326:
344:, where the League's local branch was involved in a flurry of activism. In 1914, the BWTUL organized the downtown office cleaners into a union which was recognized and chartered by the AFL. In 1915, it worked directly with the AFL on behalf of candy workers in the city. During the campaign, the BWTUL was able to significantly increase wages for the workers, though not without some clash with the AFL. Five years later, in 1920, the BWTUL followed up on this success by organizing a union for predominately marginalized service workers, mostly young women who worked at newsstands.
52:
281:
the shirtwaist workers' demands and the sweatshop conditions they were fighting. Rose
Schneiderman in particular led efforts during the great garment strike of 1909. Working with the League's New York City branch, the NYWTUL, she was able to successfully organize over one-hundred shirtwaist makers, coordinated events which helped fund the strike, and persuaded women to join their local branch of the
261:
355:. The former employed mostly white women, while the latter predominantly African-American women. The WTUL strike came to both groups' aid, helping organize a population which had been historically on the outside of labor organization. The strikes were conducted to protest the employers' inaction in raising the minimum wage from 14–15 cents an hour to the
461:
This is not the first time girls have been burned alive in the city. Every week I must learn of the untimely death of one of my sister workers. Every year thousands of us are maimed. The life of men and women is so cheap and property is so sacred. There are so many of us for one job it matters little
455:
I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here to talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of the public and we have found you wanting. The old
Inquisition had its rack and its thumbscrews and its instruments of torture with iron teeth. We know what these things are today;
497:
What the woman who labors wants is the right to live, not simply exist—the right to life as the rich woman has the right to life, and the sun and music and art. You have nothing that the humblest worker has not a right to have also. The worker must have bread, but she must have roses, too. Help, you
467:
We have tried you citizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple of dollars for the sorrowing mothers, brothers and sisters by way of a charity gift. But every time the workers come out in the only way they know to protest against conditions which are unbearable the strong hand of the law is
378:
and in many other actions in Iowa, Massachusetts, Missouri and
Wisconsin. By 1912, however, the WTUL began to distance itself from the labor movement, supporting strike action selectively when it approved of the leadership's strategy and criticizing the male-dominated leadership of the ILGWU that it
215:
The WTUL counted a diverse group of people amongst their ranks, from educated women reformers of a mostly white, Protestant, and native-born background, to young women workers which included a large number of immigrants, namely Jews, Italians, and Irish. Among the more affluent of their numbers were
198:
Due to the nature of its very inception, the WTUL was inexorably intertwined with the AFL, and spent much of its early years trying to cultivate ties with the AFL leadership. Without the approval of organized labor, the WTUL would not succeed, and the AFL being the biggest player meant that, for the
280:
shirtwaist workers' strike, by providing a headquarters for the strike, raising money for relief funds, soup kitchens and bail for picketers, providing witnesses and legal defense for arrested picketers, joining the strikers on the picket line, and organizing mass meetings and marches to publicize
251:
The heyday of the League came between 1907 and 1922 under the presidency of
Margaret Dreier Robins. During that period, the WTUL led the drive to organize women workers into unions, secured protective legislation, and educated the public on the problems and needs of working women.
321:
strikebreakers to defeat the strike, others in the black community actively encouraged black workers to cross the picket lines. Even so, the strike produced some limited gains for workers, while giving both the WTUL and women garment workers a practical education in organizing.
179:, he had come to the conclusion that the unionization of working class women was the future of the reform movement. In 1903, he went to England to study the British WTUL directly, which was founded in 1874. Later that year, Walling returned to America, attending the Annual
293:
views and actions during the strike also highlighted the tenuous relationship between the wage earners and the middle-class women which made up the WTUL. These distinctions split strikers from their upper-class benefactors as well: a contingent of strikers challenged
492:
in 1920. The WTUL saw suffrage as a way to gain protective legislation for women and to provide them with the dignity and other less tangible benefits that followed from political equality. Schneiderman coined an evocative phrase in campaigning for suffrage in 1912:
325:
410:
in
Chicago, New York and other eastern urban centers, which was outside the AFL. The WTUL trained women as labor leaders and organizers at its school founded in Chicago in 1914 and played a key role in bringing Italian garment workers into the union in New York.
