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In the mid-19th century, a turnpike extension to
Baltimore was approved—along what is now Maryland Route 144 from Cumberland to Hancock, US 40 from Hancock to Hagerstown, Alternate US 40 from Hagerstown to Frederick, and Maryland Route 144 from Frederick to Baltimore. The approval process
964:
Today, travelers driving east from
Vandalia travel along modern US 40 through south-central Illinois. The National Road continued into Indiana along modern US 40, passing through the cities of Terre Haute and Indianapolis. Within Indianapolis, the National Road used the original alignment
496:
The contract for the construction of the first section was awarded to Henry McKinley on May 8, 1811, and construction began later that year, with the road reaching
Wheeling on August 1, 1818. For more than 100 years, a simple granite stone was the only marker of the road's beginning in Cumberland,
984:. The road then continued east across the Ohio River into Wheeling in West Virginia, the original western end of the National Road when it was first paved. After running 15 miles (24 km) in West Virginia, the National Road then entered Pennsylvania.
987:
The road cut across southwestern
Pennsylvania, heading southeast for about 90 miles (140 km) before entering Maryland. East of Keyser's Ridge, the road used modern Alt US 40 to the city of Cumberland (modern US 40 is now routed along
820:
in the United States still in use, although it has since been closed to vehicular traffic due to repeated overweight vehicles ignoring the weight limits and damaging the bridge. A newer bridge now carries the realigned US 40 and
2076:
2086:
591:
Maintenance costs on the
Cumberland Road were becoming more than Congress was willing to bear. In agreements with Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, the road was to be reconstructed and resurfaced. The section that ran over
873:
2091:
973:). East of Indianapolis, the road went through the city of Richmond before entering Ohio, where the road continued along modern US 40 and passed through the northern suburbs of Dayton, Springfield, and Columbus.
2081:
1286:
676:
In 1927, the
National Road was designated as the eastern part of US 40, which still generally follows the National Road's alignment with occasional bypasses, realignments, and newer bridges. The mostly parallel
626:, which at that time was the state's capital. Illinois officials decided not to continue construction without the federal funds because two state roads from Vandalia to the St. Louis area, today's US 40 and
2071:
1146:
1035:
Nicknamed the "Main Street of
America", the road's presence in towns on its route and effective access to surrounding towns attracted wealthy residents to build their houses along the road in towns such as in
1104:
1000:
362:
980:, despite US 40's predominantly following the original route, many segments of the original road can still be found. Between Old Washington and Morristown, the original roadbed has been overlaid by
528:
The
Wheeling Suspension Bridge across the Ohio River was completed in 1849 and was still in use by local traffic until its closure on September 24, 2019. The bridge is now limited to pedestrians only.
999:
The road's route between
Baltimore and Cumberland continues to use the name National Pike or Baltimore National Pike and as Main Street in Ohio today, with various portions now signed as US 40,
1056:
619:
of West
Virginia (then Virginia) to Wheeling. Construction of the National Road stopped in 1839. Much of the road through Indiana and Illinois remained unfinished and was transferred to the states.
945:, and passing into Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), 45 miles (72 km) away on the Ohio River. Subsequent efforts pushed the road across the states of Ohio and Indiana and into the
681:(I-70) now provides a faster route for through travel without the many sharp curves, steep grades, and narrow bridges of US 40 and other segments of the National Road. Heading west from
2056:
481:. The new Cumberland Road would replace the wagon and foot paths of the Braddock Road for travel between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, following roughly the same alignment until just east of
2051:
2111:
1182:
2061:
1379:
1142:
1391:
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On April 1, 1835, the section from Wheeling to Cumberland was transferred to Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia (now West Virginia). The last congressional
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1069:
377:
245:
1433:
532:
On May 15, 1820, Congress authorized an extension of the road to St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, and on March 3, 1825, across the Mississippi and to
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1364:
1349:
524:
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1958:
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was being built west from Baltimore to Cumberland, mostly along the Potomac River, and then by a more direct route than the National Road across the
1255:
941:
By 1818, travelers could press on, still following Chief Nemacolin's trail across the ford, or taking a ferry to West Brownsville, moving through
273:
607:
was made May 25, 1838, and in 1840, Congress voted against completing the unfinished portion of the road, with the deciding vote being cast by
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2006:
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Maryland. In June 2012, a monument and plaza were built in that town's Riverside Park, next to the historic original starting point.
