National Portrait Gallery (United States)

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anything that is controversial, but we want to focus on the museum's and this show's strengths." Kurin expressed the Smithsonian's desire to be responsive to public opinion, but also emphasized the remaining exhibit's importance. "We are sensitive to what the public thinks about our shows and programs," he said. "We stand behind the show. It has strong scholarship with great pieces by artists who are recognized by a whole panoply of experts. It represents a segment of America." On December 13, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, one of the principal sponsors of the exhibit, said it would ask for its $ 100,000 donation back if the film was not restored. Clough replied, "...the Smithsonian's decision to remove the video was a difficult one and we stand by it." The donation was returned, and the Warhol Foundation ceased to support National Portrait Gallery exhibits. The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, which donated $ 10,000 to support the exhibit, also ended all funding for future Smithsonian exhibitions. Both decisions drew criticism from some gay rights supporters, who felt the funding cuts were too draconian since the remainder of the pieces continued to be exhibited.

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obviously important living people were acquired while they still lived). After an initial affirmative determination by curators at a monthly curatorial meeting, the National Portrait Gallery Commission (the museum's board of directors) approved the person's inclusion. The commission was initially quite conservative in its assessment of "historically significant," although this position began to be more relaxed by 1969. As of 2006, the definition of "historically significant" had become quite loose, although "some kind of fame or notoriety remains a prerequisite". Portraits of living individuals or those dead less than 10 years are also now allowed to be displayed in the museum, as long as their inclusion is clearly important (such as presidents or generals).

988: 1430: 715:(hence the name of the portrait). Lansdowne died in 1805, and in 1890 the painting was purchased by the 5th Earl of Rosebery. The Lansdowne portrait was displayed only three times in the United States (although several copies remained in America). On its third trip in 1968, it was exhibited by the National Portrait Gallery, and it remained there on indefinite loan. Lord Rosebery offered to sell the painting for $ 20 million, a price at the low end of estimates. But the offer came with a deadline of April 1, 2001. A search for a donor, personally led by Smithsonian Secretary 1474:

The delay cost the Smithsonian $ 10 million. In October 2005, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation made a $ 45 million donation to the NPG to finish both the building renovation and the canopy. The Smithsonian agreed to call the two museums, the conservation center, courtyard, storage facility, and other operations within the Old Patent Office complex the "Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture" in appreciation for the gift. The National Portrait Gallery reopened on July 1, 2006. The total cost of the building's renovation was $ 283 million.

1623: 897:, and other media are allowed to enter. Works must be created through a face-to-face encounter with the subject. The inaugural competition in 2006 drew more than 4000 entries, from which 51 finalists were chosen. For the 2013 competition the total prize money of $ 42,000 was awarded to the top eight commended artists, and the winner received $ 25,000 and a commission to make a portrait for the museum's permanent collection. The subject of the commission is decided jointly by the artist and the NPG curators. The 2006 winner was 1333: 1458:, would design the glass canopy. In November, Robert Kogod (a real estate development executive) and his wife, Arlene (heiress to Charles E. Smith Construction fortune) donated $ 25 million to complete the canopy. By then, costs had risen to $ 298 million. $ 60 million in private funds still needed to be raised. Today, the Kogod Courtyard is a popular meeting place in DC. There is plenty of seating, free wifi, and a cafe with snacks for museum visitors open from 11:30 am until 6:30 pm. 1631: 573: 1325: 1413:(a non-profit advocate for responsible planning and land use). GSA reversed course and said in June 1956 it no longer wanted to demolish the building. However, the agency said it would continue to use it for federal office space (which was in short supply) until the Civil Service Commission vacated the structure. On March 21, 1958, Congress unanimously passed legislation authorizing the transfer of the building to the Smithsonian for a national art museum. President 999: 40: 49: 375:'s birth). The following year, the NPG completed the Catalog of American Portraits, the first inventory of portraiture held by the Smithsonian. The catalog also documented the physical characteristics of each artwork, and its provenance (author, date, ownership, etc.). The museum moved into the Old Patent Office Building with the National Fine Arts Collection in 1966. It opened to the public on October 7, 1968. 149: 848:

outweighed the damage done by the "Hide/Seek" controversy. Clough admitted, however, that he may have acted too hastily in the matter (although he continued to say he made the right decision), and the regents asked for Smithsonian staff to study the controversy and report back on how to handle such events in the future. Not everyone in the Smithsonian agreed with the regents. The

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his permission. By November 1979, the fund-raising campaign had netted only $ 885,631, with a pledge from the Museum of Fine Arts to match the amount if necessary. This left the campaign $ 4 million short of the purchase price. The Athenaeum refused to lower the price, describing the $ 5 million listing as a significant discount from the portraits' real value.

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existing portraits of the individual already in the collection, the quality of the potential portrait, the uniqueness of the potential portrait, the reputation of the portrait's author, and the cost of the portrait. Formal decisions to acquire a portrait are made at monthly curatorial meetings, then ratified by the National Portrait Gallery Commission.

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based on individual pieces chosen through high-quality scholarship rather than buying complete collections from others. The NPG's collection was slowly built over the next five years through donations and purchases. The museum had little money at this time. Often, it located items it wanted and then asked the owner to simply donate it.

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legislation specified, however, that the museum's collection be limited to painting, prints, drawings, and engravings. Despite the Smithsonian's own extensive collection of art and Mellon's collection, there was very little for the National Portrait Gallery to display. "To found a portrait gallery in the 1960s," Smithsonian Secretary

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In March 2007, a multi-year study of leadership at eight Smithsonian museums made recommendations about the National Portrait Gallery. The report concluded that the museum needed stronger, more visionary leadership intent on creating a truly national museum. The report also called for "administrative

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The National Portrait Gallery closed in January 2000 for a renovation of the Old Patent Office Building. Intended to take two years and cost $ 42 million, the renovation took seven years and cost $ 283 million. Inflation, delays in obtaining approval for the renovation design, the addition

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was contacted and worked with Smithsonian police to investigate the crime. Within two weeks, a historic documents dealer contacted the FBI and said he had been offered the documents for sale. On February 8, 1985, police arrested Norman James Chandler, a part-time mechanic's assistant from Maryland,

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The museum suffered a major theft in 1984 — although it was not a portrait. On December 31, 1984, a thief pried open a display case and stole four handwritten documents accompanying several portraits of Civil War generals. One of the documents was written and signed by President Abraham Lincoln. The

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in 1876. But the Athenaeum, a private collection, was suffering from financial difficulties by the late 1970s. It twice offered to sell the two portraits to the Museum of Fine Arts over the previous two years, but the museum declined to purchase them. The Athenaeum began searching for another buyer,