163:, which brought together middle and upper class reformers with working class women to live in settlement houses in an effort to provide them assistance. However, reformers began to notice the constraints of this system. One of these reformers, American Socialist
473:
Public officials have only words of warning to us – warning that we must be intensely peaceable, and they have the workhouse just back of all their warnings. The strong hand of the law beats us back, when we rise, into the conditions that make life
359:-mandated 31 cents. Engaging in long periods of protesting and picketing, the activists of the WTUL were subjected to brutalization by both police and strikebreakers, in addition to the harsh New York winter. Indeed, conditions were so bad that
199:
League's purposes, the two were one and the same. Despite many of their organizers having previously worked for or with the AFL at some point, the AFL leadership generally ignored the League. Still, the League did push the AFL towards a pro-
2338:
207:
In the early years, it was important to the WTUL to establish a primary mission and central concerns and issues to focus on. Chief among these was the League's dedication to organizing women into trade unions and ensuring successful
479:
I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to the working people to save themselves. The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working-class
203:
position and did manage to organize more women into the
Federation than at any previous time. The relationship between the two organizations was marred with inconsistency, "marked by both moments of embrace and dismissal."
456:
the iron teeth are our necessities, the thumbscrews are the high-powered and swift machinery close to which we must work, and the rack is here in the firetrap structures that will destroy us the minute they catch on fire.
446:
in which twenty-five garment workers were killed, not only galvanized public opinion on the subject, but also exposed the fissures between the League's well-heeled supporters and its working class militants, such as
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The garment strikes did not end in New York City, as
Chicago too became embroiled in the trend. From 1910 to 1911, the Chicago branch of the WTUL helped organize the garment workers' strike against
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and the conservative leadership of the AFL also viewed such legislation with hostility, but for a different reason: they believed by that point that legislation of this sort interfered with
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workers crossed the picket lines in large numbers and the strikers lacked the resources to hold out longer than the employers. In addition, although activists within the WTUL, including
3203:
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1944:
1459:
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drafted by the NWP after the passage of the
Nineteenth Amendment on the ground that it would undo the protective legislation that the WTUL had fought so hard to obtain.
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3229:
3026:
3130:
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toward economic legislation at the time, only legislation that singled out women and children for special protections survived challenges to its constitutionality.
2303:
1727:
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435:, both by usurping the role of unions in obtaining better wages and working conditions and in setting a precedent for governmental intrusion into the area.
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conditions. The WTUL played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first two decades of the twentieth century that established the
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3151:
1429:
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for them. The WTUL also emphasized the passing of labor standardization legislation as well as promoting the education of women in the workforce.
144:
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3551:
502:
Her phrase "bread and roses", recast as "We want bread and roses too", became the slogan of the largely immigrant, largely women workers of the
2343:
2255:
1701:
337:(HSM). The CWTUL helped coordinate 20,000 women in the strike and, in the end, accomplished their goal of improved standards in the workplace.
3359:
3255:
2828:
2408:
2378:
2363:
2029:
1737:
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520:
The WTUL focused increasingly on legislation in the 1920s and thereafter. Its leadership, in particular
Schneiderman, were supporters of the
399:; some WTUL leaders complied, while others refused, denouncing both the AFL and the WTUL for its acquiescence in strikebreaking activities.
329:
1st
International Congress of Working Women called by the National Women's Trade Union League of America, Washington, D.C., October 28, 1919
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2328:
1823:
1503:
576:
268:
The League supported a number of strikes in the first few years of its existence, including the 1907 telegrapher's strike organized by the
3270:
2527:
2444:
1381:
285:(ILGWU). Some observers made light of the upper-class women members of the WTUL who picketed alongside garment workers, calling them the "
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2413:
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1962:
1906:
1855:
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1845:
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31:
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1957:
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1116:
Norwood, Stephen H. (2009). "Organizing the neglected worker: the Women's Trade Union League in New York and Boston, 1930–1950".
