3235:
What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality
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The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America
2541: 2388: 2083:
The members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council are shown below in order of founding:
2053:
The Divine Nine: The History of African-American Fraternities and Sororities in America
2048: 2040: 1783: 1208: 1178: 936: 926: 757: 3126: 3471: 3343: 3325: 3230: 3226: 3096: 2772: 2441: 2288: 2056: 2032: 2024: 1957:). The NPHC was formed as a permanent organization on May 10, 1930, on the campus of 1852: 1847: 3019: 2263: 2003: 1990: 1978: 1336: 1148: 876: 739: 221: 217: 1502: 1158: 1011: 891: 675: 42: 3367: 3213:
Black Greek-Letter Organizations in the 21st Century: Our Fight Has Just Begun
3092:"U of M Students Look to Raise Funds for African-American Greek Organizations" 2170: 607: 346: 2573: 2153: 2059: 1935: 1832: 1173: 906: 685: 512: 2604:
Traditional Greek housing amongst NPHC organizations is rare. Unlike most
148: 2066:
In 1992, the first permanent national office for NPHC was established in
1966: 1218: 1143: 1136: 2709:"Race and Racism in Fraternity and Sorority Life: A Historical Overview" 3198:
African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision
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Only NPHC organization founded in the second half of the 20th century.
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Brown, Tamara L., Gregory S. Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips (2005).
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Gillon, Kathleen E.; Beatty, Cameron C.; Salinas, Cristobal (2019).
2887: 3140:
White vs Black Greek Life: "There's a Greek letter … for everyone"
2749: 1998: 986: 2685: 2536:
Only NPHC sorority founded at a predominately white institution.
2943: 2915: 2831: 1016: 3371: 3268: 3043:"Black fraternities and sororities get new home in Ram Village" 2993: 36: 2547: 2496: 2447: 2394: 2346: 2294: 2237: 2184: 2127: 1989:
The National Pan-Hellenic Council was established during the
3166:"Greek plots return to Morgan's campus | the Spokesman" 3123:
Charlotte Alumnae Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc
2803: 3020:"NPHC Greek houses absent on Fraternity and Sorority Row" 2968: 2006:
speaking at the 2017 National Pan-Hellenic Council Forum.
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Concilio Interfraternitario Puertorriqueño de la Florida
3257: 2627:
Concilio Interfraternitario Puertorriqueño de la Florida
2682:"Mission – National Pan-Hellenic Council, Incorporated" 2283:
First NPHC organization to be nationally incorporated.
1996:
The organization's stated purpose and mission in 1930:
27:
African American fraternity & sorority organization
3425:
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
2652:
National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations
3152:"EDITORIAL: Greek life has lost its identity at IU" 2226:First NPHC sorority to be nationally incorporated. 1809:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
245: 235: 209: 201: 191: 181: 163: 155: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2637:Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee 2167:First intercollegiate African American fraternity. 3488:Fraternities and sororities in the United States 2224:First intercollegiate African American sorority. 3215:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 3200:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 3069:"MGC and NPHC houses still not on campus maps" 2600:North American fraternity and sorority housing 536:Education of freed people during the Civil War 3383: 3280: 3237:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2632:Cultural interest fraternities and sororities 1907: 8: 2485:Constitutionally bound with Phi Beta Sigma. 2271:(active undergraduate & alumni chapters) 547:Historically black colleges and universities 141: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2436:Constitutionally bound with Zeta Phi Beta. 2169:Only NPHC organization to be founded at an 2051:(1996) later joined. In his book on BGLOs, 531:Education during the slave period in the US 3390: 3376: 3368: 3287: 3273: 3265: 2647:List of social fraternities and sororities 2085: 1914: 1900: 1771: 1362: 1272: 1099: 1037: 962: 854:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 831: 727: 455: 283: 256: 147: 140: 3493:Student organizations established in 1930 3445:North American Interfraternity Conference 2746:"About the National Pan-Hellenic Council" 2724: 2610:North American Interfraternity Conference 310:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 2779:. New York: Kensington. pp. 37–38. 3483:1930 establishments in Washington, D.C. 3018:Richmond, Mckenzie (October 11, 2018). 2673: 2035:. The council's membership expanded as 2015:The founding members of the NPHC were 1817: 1774: 1704: 1666: 1601: 1493: 1365: 1315: 1275: 1242: 1194: 1102: 1051: 965: 867: 834: 771: 748: 730: 654: 621: 588: 560: 521: 458: 415: 379: 286: 268: 3498:Student societies in the United States 3420:National APIDA Panhellenic Association 3410:Association of College Honor Societies 2938: 2936: 2910: 2908: 2882: 2880: 2854: 2852: 2826: 2824: 2798: 2796: 2642:List of African-American fraternities 1052:Athletic associations and conferences 541:History of African-American education 7: 3456:Defunct Greek Umbrella Organizations 3430:National Multicultural Greek Council 3079:from the original on March 26, 2023. 3067:Mauldin, Amelia (October 11, 2018). 3030:from the original on March 26, 2023. 