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485:. From there, where the Braddock Road turned north towards Pittsburgh, the new National Road/Cumberland Road continued west to
477:
Construction of the Cumberland Road (which later became part of the longer National Road) was authorized on March 29, 1806, by
864:—some well-maintained, others deteriorating, and yet others represented by modern replacements—remain intact along the route.
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2001:
822:
53:
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20:
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1534:
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516:. Completed in 1824, these feeder routes formed what is referred to as an eastern extension of the federal National Road.
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934:-building emporium. Many settlers boarded boats there to travel down the Ohio and up the Missouri, or elsewhere on the
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349:
In the 20th century with the advent of the automobile, the National Road was connected with other historic routes to
75:
996:
was a hotly debated subject because of the removal of the original macadam construction that made this road famous.
906:, once followed and improved by a young George Washington, then also followed by the Braddock Expedition. Using the
716:, where the National Road and US 40 turn northwest into Pennsylvania, but I-68 continues directly west to meet
1264:
1019:, bears various local names, but is sometimes referred to as the Washington National Pike; it is now paralleled by
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380:. In 2002, the entire road, including extensions east to Baltimore and west to St. Louis, was designated the
1641:
1636:"A bridge to the 19th century: Falling water-level of Youghiogheny unearths ghost town, historical crossing"
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482:
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1955:
1583:"Original Contract Information For the Construction of the Cumberland Road / National Road – 1811 to 1812"
1398:
832:
777:
478:
64:
1848:
1762:
Parks, Greg (June 25, 1976). "Ceremony Designating National Road Civil Engineering Landmark Held Here".
1695:
1561:"U.S. Transportation Secretary Mineta Names 36 New National Scenic Byways, All-American Roads (6/13/02)"
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for thousands of settlers. When improved in the 1830s, it became the second U.S. road surfaced with the
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and the resulting economic depression, congressional funding ran dry and construction was stopped at
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2011:
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1997:
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1008:
911:
903:
604:
458:
442:
316:
571:, was at the time the world's longest bridge span at 1,010 feet (310 m) from tower to tower.
563:
In 1849, a bridge was completed to carry the National Road across the Ohio River at Wheeling. The
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611:. By that time, railroads were proving a better method of long-distance transportation, and the
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2016:
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1901:
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1462:
Hulbert, Archer B. (1920). Johnson, Allen; Jefferys, Charles W.; Lomer, Gerhard R. (eds.).
512:) with Baltimore, then the third-largest city in the country, and a major maritime port on
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1962:
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1977:
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There are several structures associated with the National Road that are listed on the
2035:
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1211:
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717:
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in western Maryland, I-70 takes a more northerly path to connect with and follow the
678:
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418:
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358:
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277:
269:
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1988:
1691:"Inn for the Night: Just past Ohio border, restored mansion awaits in Richmond, Ind"
1972:
406:
1560:
701:, where I-70 turns west to rejoin the National Road's route (and US 40) near
19:
This article is about the historic road of the United States. For other uses, see
1468:. The Chronicle of America Series. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1207:
756:
150:
31:
732:
276:. Built between 1811 and 1837, the 620-mile (1,000 km) road connected the
1409:
949:. The western terminus of the National Road at its greatest extent was at the
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596:, just west of Cumberland, was abandoned and a new road was built through the
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1909:
The National Road and the Difficult Path to Sustainable National Investment
1878:
788:—the bridge, and the adjacent town of Somerfield, Pennsylvania (which was
774:, it was the longest single-span stone arch bridge in America at the time.
1932:
1785:
918:. There, travelers could turn off to Pittsburgh or continue west through
724:. The portion of I-68 in Maryland is designated as the National Freeway.