439:
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1982:
615:
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1314:
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658:"Working Women or Women Workers? The Women's Trade Union League and the Transformation of the American Constitutional Order"
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A related organization was the Women's Education and Industrial Union (WEIU), which employed female researchers such as
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370:
The WTUL played a similar role in the strike of mostly male cloakmakers in New York City and men clothing workers in
513:, with its more individualistic, rights-oriented approach to woman's equality. The WTUL was strongly opposed to the
451:. As Schneiderman said in her speech at the memorial meeting held in the Metropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911:
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The NYWTUL also continued its organizing into the 1930s, helping organize strikes against Sunshine Laundry in
2990:
2812:
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2195:
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1951:
1203:
536:
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225:
98:
2879:
2403:
2383:
1696:
1319:
921:"From Socialism to Social Justice Feminism: Rose Schneiderman and the Quest for Urban Equity, 1911-1933"
778:
Common sense & a little fire : women and working-class politics in the United States, 1900-1965
432:
209:
17:
2629:
2619:
131:
organization of both working class and more well-off women to support the efforts of women to organize
1078:
As Equals and As Sisters: Feminism, the Labor Movement, and the Women's Trade Union League of New York
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2537:
2131:
2100:
2039:
1893:
1263:
51:
2874:
2681:
1999:
1676:
1243:
989:
817:"Organizing the neglected worker: the Women's Trade Union League in New York and Boston, 1930–1950"
160:
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in 1911 in which 146 workers were killed. That fire, which had been preceded by a similar fire in
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2009:
1789:
1233:
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Eleanor Roosevelt (herself a member of the NYWTUL since 1922) personally provided members of the
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1150:
Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900–1965
1022:
183:(AFL) convention. It was here that the organization was created, with its first president being
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2014:
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318:
228:, and Mary Morton Kehew, while the working class members of the WTUL included figures like
1987:
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1449:
1168:
Plumb, Milton M. (1951). "Records of the National Women's Trade Union League of America".
637:
548:
310:
221:
438:
The WTUL was also active in demanding safe working conditions, both before and after the
379:
saw as unrepresentative of women workers. The WTUL's semi-official relationship with the
406:, the union formed by the most militant locals of mostly immigrant workers in the men's
2577:
2542:
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1794:
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1757:
1747:
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The WTUL also began to work actively for women's suffrage, in close coalition with the
428:
420:
873:
Reform, Labor, and Feminism: Margaret Dreier Robins and the Women's Trade Union League
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605:
245:
176:
128:
82:
1098:
Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I
1096:
419:
At this time the WTUL also began to work for legislative reforms, in particular the
367:
to help protect strikers and prevent unlawful conduct by police and strikebreakers.
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600:
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295:
286:
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132:
260:
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241:
188:
657:
423:, the minimum wage and protective legislation. Because of the hostility of the
2339:
Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
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796:
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673:
360:
192:
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944:
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761:
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722:
681:
1972:
753:
375:
290:
136:
1219:
960:"Sidelined: The Chicago Women's Trade Union League in the Interwar Years"
521:
200:
1181:
1060:
3077:
371:
172:
776:
341:
1039:
Amsterdam, Susan (1982). "The National Women's Trade Union League".
1052:
2698:
Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
2188:
990:"About the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL): Pro-Labor Feminists"
324:
314:
302:
259:
2428:
3136:
Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
2244:
1192:
896:
The British and American Women's Trade Union Leagues, 1890–1925
532:, a member of the WTUL since 1923. The WTUL dissolved in 1950.
387:, an AFL affiliate, insisted that it stop providing relief for
187:, a labor and social reformer from Boston, and vice president
2309:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
1188:
847:"Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) | American organization"
3463:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
2225:
Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
391:
textile workers who refused to return to work during the
964:
Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas
3517:
Women's political advocacy groups in the United States
498:
women of privilege, give her the ballot to fight with.
490:
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
301:
The strike was, however, less than wholly successful:
3522:
Women's suffrage advocacy groups in the United States
3204:
General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
2933:
Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
2508:
California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
1945:
Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain
697:"International Women's Trade Unionism and Education"
572:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
509:
The WTUL was, on the other hand, mistrustful of the
272:. The WTUL played a critical role in supporting the
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3451:
3425:
3400:
3384:
3368:
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3321:
3309:
3243:
3217:
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2888:
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2768:
2747:
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2607:
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2500:
2469:
2453:
2437:
2286:
2279:
2079:
2053:
1812:
1710:
1654:
1546:
1307:
1226:
607:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
105:
92:
74:
66:
58:
3209:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
1153:. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
876:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp.
610:. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications, Gale Group.
599:
298:concerning her reasons for supporting the strike.
2734:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
2374:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
3557:Women's organizations based in the United States
2776:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building
317:that year and fought the employers' plan to use
159:The roots of the WTUL can be traced back to the
2230:Music and women's suffrage in the United States
1851:Women's suffrage organizations and publications
524:and had a particularly close connection to the
374:in 1910, in the 1911 garment workers strike in
2304:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches
1738:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)
1080:. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
402:The League had a closer relationship with the
2256:
1204:
701:International Labor and Working-Class History
539:to research the working conditions of women.