2657:National Multicultural Greek Council 2331:First fraternity to be founded at a 975:Association for the Study of African 65:adding citations to reliable sources 3503:Greek letter umbrella organizations 3450:Professional Fraternity Association 2713:New Directions for Student Services 2684:. February 16, 2016. Archived from 1789:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1290:African-American Vernacular English 859:National Conference of Black Mayors 3041:Blake, Suzanne (August 21, 2018). 992:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 2888:"Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc" 2832:"Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc" 1696:Places by plurality of population 362:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 352:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 305:Abolitionism in the United States 2916:"Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc" 1951:Black Greek Letter Organizations 1871: 393:Black Belt in the American South 41: 3435:National Panhellenic Conference 3090:Smith, Maya (August 16, 2019). 2606:National Panhellenic Conference 997:National Council of Negro Women 76:"National Pan-Hellenic Council" 52:needs additional citations for 32:National Panhellenic Conference 2998:Iota Phi Theta® Fraternity Inc 2920:Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc 2259:Indiana University Bloomington 1936:collaborative umbrella council 1794:Racism against Black Americans 1: 3478:National Pan-Hellenic Council 3440:National Pan-Hellenic Council 3296:National Pan-Hellenic Council 3211:Parks, Gregory Scott (2008). 2333:historically black university 1928:National Pan-Hellenic Council 1002:National Pan-Hellenic Council 142:National Pan-Hellenic Council 18:National Pan Hellenic Council 3399:Greek umbrella organizations 3180:"Exploring Black Greek Life" 2748:. nphchq.org. Archived from 1804:School segregation in the US 1342:Black American Sign Language 1316:Languages and other dialects 3298:(in order by founding date) 2948:Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc 1943:fraternities and sororities 631:African-American businesses 3519: 2597: 2548: 2497: 2448: 2395: 2347: 2295: 2281:Founded as Kappa Alpha Nu. 2264:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2238: 2185: 2128: 1949:, and also referred to as 1169:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 844:Congressional Black Caucus 811:African Diaspora Religions 598:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 29: 3405: 3303: 2594:Traditional Greek housing 1938:composed of historically 1676:US states and territories 977:American Life and History 699:Lift Every Voice and Sing 408:Treatment of the enslaved 146: 1878:United States portal 1285:African-American English 796:African-American Muslims 357:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 30:Not to be confused with 3024:The Daily Mississippian 2569:Morgan State University 2079:Affiliate organizations 1799:Reparations for slavery 887:Back-to-Africa movement 786:Black Hebrew Israelites 664:African-American beauty 2969:"Sigma Gamma Rho Home" 2013: 2007: 1945:, commonly called the 1269:Dialects and languages 429:Second Great Migration 169:; 94 years ago 3229:, Ariane Liazos, and 2009: 2002: 1681:US metropolitan areas 1508:List of neighborhoods 1122:Alabama Creole people 1112:African-American Jews 1044:Negro league baseball 1007:National Urban League 959:Civic/economic groups 791:African-American Jews 681:African-American hair 543:, after the Civil War 372:Post–civil rights era 250:NPHC National website 2752:on December 22, 2009 2688:on February 16, 2016 2662:Racism in Greek life 2523:Cary, North Carolina 2101:Founding university 2068:Bloomington, Indiana 1838:Criminal stereotypes 1613:District of Columbia 1330:Afro-Seminole Creole 772:Non-Christian groups 367:Black power movement 331:during the Civil War 300:Atlantic slave trade 61:improve this article 3168:. October 11, 2018. 3154:. January 13, 2019. 2892:deltasigmatheta.org 2574:Baltimore, Maryland 2565:September 19, 1963 2154:Baltimore, Maryland 1234:Sierra Leone Creole 1195:Specific ancestries 1080:Southwestern (SWAC) 603:Black History Month 434:New Great Migration 388:Agriculture history 143: 3129:on August 4, 2021. 3047:The Daily Tar Heel 2773:Ross, Jr, Lawrence 2514:November 12, 1922 2468:Howard University 2415:Howard University 2367:Howard University 2315:Howard University 2312:November 17, 1911 2149:Cornell University 2072:Indiana University 2008: 1243:Sexual orientation 1117:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1070:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 705:Self-determination 669:Black is beautiful 335:Reconstruction era 3465: 3464: 3365: 3364: 3332:Delta Sigma Theta 3314:Alpha Kappa Alpha 3243:978-0-691-12299-1 3221:978-0-8131-2491-9 3206:978-0-8131-2344-8 3182:. March 15, 2017. 