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had long opposed the move in order to protect its own role in collecting photographs, but NPG Director Marvin Sadik fought hard to have the ban eliminated. The NPG rapidly expanded its photography collection, and in October 1976 established a Department of Photographs. The gallery's first photography

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In 1957, a proposal was made by the federal government to demolish the Old Patent Office Building. After a public outcry and an agreement to save the historic structure, Congress authorized the Smithsonian Institution to use the structure as a museum in March 1958. Shortly thereafter, the Smithsonian

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Aid to Fine Arts: Hearing Before the Select Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Eighty-Seventh Congress, First Session, on H.R. 4172, H.R. 4174, and Related Bills to Aid the Fine Arts in the United States. Hearing Held in Washington, D.C., May

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Attendance at the renovated building rose significantly to 214,495 in just two months. In the past, both museums had drawn just 450,000 over 12 months. The achievement was even more impressive in the face of flat or declining attendance at all other Smithsonian museums. The higher attendance was not

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Prior to the building's closure in January 2000, a decision was reached to allot about one-third of the building's total space to the National Portrait Gallery while simultaneously eliminating the informal north–south division between the NPG and American Art Museum. This led to acrimony between the

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The process for choosing which images the museum acquires is simple but can be contentious. Potential acquisitions are vigorously and informally discussed at length by researchers, historians, and the curatorial departments. Some of the criteria used in the decision-making process are: The number of

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to meet with foundation officials on March 3, and the foundation approved the donation the following day. The $ 30 million donation included $ 6 million to put the portrait on a national tour for three years (the NPG was closed for renovations until 2006), and $ 4 million to construct

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The late 1980s saw the collection continue to expand, although there were fewer major additions. One significant acquisition was a nude image — a self-portrait painting by Alice Neel acquired in 1985. It was the National Portrait Gallery's first nude work. Neel was 80 years old when she painted it.

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The Old Patent Office Building was renovated in 1969 by the architectural firm of Faulkner, Fryer and Vanderpool. The renovation won the American Institute of Architects National Honor Award in 1970. The following year, the NPG began the National Portrait Survey, an attempt to catalog and photograph

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The National Portrait Gallery is governed by a board of directors known as the National Portrait Gallery Commission. The commission members are appointed by the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. The museum is led by a Director, who oversees its day-to-day activities. Directors of the museum

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all opposed the enclosure of the courtyard. The NCPC reversed its preliminary approval on June 2, 2005. Unwilling to lose the canopy, the Smithsonian brought five alternatives to the NCPC on August 4. On September 8, 2005, the NCPC reversed itself yet again, and approved one of the revised designs.

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On April 12, the Athenaeum and NPG agreed to delay the sale until December 31, 1979, to give the Boston fund-raising effort a chance. Although not completely successful, the lawsuit had one effect: Attorney General Bellotti announced in mid-summer that the Stuart portraits could not be sold without

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The controversy lasted through the exhibit's scheduled run. In late January 2011, the Smithsonian Board of Regents unanimously gave Clough a vote of confidence, saying his accomplishments in improving the Smithsonian's administration, finances, governance, and maintenance in the past 19 months far

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Clough's decision led to extensive accusations of censorship and claims that the Smithsonian was caving in to pressure from a small group of vocal activists. Smithsonian officials strongly defended the video's removal. "The decision wasn't caving in," said Sullivan. "We don't want to shy away from

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and Jonathan Katz. The exhibit focused on depictions of homosexual love through history, and was the first exhibit hosted by a museum of national stature to address the topic. It was also the largest and most expensive exhibit in the NPG's history, and more private donors contributed to it than to

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With public and political pressure on the Smithsonian to resolve the issue, the Museum of Fine Arts and NPG agreed on February 7, 1980, to jointly purchase the portraits. Under the agreement, the paintings would spend three years at the National Portrait Gallery (beginning in July 1980), and then

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In 2003, the government increased its contribution to $ 166 million. Smithsonian officials subsequently began discussing a major change to the renovation design: Adding a glass roof to the open courtyard in the center of the Old Patent Office Building. Congress approved the change in August

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Two major portrait purchases were also made in the early 1980s. One was a Gilbert Stuart portrait of Thomas Jefferson, for which the museum paid $ 1 million to a private collector. A portion of the purchase price came from the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which owns and operates Jefferson's

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By 1981, the museum had more than 2,000 items in its collection. Two major 19th-century photography collections were added by the museum that year. The first such acquisition was the Frederick Hill Meserve Collection of 5,419 glass negatives produced by the studio of famed Civil War photographer

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said, was difficult because "American portraiture has already reached the zenith in price and the nadir in supply." Ripley, whose leadership of the Smithsonian began in 1964, was a strong supporter of the new museum, however. He encouraged the museum's curators to build a collection from scratch

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Congress passed legislation establishing the National Portrait Gallery in 1962, and the Civil Service Commission moved out of the structure in November 1963. Preparations for the renovation began in November 1964, and the Grunley, Walsh Construction Co. began demolition of non-historic interior

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In 1995, the Smithsonian revealed that the Old Patent Office Building was in serious disrepair. The Smithsonian announced in January 1997 that the building would close in January 2000 for a two-year, $ 42 million renovation. Hartman-Cox Architects was hired to oversee the conservation and

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Initially, the National Portrait Gallery had fairly strict rules regarding which images could enter its collection. The person depicted had to be historically significant. An individual also needed to be dead at least 10 years before their portrait could be displayed (although some images of

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The National Portrait Gallery (NPG) was authorized and founded by Congress in 1962. The enabling legislation defined its purpose as displaying portraits of "men and women who have made significant contributions to the history, development, and culture of the people of the United States." The

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newspaper heiress and arts patron) donated $ 10 million for the renovation. The Henry Luce Foundation gave another $ 10 million later that year. Costs continued to rise. Although Congress appropriated $ 33.5 million for the renovation, reconstruction costs were estimated at $

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occupied the building after the Patent Office vacated it in 1932. The Government Accounting Office vacated the structure in 1942, after its new headquarters nearby was complete. The Civil Service Commission began constructing its own headquarters, and planned to vacate the building in 1962.

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As of 2011, the National Portrait Gallery was the only museum in the United States dedicated solely to portraiture. The museum had 65 employees and a $ 9 million annual budget in 2013. By February 2013, it housed 21,200 works of art, which had been seen by 1,069,932 visitors in 2012.

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two museums, and a public debate about which collection deserved more space. The Smithsonian resolved the dispute practically: Art that best fit an exhibition space got it. (For example, since modern art often tends toward large canvases, this art is on the high-ceilinged third floor.)