500:
Beyond the National Road's eastern terminus at Cumberland and toward the
454:
312:
1941:
1868:
1060:
Plaque marking National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark designation
289:
1937:
1465:
The Paths of Inland Commerce: a chronicle of trail, road, and waterway
365:(Alt. US 40) designation, or various state-road numbers (such as
2026:
914:
entered southwestern Pennsylvania, reaching the Allegheny Plateau in
2022:
National Register of Historic Places nomination form – West Virginia
1505:
2017:
National Register of Historic Places nomination form – Pennsylvania
1946:
2077:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
1978:
The National Old Trails Road Part 1: The Quest for a National Road
1055:
885:
877:
770: – Built in 1813–1814 to carry the road across the
743:
731:
641:
578:
523:
508:
were constructed, connecting the National Road (also known as the
468:
2087:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
1968:
1838:
1784:. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from
816:
in the world until 1851, and until 2019 was the oldest vehicular
1950:
1585:. The Cumberland Road Project. February 16, 2010. Archived from
874:
U.S. Route 40 Alternate (Keyser's Ridge – Cumberland, Maryland)
712:
parallels the old road from Hancock through Cumberland west to
659:, which would extend further east to New York City and west to
1928:
992:). Cumberland was the original eastern terminus of the road.
882:
The S Bridge on the National Road east of Old Washington, Ohio
796:(though still visible at times of extremely low water levels).
25:
2092:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
433:), an important trading and military point where the city of
2082:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
655:
In 1912, the National Road was chosen to become part of the
1670:. Richmond / Wayne County IN Convention and Visitors Bureau
1867:
Raitz, Karl B.; Thompson, George F.; Pauer, Gyula (1996).
651:
monument along the Old National Road in Vandalia, Illinois
2072:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
1161:
on October 12, 1948, October 12, 1948, and May 19, 1996.
437:
now stands. It received its name during the colonial-era
1924:
American Society of Civil Engineers landmark information
828:
Three of the road's original toll houses are preserved:
369:
for several sections between Baltimore and Cumberland).
461:, an attempt to assault the French-held Fort Duquesne.
1610:"A drive into the past on the Illinois National Road"
1751:. Institute of Transportation Engineers. p. 9.
1719:"A look at another Springfield - Springfield, Ohio"
1149:noting the historic importance of the road: one in
473:
Marker at the start of the Cumberland National Road
218:
204:
199:
185:
175:
170:
162:
157:
132:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
930:, which was by then a major outfitting center and
2057:Roads on the National Register of Historic Places
898:In general, the road climbed westwards along the
587:west of Cumberland, part of the realigned routing
361:(US 40), with various portions bearing the
2027:125 M to B: The National Pike and National Road
1563:(Press release). Federal Highway Administration
445:in Europe), when it was constructed by British
2052:Historic trails and roads in the United States
1506:"Bird's Eye View of Cumberland, Maryland 1906"
910:, its first phase of construction crossed the
800:Another remaining National Road bridge is the
357:. Today, much of the alignment is followed by
268:) was the first major improved highway in the
1965:– by the West Virginia Department of Commerce
1143:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
759:also remain on former alignments, including:
536:. Work on the extension between Wheeling and
8:
1224:National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
1070:National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
808:. Opened in 1849 to carry the road over the
622:Federal construction of the road stopped at
457:militia regiment in the ill-fated July 1755
378:National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark
1434:National Register of Historic Places portal
755:Many of the National Road's original stone
299:Construction began heading west in 1811 at
2007:The National Old Trails Road Photo Gallery
894:, with the National Road in the background
784:—built in 1818 to carry the road over the
673:, were erected along the Old Trails Road.
326:The road has also been referred to as the
1778:"National Road – PHMC Historical Markers"
1249:Mile markers 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 in
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2112:1811 establishments in the United States
1256:National Road Corridor Historic District
1214:. Completed in 1839, it was designed by
1747:Institute of Traffic Engineers (1976).