2591: 2590: 2518:Butler University 2465:January 16, 1920 2426:(active chapters) 2364:January 13, 1913 2341:Delta Sigma Theta 2211:Chicago, Illinois 2206:Howard University 2202:January 15, 1908 2179:Alpha Kappa Alpha 2145:December 4, 1906 2070:on the campus of 2029:Delta Sigma Theta 2017:Alpha Kappa Alpha 1967:State of Illinois 1959:Howard University 1924: 1923: 1861: 1860: 1759: 1758: 1533:Dallas-Fort Worth 1350: 1349: 1260: 1259: 1204:Americo-Liberians 1087: 1086: 1025: 1024: 950: 949: 819: 818: 763:Womanist theology 713: 712: 655:Symbols and ideas 441: 440: 320:Antebellum period 315:Revolutionary War 270:African Americans 255: 254: 196:Trade association 186:Howard University 167:May 10, 1930 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 3510: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3258:Official website 3184: 3183: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3125:. Archived from 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726:10.1002/ss.20289 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2564: 2562: 2551: 2550: 2513: 2511: 2500: 2499: 2472:Washington, D.C. 2464: 2462: 2451: 2450: 2419:Washington, D.C. 2412:January 9, 1914 2411: 2409: 2398: 2397: 2371:Washington, D.C. 2363: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2319:Decatur, Georgia 2311: 2309: 2298: 2297: 2255:January 5, 1911 2254: 2252: 2241: 2240: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2187: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2130: 2110:Total initiates 2086: 1963:Washington, D.C. 1940:African American 1916: 1909: 1902: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1823:media depictions 1772: 1667:Population count 1363: 1297:Liberian English 1276:English dialects 1273: 1229:Samaná Americans 1154:Creoles of color 1100: 1038: 982:Black conductors 963: 832: 806:Louisiana Voodoo 728: 473:Family structure 456: 403:Military history 398:Business history 329:military history 284: 257: 228: 224: 177: 175: 170: 151: 144: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3401: 3396: 3366: 3361: 3350:Sigma Gamma Rho 3320:Kappa Alpha Psi 3308:Alpha Phi Alpha 3299: 3293: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3193: 3191:Further reading 3188: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2973:Sigma Gamma Rho 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2864:Kappa Alpha Psi 2858: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2808:Alpha Phi Alpha 2802: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2734: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2623: 2602: 2596: 2560: 2558: 2509: 2507: 2491:Sigma Gamma Rho 2460: 2458: 2424: 2407: 2405: 2359: 2357: 2307: 2305: 2282: 2269: 2250: 2248: 2232:Kappa Alpha Psi 2225: 2197: 2195: 2168: 2140: 2138: 2122:Alpha Phi Alpha 2081: 2045:Sigma Gamma Rho 2037:Alpha Phi Alpha 2021:Kappa Alpha Psi 1987: 1920: 1872: 1870: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1813: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1700: 1662: 1638:Omaha, Nebraska 1603:Historic places 1597: 1489: 1360: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1311: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1238: 1190: 1132:Black Seminoles 1097: 1096:Sub-communities 1089: 1088: 1075:Southern (SIAC) 1035: 1027: 1026: 1021: 976: 960: 952: 951: 946: 863: 829: 821: 820: 815: 801:Nation of Islam 767: 744: 725: 715: 714: 709: 650: 617: 584: 556: 517: 493:Musical theater 453: 443: 442: 424:Great Migration 281: 238: 231: 226: 216: 173: 171: 168: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3356:Iota Phi Theta 3353: 3347: 3341: 3338:Phi Beta Sigma 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3251: 3250:External links 3248: 3247: 3246: 3227:Skocpol, Theda 3224: 3209: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3171: 3157: 3143: 3132: 3110: 3082: 3059: 3033: 3010: 2985: 2960: 2932: 2904: 2876: 2848: 2820: 2792: 2785: 2763: 2732: 2699: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2556: 2553: 2544: 2542:Iota Phi Theta 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2505: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2403: 2400: 2391: 2389:Phi Beta Sigma 2385: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2355: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2246: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2193: 2190: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2136: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098:Founding date 2096: 2093: 2092:Greek letters 2090: 2080: 2077: 2049:Iota Phi Theta 2041:Phi Beta Sigma 1986: 1983: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1784:Black genocide 1780: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1691:US communities 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1648:South Carolina 1645: 1643:North Carolina 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465:South Carolina 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1445:North Carolina 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1302:Samaná English 1299: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1252:LGBT community 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1209:Creek Freedmen 1206: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1179:Carmel Indians 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1060:Central (CIAA) 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 971: 968: 967: 961: 958: 957: 954: 953: 948: 947: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 927:Pan-Africanism 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 873: 870: 869: 865: 864: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 840: 837: 836: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 816: 814: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 777: 774: 773: 769: 768: 766: 765: 760: 758:Black theology 754: 751: 750: 746: 745: 743: 742: 736: 733: 732: 726: 721: 720: 717: 716: 711: 710: 708: 707: 702: 695: 690: 689: 688: 678: 673: 672: 671: 660: 657: 656: 652: 651: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 624: 623: 622:Economic class 619: 618: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 591: 590: 586: 585: 583: 582: 577: 572: 566: 563: 562: 561:Academic study 558: 557: 555: 554: 549: 544: 538: 533: 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O. 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