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In 2012, the National Portrait Gallery sponsored a new temporary exhibit, "Poetic Likeness: Modern American Poets," which focused on images of great American poets. The NPG collection had grown so large that the exhibit drew its images almost entirely from the museum's own collection.

653:, acquired in 1990. It is one of only four daguerreotypes of Douglass known to exist. That year, the number of images in the museum's photography collection reached 8,500 objects. Six years later, the NPG obtained for $ 115,000 the earliest known daguerreotype of abolitionist 384:

all portraits in all formats held by every public and private collection and museum in the country. On July 4, 1973, the NPG opened "The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770–1800", the first exhibit at the museum dedicated solely to African Americans.

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Local D.C. businessmen asked the General Services Administration (GSA) to tear down the building and sell the land so a private parking garage could be built on the centrally located site. Legislation for this purpose was introduced in Congress in the waning days of the

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all positive. Some patrons spit on art they did not like, while others kissed or touched some paintings. Video security cameras were hastily installed in September 2007 to stop the vandalism. By the end of the year, more than 786,000 people had visited the two museums.

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of George Washington. How the museum obtains presidential images has changed over the years. Presidential portraits from 1962 to 1987 were usually obtained through purchase or donation. Beginning in 1998, NPG began commissioning portraits of presidents, starting with

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In 2006, the museum began hosting a triennial, juried contemporary portrait exhibition called the Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition. Named after long time docent and volunteer Virginia Outwin Boochever, this competition is widely regarded as the most prestigious

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on February 26. Although the Reynolds Foundation generally only made grants in the areas of elder care, cardiovascular research, and journalism, assisting with the Lansdowne purchase fell within the foundation's "special projects" area of responsibility. NPG Director

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Even as the Stuarts controversy occupied the attention of the press, the National Portrait Gallery continued to expand its collection. In April 1979, it obtained five other portraits by Gilbert Stuart. These five paintings — of presidents George Washington,

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and the American Mission to Negotiate Peace to create a National Art Committee. The committee's goal was to commission portraits of famous leaders from the various nations involved in World War I. Among the committee's members were oil company executive

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NPG director Marvin Sadik declined to cancel the sale, arguing that the portraits were of national historic value and belonged in the Smithsonian. A campaign by prominent Bostonians tried to raise $ 5 million to keep the portraits in Massachusetts.

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and in early 1979 the Athenaeum tentatively reached an agreement to sell the works to the NPG for $ 5 million. When the Athenaeum made these discussions public in April 1979, there was strong public opposition to the sale in Boston.

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Art Commission asked the Chancellor of the Smithsonian to appoint a committee to organize a national portrait museum and to plan for the establishment of this museum in the Old Patent Office Building. This committee was created in 1960.

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for the theft. Chandler quickly pleaded guilty. He was sentenced in April 1985 to two years in jail (with all but six months suspended) and two years of probation, and required to pay a $ 2,000 fine. All four documents were recovered.

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A hallmark of the National Portrait Gallery's permanent collection is the Hall of Presidents, which contains portraits of nearly all American presidents. It is the largest and most complete collection in the world, except for the

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exhibit, "Facing the Light: Historic American Portrait Daguerreotypes", opened in September 1978. It also continued to build its other collections. In February 1977, the museum acquired an 1880 self-portrait by

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The Reynolds Foundation board had discretion to make grants in areas that presented patriotic or entrepreneurial opportunities or which supported a lifetime interest of foundation founder Donald W. Reynolds.

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jointly occupied the building with the Patent Office through the Civil War and into the post-war period. The massive increase in pension processing required by the Civil War led to the construction of a new

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NPG director Marvin Sadik, who had expressed his dissatisfaction over the Stuart painting controversy, took a six-month-long sabbatical in January 1981. He announced his retirement from the museum in July.

351:, an attorney and one of Mellon's closest friends, was named the first director of the National Gallery of Art, and he pushed hard over the next several years for the establishment of a portrait gallery. 4173: 828:

threatened to reduce the Smithsonian's budget if the film remained on view. After consulting with National Portrait Gallery director Martin Sullivan, co-curator David C. Ward (but not with co-curator

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later described the importance of the acquisition by saying it made the NPG the "epicenter" for Brady scholarship. Later that year, 5,400 Civil War-era glass negatives produced by photographer

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of a glass canopy over the open courtyard, and other issues led to increases in both time and costs. During this period, most of the NPG's collection went on tour around the United States.

2474: 559:, to the National Portrait Gallery. (Stewart and Webb were the Davis' great-grandchildren.) In 1980, the museum obtained (through purchase and loan) a number of works by graphic artist 503:

three years in Boston at the Museum of Fine Arts. Attorney General Bellotti approved the plan in March. Per the agreement, the portraits went on display in Washington on July 1, 1980.

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and the Smithsonian's Board of Regents, proved fruitless after three months. Worried Smithsonian officials then went public in February 2001 with a plea for a donor to come forth.

3537:. Select Subcommittee on Education. Committee on Education and Labor. U.S. House of Representatives. 87th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961. 495:, whose office the Commonwealth's constitution designates "custodian of public property" in the suit. "Everybody knows Washington has no culture—they have to buy it," White said. 3935: 2321: 821: 817: 264:

in London opened, but few Americans took notice. The idea of a federally owned national portrait gallery can be traced back to 1886, when Robert C. Winthrope, president of the

392: 3364: 4158: 3625: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4095: 3858: 532:— were known as the Gibbs-Coolidge set. The portraits were donated by the Coolidge family of Boston (without controversy). In December, the museum obtained a bust of 722:

On March 13, just two weeks before the sale deadline, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation donated $ 30 million to buy the Lansdowne portrait. Foundation chairman

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and his assistants. Using historically accurate chemicals, paper, and techniques, prints were made of the negatives and the prints placed on rotating display. The

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214 million in June 2001 and the museum not scheduled to reopen until 2005. Just a month later, the reopening was pushed back even further to July 2006.

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repair. But just three years later, as the renovation was about to begin, the cost of repairs had risen to $ 110 million to $ 120 million.

347:. The collection included a large number of portraits. Mellon asked that, should a portrait gallery be created, the portraits be transferred to it. 4188: 4064: 3820: 3745: 2645: 1470: 1466: 778:

In November 2010, the National Portrait Gallery hosted a major new exhibit, "Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture", curated by

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magazine donated 850 original portraits which had graced its cover between 1928 and 1978. A major exhibit of these pieces debuted in May 1979.