1454:
1342:
969:(modern US 40 is now routed along
748:Mile marker along the National Road in
548:, and was completed in 1833 to the new
413:, the limit of navigation on the upper
1839:"National Register Information System"
740:in western Maryland, completed in 1814
315:, 63 miles (101 km) northeast of
129:
1929:National Road Association of Illinois
1355:Petersburg Tollhouse, National Road,
1222:. Still in use, the bridge is also a
1220:United States Army Corps of Engineers
556:, and in 1838 to the college town of
417:, and the French military station at
284:and was a main transport path to the
7:
2062:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
1844:National Register of Historic Places
1533:Longfellow, Rickie (June 27, 2017).
1077:National Register of Historic Places
671:Daughters of the American Revolution
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1634:Lowry, Patricia (January 7, 1999).
1179:Fort Necessity National Battlefield
1066:American Society of Civil Engineers
374:American Society of Civil Engineers
1873:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1188:Searights Tollhouse, National Road
1068:designated the National Road as a
965:of US 40 along West and East
957:, near the intersection of modern
376:designated the National Road as a
303:, on the Potomac River. After the
14:
1938:Indiana National Road Association
1535:"The National Road: Back in Time"
1370:Red Brick Tavern, National Road,
449:, who was accompanied by Colonel
2067:History of Cumberland, MD-WV MSA
1608:Selbert, Pamela (May 30, 2004).
1541:. Federal Highway Administration
1426:
1412:
1390:
1378:
1363:
1348:
441:of 1753–1763 (also known as the
149:
135:
30:
2012:Ohio National Road driving tour
1969:National Road Heritage Corridor
1911:. University of Delaware Press.
1810:Great American Bridges and Dams
1291:Lafayette, Madison County, Ohio
1234:Washington County, Pennsylvania
1157:on April 1, 1949, and three in
943:Washington County, Pennsylvania
922:and reach navigable water, the
693:) across the mountains between
332:Cumberland–Brownsville Turnpike
41:needs additional citations for
16:Early American improved highway
2002:Federal Highway Administration
1956:National Road in West Virginia
1947:Ohio National Road Association
1183:Wharton Township, Pennsylvania
708:The more recently constructed
292:process pioneered by Scotsman
1:
1717:Roy, Norm (October 9, 2009).
1329:Old Stone Arch, National Road
1013:Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
916:Somerset County, Pennsylvania
862:Old National Pike Milestones
425:, (at the confluence of the
1807:Jackson, Donald C. (1988).
1385:Mile markers, West Virginia
1153:on August 10, 1947, one in
613:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
504:coast, a series of private
493:), also on the Ohio River.
2128:
2102:9th United States Congress
1994:The Historic National Road
1782:Historical Marker Database
1313:James Whitcomb Riley House
1267:in Wheeling, West Virginia
1265:Wheeling Suspension Bridge
871:
802:Wheeling Suspension Bridge
792:) are under the waters of
669:monuments, donated by the
565:Wheeling Suspension Bridge
18:
1985:(Baltimore to Cumberland)
1961:November 5, 2012, at the
1723:masslive (The Republican)
1201:Brownsville, Pennsylvania
1114:Inns on the National Road
1079:. Some are listed below.
928:Brownsville, Pennsylvania
825:across the river nearby.
814:largest suspension bridge
722:Morgantown, West Virginia
223:
214:
195:
148:
1444:(Ocean-to-Ocean Highway)
1442:National Old Trails Road
1238:Claysville, Pennsylvania
890:Madonna of the Trail in
782:Confluence, Pennsylvania
714:Keyser's Ridge, Maryland
703:Washington, Pennsylvania
657:National Old Trails Road
634:Road), already existed.
540:, used the pre-existing
534:Jefferson City, Missouri
506:toll roads and turnpikes
355:National Old Trails Road
1642:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1304:Hudleston Farmhouse Inn
1260:Wheeling, West Virginia
1192:Uniontown, Pennsylvania
1175:Mount Washington Tavern
1105:U.S. Route 40 Alternate
1025:Capital Beltway (I-495)
855:Uniontown, Pennsylvania
806:Wheeling, West Virginia
794:Youghiogheny River Lake
661:Los Angeles, California
483:Uniontown, Pennsylvania
447:General Edward Braddock
405:had been opened by the
363:Alternate U.S. Route 40
334:(or Road or Pike), the
305:Financial Panic of 1837
1907:Sky, Theodore (2012).