8:
3131:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
486:National American Woman Suffrage Association
283:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
264:WTUL float, Labor Day parade, New York, 1908
141:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
37:
3532:1950 disestablishments in the United States
3479:
3455:
3429:
2860:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society
2283:
2263:
2249:
2241:
1881:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial
1550:
1211:
1197:
1189:
36:
27:U.S. labor rights organization (1903–1950)
2214:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar
1170:Quarterly Journal of Current Acquisitions
1023:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501376
712:
662:Studies in American Political Development
3048:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs
2896:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo
2755:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
2294:American Association of University Women
1785:1920 United States presidential election
736:Boris, Eileen; Orleck, Annelise (2011).
340:The WTUL was also active in cities like
270:Commercial Telegraphers Union of America
18:National Women's Trade Union League
2928:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
2025:Women's Rights National Historical Park
587:
404:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
145:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
1702:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
919:McGuire, John Thomas (November 2009).
633:
623:
557:, President of Boston WTUL (1915–1918)
468:allowed to press down heavily upon us.
313:, were also among the founders of the
2865:New England Woman's Press Association
2419:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
2379:National Society of New England Women
2364:National Association of Colored Women
1743:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)
1558:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
488:, in the years before passage of the
7:
3547:Progressive Era in the United States
2797:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs
2329:Daughters of the American Revolution
2096:"The March of the Women" (1910 song)
1824:List of suffragists and suffragettes
1687:Women's Coronation Procession (1911)
810:
808:
806:
651:
649:
647:
167:, was the first to take note of the
2834:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
2429:Young Women's Christian Association
2399:United Daughters of the Confederacy
2344:General Federation of Women's Clubs
2324:Daughters of the American Colonists
781:. UNC Press Books. pp. 31–50.
351:, Brooklyn and Colonial Laundry in
3256:Texas Association of Women's Clubs
3251:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
2829:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore
2409:Women's Christian Temperance Union
2066:National Voting Rights Museum (US)
2030:Women's Suffrage National Monument
1846:Historiography of the Suffragettes
1800:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)
656:Martens, Allison M. (2009-09-25).
171:. Working in settlement houses in
30:For the British organisation, see
25:
3512:Trade unions in the United States
3276:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
3271:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs
2414:Women's National Republican Club
1958:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
738:"Feminism and the Labor Movement"
462:if 146 of us are burned to death.
3527:Trade unions established in 1903
3266:Texas Equal Suffrage Association
3068:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)
2369:National Council of Jewish Women
2109:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)
1907:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
1753:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)
1723:Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
601:"Kehew, Mary Morton (1859–1918)"
440:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
50:
2713:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club
2394:United States Daughters of 1812
1922:Kate Sheppard National Memorial
1682:Battle of Downing Street (1910)
1325:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act
415:Support for legislative reforms
397:Industrial Workers of the World
289:". Furthermore, Schneiderman's
32:Women's Trade Union League (UK)
3261:Texas Equal Rights Association
2445:Alabama's Colored Women's Club
1733:Ohio Women's Convention (1850)
1718:Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
870:Payne, Elizabeth Anne (1988).
577:Women's suffrage organizations
1:
894:Jacoby, Robin Miller (1994).
151:among men and women workers.
3073:Newswomen's Club of New York
2548:Hollywood Women's Press Club
2354:Ladies' Memorial Association
1839:in majority-Muslim countries
1829:Timeline of women's suffrage
1768:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)
1697:Open Christmas Letter (1914)
1646:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
1101:. New York: The Free Press.
695:Cobble, Dorothy Sue (2016).
567:Timeline of women's suffrage
563:, officer of WTUL in Chicago
504:1912 Lawrence textile strike
381:American Federation of Labor
256:Support for union organizing
181:American Federation of Labor
112:American Federation of Labor
2334:Daughters of the Cincinnati
2314:Colonial Dames XVII Century
2209:New Zealand ten-dollar note
1876:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue)
1790:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
1728:Rochester Convention (1848)
1513:Constitutional amendments:
1299:Women's liberation movement
1017:. Oxford University Press.
425:United States Supreme Court
383:was also strained when the
3578:
3552:Women's Trade Union League
3360:University Club of Seattle
3315:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
2646:Atlanta Neighborhood Union
2424:Women's Trade Union League
2389:Queen Isabella Association
1748:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)
1076:Dye, Nancy Schrom (1980).
947:– via SAGE Journals.