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into which the Bureau of Pensions moved in 1887. The General Land Office and the Bureau of Indian Affairs vacated the building in 1898. The

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structures by May 1965. The $ 6 million renovation was complete by April 1968, and the National Portrait Gallery opened on October 7.

1410: 708: 705: 832:), Smithsonian Undersecretary Richard Kurin, and the Smithsonian's government affairs and public relations offices, Smithsonian Secretary 415:. The roundel (a circular canvas), one of only four self-portraits by the celebrated early American artist, was donated to the NPG by the 272:

in London. Upon his return to the United States, Winthrope began pressing for the establishment of a similar museum in the United States.

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The Gibbs-Coolidge Set, five oil paintings on wood of the first five presidents, by Gilbert Stuart. The set was acquired by NPG in 1979.

686: 3880: 3777: 3772: 3447:. Committee on Appropriations. U.S. House of Representatives. 76th Cong., 3d sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940. 3301: 1429: 971:

By 1977, the National Portrait Gallery had three curatorial divisions: Painting and sculpture, prints and drawings, and photography.

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First Supplemental Civil Functions Appropriation Bill for 1941. Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appopriations

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in 1952, but did not pass. The legislation encountered resistance from a few members of Congress, architects, and the influential

3740: 3611: 1397: 1279: 1040: 820:, called it an "arrogant" abuse of the public trust and a misuse of taxpayer money, although it was funded by private donations. 590: 265: 933:

movement. The 2013 winner was Bo Gehring of Beacon, New York, who was commissioned to direct a video portrait of jazz musician

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PAC to pay $ 650,000 for portraits of him and the former first lady that will one day hang in the National Portrait Gallery.

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Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1924

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Richard, Paul. "American Masterwork: Portrait Gallery's New 'Cornerstone' A Copley Self-Portrait for the Portrait Gallery".

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Congress passed legislation in January 1976 allowing the National Portrait Gallery to collect portraits in media other than

2433: 4112: 3940: 3897: 3885: 3660: 169: 540:(which may have been sculpted from the portrait which was later used for the $ 10 bill) and a Gilbert Stuart portrait of 3755: 3723: 3718: 3345: 3238: 914: 368: 86: 2628:"Trump PAC's $ 650,000 'charitable contribution' to the Smithsonian will pay for portraits of Donald and Melania Trump" 704:—one of the wealthiest men in America at the time. The 8 by 5 feet (2.4 by 1.5 m) portrait was given as a gift to 4183: 4178: 3665: 3642: 3287: 1406: 1345: 551:

family in Massachusetts. The following April, Varina Webb Stewart and Joel A.H. Webb presented important portraits of

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donated his large collection of classic and modernist art to the United States, which led to the foundation of the

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taken in February 1865, which was the last photographic portrait of Lincoln taken before his death in April 1865.

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The "cracked-plate" portrait of Abraham Lincoln, acquired by the NPG as part of the Alexander Gardner Collection.

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for exhibit. Works displayed ranged from his "Christy girl" recruiting posters to history-based works such as

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any prior NPG exhibit. Included in the 105 pieces in the exhibit was a four-minute, edited version of artist

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The exhibit was scheduled to run from October 30, 2010, to February 13, 2011. Within days of its opening,

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Trescott, Jacqueline. "After Smithsonian Exhibit's Removal, Banned Ant Video Still Creeps Into Gallery".

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a new area in the Old Patent Office Building to display it. NPG said it would name this display area for

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of George Washington to the National Portrait Gallery. The painting was commissioned in April 1796 by

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The cost of the renovation rose to $ 180 million by March 2001. That month, Nan Tucker McEvoy (a

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in May 1921. This formed the nucleus of what would become the National Portrait Gallery Collection.

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donated 120 platinum prints of fashion and celebrity portraits he produced over the past 50 years.

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were also purchased from the Meserve family. This included the famous "cracked-plate" portrait of

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Trescott, Jacqueline. "Portrait Gallery Removes Crucifix Video From Exhibit After Complaints".

645:(an early photographic process) were purchased in the 1990s. The first was of African American 3478: 2543: 1414: 1203: 1147: 1137: 1066: 1017: 926: 864:

to Clough in which they said they were "deeply troubled by the precedent" to remove the film.

784: 548: 461: 457: 445: 411:, one of only two painted by her. Eleven months later, the museum acquired a self-portrait by 852:

reported that some (unnamed) Smithsonian museum directors and curators felt there would be a

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A major controversy occurred in 1979 over the National Portrait Gallery's attempt to buy two

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Almost no taxpayer money was spent on the exhibit, since it was funded by private donations.

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After the 2008 presidential election, the National Portrait Gallery obtained graphic artist

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Smith, Carol. "Portraying the Black Atlantic: Americanisation and the National Museum." In

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Frederick Douglass (1856), daguerreotype by an unknown author, acquired by the NPG in 1990.

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consolidation" of the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

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helped to spark the Civil War. The portrait was created by African American photographer

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Trescott, Jacqueline. "'Hide/Seek' Sponsor Threatens to Cut Funding for Smithsonian."

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Design approval for the canopy proved difficult. The design had to be approved by the

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The National Portrait Gallery occupies a portion of the Old Patent Office Building, a

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Knight, Michael. "Boston City Officials Go to Court to Keep 2 Washington Portraits".

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Sampson, Paul. "Exhibit to Tell American Art Story." Washington Post. April 2, 1958.

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Farhi, Paul. "Committee Sees a Lack of Money, Leadership at 8 Smithsonian Museums".

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portrait of his friend, Mary Cassatt, for which the museum paid $ 1.3 million.

2458: 2217:

Argetsinger, Amy and Roberts, Roxanne. "Fit for a T: New at the Portrait Gallery".

2166:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Battles to Keep Prized Portrait of Washington".

1503: 1372: 1368: 1297: 1230: 1210: 1110: 1100: 1093: 1025: 922: 913:. It was the first portrait commissioned of an individual who has not served as a 813: 767: 734: 701: 618: 582: 556: 521: 408: 399: 385: 367:

The first NPG exhibit, "Nucleus for a National Collection", went on display in the

313: 3513:

Washington, D.C., Williamsburg, Busch Gardens, Richmond and Other Area Attractions

2728: 812:

hate speech, anti-Catholic, and anti-Christian. A spokesperson for Representative

3529:. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. 2075:. January 2, 1985; Barker, Karyn. "FBI Arrests D.C. Man in Lincoln Letter Case". 1291: 1214: 1008: 894: 861: 825: 635: 606: 544: 388: 3527:

Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1899

994:(1785) by Joseph Duplessis, given to the NPG by the Cafritz Foundation in 1987. 4004: 1446: 1348:

in downtown Washington. Constructed between 1836 and 1867, the building has a

1177: 1124: 918: 898: 602: 525: 205: 3162:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Old Patent Office Options Clearly Still Favor Glass."