1668:Visit Richmond Indiana
1486:. ElectricScotland.com
1399:Clark Center, Illinois
1127:Casselman River Bridge
1061:
895:
883:
860:Additionally, several
833:La Vale Tollgate House
778:Great Crossings Bridge
764:Casselman River Bridge
752:
741:
738:Casselman River Bridge
652:
588:
529:
474:
382:Historic National Road
311:, the then-capital of
2107:Scenic byways in Ohio
1849:National Park Service
1696:The Columbus Dispatch
1511:World Digital Library
1480:"John Loudon MacAdam"
1357:Addison, Pennsylvania
1308:Mount Auburn, Indiana
1197:Dunlap's Creek Bridge
1170:Addison, Pennsylvania
1131:Grantsville, Maryland
1122:Grantsville, Maryland
1089:Sixty-nine milestones
1059:
1052:Historic designations
936:Mississippi watershed
902:trail known as Chief
889:
881:
846:Addison, Pennsylvania
768:Grantsville, Maryland
747:
735:
728:Historical structures
687:Pennsylvania Turnpike
645:
582:
527:
472:
439:French and Indian War
1983:Maryland's Bank Road
1664:"About Wayne County"
1287:The Red Brick Tavern
1166:Petersburg Tollhouse
1118:Cumberland, Maryland
1109:U.S. Route 40 Scenic
842:Petersburg Tollhouse
689:(also designated as
666:Madonna of the Trail
648:Madonna of the Trail
421:at the forks of the
301:Cumberland, Maryland
180:Cumberland, Maryland
50:improve this article
1971:– National Road in
1949:– National Road in
1940:– National Road in
1931:– National Road in
1788:on December 7, 2013
1749:Traffic Engineering
1727:Advance Local Media
1589:on October 13, 2014
1397:Abandoned part at
1317:Greenfield, Indiana
1230:Claysville S Bridge
1145:has installed five
1009:Frederick, Maryland
912:Allegheny Mountains
851:Searights Tollhouse
630:(known then as the
459:Braddock expedition
328:Cumberland Turnpike
264:(also known as the
2047:All-American Roads
1764:New Concord Leader
1333:Marshall, Illinois
1147:historical markers
1097:Maryland Route 165
1093:Maryland Route 144
1062:
1046:Millionaires' Rows
1030:
1017:Maryland Route 355
1005:Maryland Route 144
955:Vandalia, Illinois
947:Illinois Territory
908:Cumberland Narrows
896:
884:
786:Youghiogheny River
753:
742:
653:
628:Illinois Route 140
624:Vandalia, Illinois
598:Cumberland Narrows
589:
585:Cumberland Narrows
575:Transfer to states
530:
520:Westward extension
487:Wheeling, Virginia
475:
431:Monongahela Rivers
367:Maryland Route 144
309:Vandalia, Illinois
294:John Loudon McAdam
274:federal government
190:Vandalia, Illinois
1902:restricted access
1870:The National Road
1851:. March 15, 2006.
1813:. Wiley. p.
1689:Stephens, Steve.
1484:Significant Scots
1420:U.S. Roads portal
1218:and built by the
1216:Richard Delafield
1155:Washington County
1042:Springfield, Ohio
1038:Richmond, Indiana
1031:Millionaires' Row
1007:. A spur between
967:Washington Street
924:Monongahela River
892:Richmond, Indiana
868:Route description
837:La Vale, Maryland
818:suspension bridge
638:Subsequent events
617:Allegheny Plateau
594:Haystack Mountain
569:Charles Ellet Jr.
558:Springfield, Ohio
510:Old National Pike
451:George Washington
386:All-American Road
353:under the title,
344:National Turnpike
321:Mississippi River
258:
257:
158:Route information
126:
125:
118:
100:
2119:
1998:America's Byways
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1177:adjacent to the
978:Zanesville, Ohio
961:and US 40.