2779:

Fixico, p. 27; Bureau of Land Management, p. 25; National Park Service, p. 8.

108: 95: 1433:

The renovated Great Hall, on the top floor of the National Portrait Gallery.

1367:

The building was used as a hospital during the American Civil War, and both

1361: 1349: 930: 902: 890: 136: 3499:

Annual Report of the Public Buildings Commission for the Calendar Year 1932

2079:. February 9, 1985; "Man Sentenced For Stealing Notes From Civil War Era". 1713:. October 6, 1968; Martin, Judith. "'Semi, Demi-Heroes' Open New Gallery." 1011:

collection itself. The centerpiece of the Hall of Presidents is the famous

3603: 3112: 2071:. January 1, 1985; Ringle, Ken. "FBI Probes Theft of Notes From Gallery". 3006:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Art Museum Gets Second $ 10 Million."

1540:

Images are paintings, drawings, or similar media, unless otherwise noted.

882: 874: 794: 2230:

Gopnik, Blake. "'Hide/Seek' Finds a Frame for Showing Sexual Identity".

711:. FitzMaurice was the 2nd Earl of Shelburne, and later became the first 2322:"Mapplethorpe Foundation Withdraws Support for Smithsonian Exhibitions" 1575:

Thompson, Bob. "Who Gets Into the National Portrait Gallery, and Why?"

1357: 1336:

The Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard at the National Portrait Gallery.

1220: 886: 212:, United States. Founded in 1962 and opened in 1968, it is part of the 3149:

Forgey, Benjamin. "Panel Rejects Smithsonian Plan For Patent Office."

2038:

Richard, Paul. "Gilbert Stuart's Jefferson Acquired for $ 1 Million".

216:. Its collections focus on images of famous Americans. Along with the 3097:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Way Clear for British Architect's Glass Act".

3024:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Old Patent Office Gets A $ 25 Million Boost."

2954:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "The Dilapidated State of the Nation's Attic."

1353: 738: 473: 3520:

1,000 Places to See in the United States & Canada Before You Die

1993:. January 11, 1980; "The Loving Eye That Created the Christy Girl". 237: 2837:. November 17, 1953; "Architects Fight Plan to Raze CSC Building." 2678:"National Portrait Gallery Installs Photo Of President-Elect Trump" 1891:. March 22, 1980; "Stuart Portraits Plan Wins Tentative Approval". 3201:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Thanks Its Big Donor By Name."

1428: 1331: 1323: 997: 986: 953: 672: 571: 435: 236: 3481:

The Smithsonian Institution. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970.

3188:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Scores a $ 45 Million Gift."

3607: 3581:

Negotiating American Identity in the National Portrait Gallery.

3393:"National Portrait Gallery Names Kim Sajet as Its New Director" 2980:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Extensive Leaks In the Nation's Attic."

1867:"Museums in Capital and Boston to Share Washington Portraits". 260:, established in 1796. It closed after two years. In 1859, the 1454:

2003. In March 2004, the Smithsonian announced that architect

626: 613:

remaining three were written and signed by Civil War generals

448:, one of two portraits at the center of the Stuart controversy 402:. This permitted the NPG to begin collecting photographs. The 3595:

Virtual tour of the National Portrait Gallery (United States)

3559:

Charles Willson Peale: Art and Selfhood in the Early Republic

2915:

Hailey, Jean R. "Art Collection to Go in Old Patent Office."

2704:"Trump Photograph Installed at the National Portrait Gallery" 2347:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Regents Support Censorship Decision".

766:'s ubiquitous "Hope" poster of Barack Obama. Obama supporter 566:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

3175:

Forgey, Benjamin. "A Roof That's Patently the Best Option."

2993:

Forgey, Benjamin. "The Old Patent Office, Pending Renewal."

2586:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Museums Reopen to a Brand-New View."

2568:

Thompson, Bob. "The Changing Face of American Portraiture."

905:, Wisconsin, and he was commissioned to paint a portrait of 1908:. June 24, 1980; Radcliffe, Donnie. "Back In the Picture". 3561:

Berkeley, California : University of California Press

3426:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1913. 3037:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Projects Face Delays."

2022:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "The Photographer Who Went to War".

3365:"Martin Sullivan Steps Down as Portrait Gallery Director" 2730:

October 1, 2008 – September 30, 2009. p. 4,15,back cover.

2276:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Clough Defends Removal of Video".

1687:

Richard, Paul. "A New Face for the Stuffy Old Portrait".

3573: 3487:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980. 1871:. February 8, 1980; "Museums Come to Terms on Stuarts". 185: 3468:. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012. 2841:. February 24, 1954; "Committee Protests Razing Plan." 2403:"Frequently Asked Questions: National Portrait Gallery" 925:, founder of the Chez Panisse Restaurant and Cafe, the 4174:

Members of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington

2662:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Have Renovation, Will Travel."

2602:

Copeland, Libby. "The Clintons: They've Been Framed!"

1887:"Pact on Stuarts Approved By Massachusetts Official". 856:

from Clough's decision. The Board of Directors of the

3501:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933. 3475:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1924. 3264:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Smithsonian Attendance Down."

3136:

Trescott, Jacqueline. "Patent Office Roof: Pending."

2524:

Kennicott, Philip. "American Poets, On the Surface."

1841:"Bostonians Are Falling Short in Drive to Keep Art". 818:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

3424:

Memorandum History of the Department of the Interior

332:. The portraits commissioned went on display in the 258:

Peale's Collection of Portraits of American Patriots

248:

The first portrait gallery in the United States was

4078: 4032: 3982: 3961: 3918: 3836: 3813: 3641: 2967:Lewis, Jo Ann. "Repairs to Close Two Art Museums." 1628:

Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

1275:Among the museum's more prominent collections are: 180: 143: 132: 124: 85: 73: 65: 3216:"'Looking History in the Eye' at Portrait Gallery" 2902:Scott, David W. "Patent Building to Become Arty." 2889:Doolittle, Jerry. "Civil Service Dedicates Home." 2833:"Sen. Maybanks Fights Plan to Raze CSC Building." 2582: 2580: 2578: 2454:"National Portrait Gallery's Portrait Competition" 2376:"Last Call: Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition" 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 1928:"Sadik, Director, Quits National Portrait Gallery" 391:donated 761 portraits by French-American engraver 3431:Museum Masters: Their Museums and Their Influence 2928:Richard, Paul. "A Major New Art Museum to Open." 2153:Ringle, Ken. "John Brown, Captured For History". 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 770:and his wife, Heather, donated it to the museum. 3466:AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C 3020: 3018: 3016: 1738: 1736: 456:paintings. The famous, unfinished portraits of 3452:Mystery Reader's Walking Guide, Washington, D.C 3302:Some People Would Die to Wind Up at This Museum 2050: 2048: 1969: 1967: 1957:Glueck, Grace. "5 Stuarts Go to U.S. Gallery". 1922: 1920: 1918: 1854:"Portrait Fund Drive Falls $ 4 Million Short". 1797:Cowen, Peter. "For $ 5m, Portraits Stay Here". 1784:Richard, Paul. "Marvin Sadik: 'I'm Resolute'". 4169:Greek Revival architecture in Washington, D.C. 4091:John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 3590:interview with Marc Pachter, December 30, 2007 2538: 2536: 2534: 2188:Trescott, Jacqueline. "A Washington Bailout." 2149: 2147: 2054:Richard, Paul. "Portrait Gallery Buys Degas." 2009:Ostrow, Joanne. "The Meserves' Photo Legacy". 1973:Richard, Paul. "Lodge Donates Two Portraits". 1953: 1951: 1883: 1881: 1469:, the D.C. State Preservation Office, and the 1031:The museum's more notable art pieces include: 746:, the media baron who created the foundation. 4154:Art museums and galleries in Washington, D.C. 4149:Art museums and galleries established in 1968 3619: 3492:Frommer's Irreverent Guide to Washington, D.C 3464:Moeller, Gerard Martin and Feldblyum, Boris. 3433:. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press, 1995. 2213: 2211: 1624:"Chronology of the National Portrait Gallery" 488:sued to keep the portraits in Boston, naming 279:entered into a cooperative endeavor with the 53:National Portrait Gallery's F Street entrance 8: 4024:Smithsonian Contributions and Studies Series 3346:"Portrait Gallery Director to Retire in '07" 3319:"Portrait Gallery Chief Alan Fern to Retire" 3280:"GAO Faults Smithsonian Upkeep and Security" 2117: 2115: 2034: 2032: 32: 2598: 2596: 2502:. National Portrait Gallery. Archived from 1771:. April 6, 1979; "Free George and Martha". 3626: 3612: 3604: 3544:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 3508:. Washington, D.C.: Americana Press, 1986. 3485:Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist 3066:"Museum Courtyard Glides Through the Ages" 2941:Richard, Paul. "A National Family Album." 2727:"National Portrait Gallery Annual Report" 2434:"Eunice Kennedy Shriver Portrait Unveiled" 2121:Grundberg, Andy. "The Beautiful Peoples". 2094:"Man Gets 6 Months for Stealing Documents" 1985: 1983: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1756:Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist 1709:Richard, Paul. "A National Family Album". 47: 31: 3461:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood, 2012. 3344:Jacqueline Trescott (December 12, 2006). 3278:Grimaldi, James V. (September 29, 2007). 2824:Select Subcommittee on Education, p. 159. 2133: 2131: 1683: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1417:signed the legislation a few days later. 1133:" (daguerreotype, 1856) by unknown artist 840:removed from the exhibit on November 30. 793:. Eleven seconds of the video depicted a 18:National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC 4159:Biographical museums in Washington, D.C. 4065:Smithsonian Philatelic Achievement Award 3494:. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Publishing, 2007. 2797:Secretary of the Interior, 1899, p. 107. 2739:Price and Price, p. 102; Silber, p. 61; 2544:"Fact Sheets: National Portrait Gallery" 2475:"Boochever Portrait Competition winners" 2005: 2003: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1471:National Trust for Historic Preservation 1467:United States Department of the Interior 1344:. The building is located just south of 4144:2010 controversies in the United States 4139:1979 controversies in the United States 4134:1968 establishments in Washington, D.C. 3849:Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program 2496:"Bo Gehring: Reminding Us to Slow Down" 2137:"Daguerreotype of Frederick Douglass". 1989:Kernan, Michael. "GEE!! It's Christy". 1904:Rosenfeld, Megan. "New Faces in Town". 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1553: 1533: 1515:Wendy Wick Reaves – 2012–2013 (interim) 983:Key exhibits and programs of the museum 726:read about failing donor effort in the 220:, the museum is housed in the historic 3237:Philip Kennicott (November 19, 2007). 3218:. National Public Radio. July 13, 2006 2806:Public Buildings Commission, p. 24-27. 2500:The Outwin: American Portraiture Today 1767:Glueck, Grace. "Athenaeum's Dilemma". 1394:United States Civil Service Commission 1206:" (unfinished, 1796) by Gilbert Stuart 1197:Lansdowne portrait (George Washington) 3549:Issues in Americanisation and Culture 3522:. New York: Workman Publishing, 2011. 3391:Boyle, Katherine (February 5, 2013). 2867:"CSC Building to Become Art Museum." 2854:"GSA Wants to Preserve Patent Bldg." 2702:Mcgraw, Meridith (January 16, 2017). 2494:Bloom, Benjamin (November 19, 2014). 868:Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition 858:Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 7: 3651:African American History and Culture 3490:Price, Tom and Price, Susan Crites. 3363:Trescott, Jacqueline (May 7, 2012). 3050:Forgey, Benjamin. "Naked Splendor." 2473:Kennicott, Philip (March 22, 2013). 2320:Capps, Kriston (December 17, 2010). 1463:National Capital Planning Commission 1411:Committee of 100 on the Federal City 881:. Artists working in the fields of 634:Two years later, noted photographer 3515:. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Verulam, 2000. 3438:Landmarks in Public Land Management 2815:Committee on Appopriations, p. 466. 2374:Gambino, Megan (October 25, 2011). 2360:Gopnik, Blake. "Portrait Capital." 689:, offered to sell Gilbert Stuart's 687:Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery 3532:Select Subcommittee on Education. 3064:Zach Mortice (December 21, 2007). 2676:Harlan, Becky (January 13, 2017). 2067:"Civil War Era Notes Are Stolen". 