904:Nemacolin's Path
538:Zanesville, Ohio
443:Seven Years' War
409:in 1751 between
153:
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2116:
2032:
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2000:website of the
1963:Wayback Machine
1920:
1915:
1906:
1889:
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1860:Further reading
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1282:Cambridge, Ohio
1274:
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1151:Somerset County
1139:
1091:in Maryland on
1085:
1054:
1033:
1027:and Frederick.
1001:Alt. US 40
951:Kaskaskia River
876:
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772:Casselman River
730:
640:
577:
522:
467:
465:Cumberland Road
411:Fort Cumberland
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336:Cumberland Pike
266:Cumberland Road
241:National Forest
171:Major junctions
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143:
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65:"National Road"
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550:state capital
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419:Fort Duquesne
416:
415:Potomac River
412:
408:
404:
403:Braddock Road
397:Braddock Road
396:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:In 1976, the
370:
368:
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359:U.S. Route 40
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341:
340:National Pike
337:
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272:built by the
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262:National Road
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228:Scenic Byways
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186:West end
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142:National Road
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117:
109:
98:
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91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
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70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
21:National road
1973:Pennsylvania
1908:
1869:
1842:
1833:
1809:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1781:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1722:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1694:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1603:
1593:February 12,
1591:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1555:
1545:February 25,
1543:. Retrieved
1538:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1464:
1457:
1278:Peacock Road
1203:, the first
1140:
1137:Pennsylvania
1074:
1063:
1034:
1023:between the
998:
994:
986:
975:
963:
940:
897:
859:
827:
799:
757:arch bridges
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707:
675:
664:
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542:Zane's Trace
531:
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407:Ohio Company
400:
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298:
265:
261:
259:
226:
166:1811–present
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1996:, from the
1792:December 9,
1208:arch bridge
1044:, creating
699:New Stanton
319:across the
282:Ohio Rivers
2036:Categories
1732:August 17,
1702:August 17,
1674:August 17,
1567:August 23,
1449:References
959:US 51
900:Amerindian
872:See also:
810:Ohio River
695:Breezewood
609:Henry Clay
435:Pittsburgh
423:Ohio River
351:California
342:, and the
76:newspapers
1205:cast iron
932:riverboat
920:Uniontown
427:Allegheny
317:St. Louis
106:June 2012
1959:Archived
1933:Illinois
1897:33667988
1648:July 17,
1518:July 22,
1490:June 19,
1406:See also
1323:Illinois
1083:Maryland
976:West of
502:Atlantic
479:Congress
455:Virginia
313:Illinois
236:National
200:Location
1942:Indiana
1339:Gallery
1331:, near
1298:Indiana
1236:, near
1210:in the
1199:, near
853:, near
683:Hancock
663:. Five
544:of old
453:of the
392:History
290:macadam
278:Potomac
205:Country
163:Existed
90:scholar
1895:
1885:
1821:
1619:May 7,
1514:. 1906
1120:, and
1107:, and
1040:, and
1015:, now
1011:, and
338:, the
330:, the
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1190:, in
1129:near
1021:I-270
1003:, or
971:I-465
926:, at
844:, in
835:, in
790:razed
780:near
766:near
720:near
632:Alton
489:(now
384:, an
97:JSTOR
83:books
1951:Ohio
1893:OCLC
1883:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1794:2013
1734:2021
1704:2021
1676:2021
1650:2017
1640:The
1621:2020
1595:2016
1569:2013
1547:2019
1520:2013
1492:2010
1272:Ohio
1141:The
1095:and
990:I-68
982:I-70
823:I-70
736:The
718:I-79
710:I-68
697:and
691:I-76
583:The
429:and
401:The
286:West
280:and
260:The
69:news
1875:hdl
1815:142
1315:in
1306:in
1289:in
1280:in
1258:in
1232:in
1181:in
1168:in
1116:in
953:in
804:at
552:of
251:NPS
246:BLM
52:by
2038::
1891:.
1881:.
1847:.
1841:.
1817:.
1780:.
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1103:,
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323:.
296:.
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1877::
1827:.
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1522:.
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1226:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