1823:Richard, Paul. "Bound in Boston". 1039:" (glass plate, cracked; 1865) by 334:National Museum of Natural History 25: 3506:A Museum Guide to Washington, D.C 3454:. Lincoln, Neb.: IUniverse, 1998. 2432:Sanford, Barbara (May 11, 2009). 1381:United States General Land Office 669:Purchasing the Lansdowne portrait 3087:Epstein, Edward (July 2, 2006). 1190:" (daguerreotype, 1846–1847) by 292:, an art aficionado and wife of 266:Massachusetts Historical Society 168: 163: 158: 147: 38: 4189:Smithsonian Institution museums 1500:Alan M. Fern – June 1982 – 2000 1497:Marvin Sadik – 1969 – July 1981 1241:"Self-Portrait" (1780–1784) by 1235:"Self-Portrait" (1880–1881) by 218:Smithsonian American Art Museum 3936:Folklife and Cultural Heritage 2788:Moeller and Feldblyum, p. 100. 490:Massachusetts Attorney General 27:Art museum in Washington, D.C. 1: 4113:U.S. National Tick Collection 3898:Museum Conservation Institute 3886:Biodiversity Heritage Library 3497:Public Buildings Commission. 3443:Committee on Appropriations. 1070: 371:in 1965 (the bicentennial of 72: 4164:Chinatown (Washington, D.C.) 3854:Conservation and restoration 3756:Archives of American Gardens 3111:sysadmin (August 21, 2015). 1398:Government Accounting Office 1375:worked as nurses there. The 601:historic plantation home of 369:Arts and Industries Building 308:, wife of railway executive 3998:Air & Space/Smithsonian 3525:Secretary of the Interior. 3436:Bureau of Land Management. 3093:The San Francisco Chronicle 1407:82nd United States Congress 967:Portrait addition procedure 468:, which loaned them to the 281:American Federation of Arts 4205: 3690:Jazz Masterworks Orchestra 3542:Landmarks of the Civil War 3239:"Seeing the Light at Last" 1342:National Historic Landmark 1320:Old Patent Office Building 1317: 1251:" (1805) by Gilbert Stuart 1229:"Self-Portrait" (1880) by 1172:George Lethbridge Saunders 941:Post-2010 exhibits of note 750:Post-renovation activities 659:1859 raid on Harpers Ferry 222:Old Patent Office Building 77:Eighth and F Streets, NW, 60:Interactive fullscreen map 3599:Google Arts & Culture 1328:National Portrait Gallery 709:William Petty FitzMaurice 330:Charles Doolittle Walcott 270:National Portrait Gallery 262:National Portrait Gallery 202:National Portrait Gallery 175:Gallery Place – Chinatown 58: 46: 37: 33:National Portrait Gallery 4045:Charles Lang Freer Medal 3844:Archives of American Art 3821:National Zoological Park 3459:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1482:Governance and directors 1377:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1199:(1796) by Gilbert Stuart 1140:" (unfinished, 1796) by 511:Expanding the collection 3635:Smithsonian Institution 3471:National Park Service. 3300:Trescott, Jacqueline. " 2548:Smithsonian Institution 2407:Smithsonian Institution 1518:Kim Sajet – April 2013– 1425:2000 to 2007 renovation 1390:Pension Bureau Building 1286:Howard Chandler Christy 623:George Armstrong Custer 561:Howard Chandler Christy 432:The Stuarts controversy 395:to the museum in 1974. 393:C.B.J.F. de Saint-Mémin 379:Building the collection 345:National Gallery of Art 320:, brother of President 306:Mary Williamson Averell 277:Smithsonian Institution 214:Smithsonian Institution 4060:National Design Awards 3881:Libraries and Archives 3876:Environmental Research 2743:, accessed 2013-02-08. 1630:. 2012. Archived from 1434: 1337: 1329: 1121:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 1003: 995: 959: 907:Eunice Kennedy Shriver 706:British Prime Minister 682: 577: 449: 245: 233:Founding of the museum 4070:Woodrow Wilson Awards 3695:Numismatic Collection 3429:Alexander, Edward P. 3290:on November 15, 2018. 3268:. September 20, 2006. 2327:Washington City Paper 2042:. September 10, 1982. 1726:"Avery C. Faulkner". 1494:– July 1, 1964 – 1969 1432: 1335: 1327: 1309:covers (graphic arts) 1243:John Singleton Copley 1096:" (2012) by Ron Sherr 1001: 990: 957: 822:House Majority Leader 787:'s short silent film 774:Hide/Seek controversy 713:Marquess of Lansdowne 685:In the fall of 2000, 681:of George Washington. 676: 575: 439: 413:John Singleton Copley 328:, and paleontologist 298:Crocker National Bank 294:William Henry Crocker 275:In January 1919, the 250:Charles Willson Peale 240: 144:Public transit access 109:38.89778°N 77.02306°W 4101:The Wilson Quarterly 4040:James Smithson Medal 3871:Conservation Biology 3783:Encyclopedia of Life 3746:Cooper–Hewitt Design 3457:Fixico, Donald Lee. 3450:Dale, Alzina Stone. 3179:. September 9, 2005. 3113:"The Courtyard Café" 3028:. November 16, 2004. 2906:. December 27, 1964. 2893:. November 13, 1963. 2845:. December 17, 1955. 2666:. December 14, 2005. 2439:Smithsonian Magazine 2381:Smithsonian Magazine 2310:. December 13, 2010. 2170:. February 23, 2001. 2157:. December 19, 1996. 2141:. December 23, 1990. 1977:. December 15, 1979. 1875:. February 23, 1980. 1845:. November 25, 1979. 1730:. February 25, 2007. 1728:Wilmington Star-News 1634:on November 29, 2014 1158:Hope" (Barack Obama) 929:and champion of the 349:David E. Finley, Jr. 290:Ethel Sperry Crocker 204:(NPG) is a historic 4019:Smithsonian Channel 3719:Arts and Industries 3518:Schultz, Patricia. 3350:The Washington Post 3244:The Washington Post 3205:. October 13, 2005. 3192:. October 12, 2005. 2971:. January 29, 1997. 2528:. November 4, 2012. 2462:. November 5, 2009. 2351:. February 1, 2011. 2293:. December 6, 2010. 2280:. January 19, 2011. 2258:. December 1, 2010. 2234:. November 5, 2010. 2026:. November 7, 2010. 1997:. January 11, 1980. 1858:. January 18, 1980. 1746:. January 16, 1978. 1256:Varina Howell Davis 1192:Augustus Washington 1152:John Singer Sargent 1103:" (photo, 1989) by 877:competition in the 830:Jonathan David Katz 729:Wall Street Journal 663:Augustus Washington 641:Two very important 557:Varina Howell Davis 493:Francis X. Bellotti 470:Museum of Fine Arts 404:Library of Congress 322:William Howard Taft 318:Charles Phelps Taft 114:38.89778; -77.02306 105: / 34: 4184:Portrait galleries 4179:National galleries 4108:Smithsonian Police 4055:Langley Gold Medal 3422:Acker, William B. 3325:. February 4, 2000 3323:Washingtonpost.com 3076:on January 1, 2013 2997:. January 1, 2000. 2945:. October 6, 1968. 2652:. August 22, 2022. 2550:. February 1, 2013 2221:. January 7, 2009. 1717:. October 7, 1968. 1700:Alexander, p. 302. 1510:Martin E. Sullivan 1435: 1385:Bureau of Pensions 1360:modeled after the 1338: 1330: 1131:Frederick Douglass 1049:" (bust, 1789) by 1047:Alexander Hamilton 1013:Lansdowne portrait 1004: 996: 960: 935:Esperanza Spalding 838:A Fire in My Belly 810:A Fire in My Belly 806:William A. Donohue 790:A Fire in My Belly 744:Donald W. Reynolds 691:Lansdowne portrait 683: 679:Lansdowne portrait 651:Frederick Douglass 578: 534:Alexander Hamilton 464:were owned by the 450: 417:Cafritz Foundation 246: 4121: 4120: 3941:Folklife Festival 3910:Tropical Research 3166:. August 5, 2005. 3140:. April 25, 2005. 3101:. March 16, 2004. 2932:. April 28, 1968. 2871:. March 22, 1958. 2626:Levinthal, Dave. 2606:. April 25, 2006. 2506:on March 11, 2016 2205:. March 21, 2007. 2192:. March 14, 2001. 2083:. April 24, 1985. 1961:. April 10, 1979. 1895:. March 24, 1980. 1827:. April 13, 1979. 1814:. April 11, 1979. 1801:. April 12, 1979. 1788:. April 11, 1979. 1415:Dwight Eisenhower 1280:Alexander Gardner 1223:" (1804–1838) by 1213:" (1880–1884) by 1204:Martha Washington 1180:" (1800–1815) by 1148:Henry Cabot Lodge 1138:George Washington 1067:Benjamin Franklin 1041:Alexander Gardner 1018:George H. W. Bush 992:Benjamin Franklin 927:Edible Schoolyard 909:, the founder of 797:covered in ants. 785:David Wojnarowicz 649:and former slave 591:Alexander Gardner 549:Henry Cabot Lodge 462:Martha Washington 446:George Washington 296:, the founder of 254:American Pantheon 198: 197: 16:(Redirected from 4196: 3795:Portrait Gallery 3788:Global Volcanism 3685:American History 3628: 3621: 3614: 3605: 3577: 3576: 3574:Official website 3511:Sandler, Corey. 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3315: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3286:. Archived from 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3072:. Archived from 3061: 3055: 3054:. July 20, 2003. 3048: 3042: 3041:. June 23, 2001. 3035: 3029: 3022: 3011: 3010:. March 7, 2001. 3004: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2984:. April 1, 2000. 2978: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2958:. June 10, 1995. 2952: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2632:Business Insider 2623: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2600: 2591: 2584: 2573: 2572:. June 25, 2006. 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2540: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2409:. Archived from 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2317: 2311: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2164: 2158: 2151: 2142: 2135: 2126: 2125:. June 19, 2005. 2119: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2100:. April 24, 1985 2098:Associated Press 2090: 2084: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2043: 2036: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2007: 1998: 1987: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1924: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1889:Associated Press 1885: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1843:Associated Press 1839: 1828: 1821: 1815: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1775:. April 9, 1979. 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1740: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1691:. April 3, 1977. 1685: 1676: 1675:Schultz, p. 272. 1673: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1620: 1589: 1586: 1580: 1579:. June 13, 1999. 1573: 1541: 1538: 1249:Thomas Jefferson 1115:Beauford Delaney 1078:Joseph Duplessis 1075: 1072: 1061:Georgia O'Keeffe 1057:Beauford Delaney 911:Special Olympics 615:Ulysses S. Grant 518:Thomas Jefferson 466:Boston Athenaeum 361:S. Dillon Ripley 326:Henry Clay Frick 324:, steel magnate 286:Herbert L. Pratt 256:, also known as 210:Washington, D.C. 194: 191: 189: 187: 172: 167: 162: 154:Washington Metro 151: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 79:Washington, D.C. 51: 42: 35: 21: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4074: 4028: 3978: 3957: 3914: 3832: 3809: 3805:Women's History 3778:Barcode of Life 3773:Natural History 3702:American Indian 3678:Renwick Gallery 3637: 3632: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3479:Oehser, Paul H. 3419: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3398:Washington Post 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3370:Washington Post 3362: 3361: 3357: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3308:. May 23, 2008. 3306:Washington Post 3299: 3295: 3284:Washington Post 3277: 3276: 3272: 3266:Washington Post 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3203:Washington Post 3200: 3196: 3190:Washington Post 3187: 3183: 3177:Washington Post 3174: 3170: 3164:Washington Post 3161: 3157: 3153:. 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Ward 773: 771: 769: 765: 760: 756: 749: 747: 745: 740: 736: 731: 730: 725: 724:Fred W. Smith 720: 718: 714: 710: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 688: 680: 675: 668: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 631: 628: 624: 620: 616: 610: 608: 604: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 574: 570: 568: 567: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 543: 539: 538:John Trumbull 535: 531: 530:James Madison 527: 523: 519: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 494: 491: 487: 484: 478: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 443: 438: 431: 429: 427: 426: 422:In May 1978, 420: 418: 414: 410: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 387: 378: 376: 374: 370: 365: 362: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 341:Andrew Mellon 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 278: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 243: 242:Andrew Mellon 239: 232: 227: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 193: 183: 179: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 68: 64: 57: 50: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 4099: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3991:American Art 3989: 3969:Affiliations 3951:Global Sound 3859:Astrophysics 3825: 3794: 3673:American Art 3597:provided by 3587: 3558: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3417:Bibliography 3402:. Retrieved 3396: 3386: 3374:. Retrieved 3368: 3358: 3349: 3339: 3327:. Retrieved 3322: 3313: 3305: 3296: 3288:the original 3283: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3248:. Retrieved 3242: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3210: 3202: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3132: 3120:. Retrieved 3116: 3106: 3098: 3092: 3078:. Retrieved 3074:the original 3069: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3025: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2981: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2942: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2916: 2911: 2903: 2898: 2890: 2885: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2770:Dale, p. 47. 2766: 2757: 2752:Ross, p. 87. 2748: 2741:Acker, p. 14 2735: 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707: 2697: 2685:. Retrieved 2681: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2621: 2611: 2603: 2587: 2569: 2564: 2552:. Retrieved 2525: 2520: 2508:. Retrieved 2504:the original 2499: 2489: 2478: 2468: 2459:PBS Newshour 2457: 2448: 2437: 2427: 2415:. Retrieved 2411:the original 2397: 2385:. 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