121:Women's Trade Union League
44:Women's Trade Union League
38:Women's Trade Union League
29:
3482:
3458:
3432:
2319:Colonial Dames of America
2216:(2020 U.S. commemorative)
2035:International Women's Day
1553:
1147:Orleck, Annelise (1995).
1132:10.1080/00236560902826071
1095:Foner, Philip S. (1979).
833:10.1080/00236560902826071
815:Norwood, Stephen (2009).
775:Orleck, Annelise (2017).
714:10.1017/s0147547916000089
674:10.1017/s0898588x09990034
161:settlement house movement
49:
42:
2870:New England Women's Club
2119:Women's suffrage in film
2090:The Women's Marseillaise
1978:Suffragette Handkerchief
1856:Women's rights activists
1636:Hong Kong 1 July marches
976:10.1215/15476715-7127238
937:10.1177/0096144209347990
925:Journal of Urban History
335:Hart, Schaffner and Marx
276:, the New York City and
2299:American Woman's League
2220:2020 US ten-dollar bill
2204:Susan B. Anthony dollar
2141:Not for Ourselves Alone
1763:Suffrage Special (1916)
1692:Great Pilgrimage (1913)
1641:2014 Hong Kong protests
1239:Right to run for office
851:Encyclopedia Britannica
754:10.4179/nlf.201.0000006
528:administration through
389:Lawrence, Massachusetts
165:William English Walling
147:and in campaigning for
3562:Women and trade unions
2855:College Club of Boston
2781:Woman's Club of Topeka
2708:Fortnightly of Chicago
2359:League of Women Voters
1887:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1536:1965 Voting Rights Act
537:Louise Marion Bosworth
515:Equal Rights Amendment
511:National Woman's Party
385:United Textile Workers
330:
274:Uprising of the 20,000
265:
230:Mary Kenney O'Sullivan
226:Margaret Dreier Robins
99:Margaret Dreier Robins
3487:List of women's clubs
3476:List of women's clubs
3157:Colored Women's Clubs
3053:Brooklyn Woman's Club
2880:Saturday Morning Club
2404:United Order of Tents
2384:Phillis Wheatley Club
1868:Belmont–Paul Monument
1795:Freedom Summer (1964)
1672:Women's Sunday (1908)
1041:Social Service Review
1013:Hoy, Suellen (2015).
898:. New York: Carlson.
433:collective bargaining
328:
263:
210:collective bargaining
3230:Country Woman's Club
2703:Chicago Woman's Club
2651:Atlanta Woman's Club
2523:College Women's Club
2274:in the United States
2133:Shoulder to Shoulder
2102:The Mother of Us All
2045:Women's Equality Day
2040:Susan B. Anthony Day
1894:Suffragette Memorial
1499:District of Columbia
1269:Non-resident citizen
958:Hoy, Sullen (2018).
127:) (1903–1950) was a
3542:Working class women
3537:Women in technology
2682:Daughters of Hawaii
2000:Hunger Strike Medal
1677:Black Friday (1910)
107:Parent organization
39:
2513:Berkeley City Club
2143:(1999 documentary)
2010:Suffrage jewellery
1234:Universal suffrage
978:– via EBSCO.
835:– via EBSCO.
764:– via JSTOR.
444:Newark, New Jersey
353:Bedford-Stuyvesant
331:
307:William E. Walling
266:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3471:
3470:
3447:
3446:
3421:
3420:
3413:Women's City Club
3225:19th Century Club
3183:Cosmopolitan Club
3083:Women's City Club
3063:Cosmopolitan Club
2965:20th Century Club
2568:Metropolitan Club
2238:
2237:
2149:Iron Jawed Angels
2071:Umbrella Movement
2015:Suffragette penny
1929:Millicent Fawcett
1900:Portrait Monument
1808:
1807:
1662:WSPU march (1906)
1479:African Americans
1397:Spain (Civil War,
1289:Compulsory voting
788:978-1-4696-3592-7
530:Eleanor Roosevelt
449:Rose Schneiderman
408:clothing industry
234:Rose Schneiderman
218:Eleanor Roosevelt
185:Mary Morton Kehew
135:and to eliminate
117:
116:
16:(Redirected from
3569:
3480:
3456:
3430:
2875:Woman's Era Club
2284:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2061:Age of candidacy
1994:Holloway Jingles
1968:Pankhurst Centre
1939:(2008 sculpture)
1862:Leser v. Garnett
1667:Mud March (1907)
1551:
1484:Native Americans
1294:Disfranchisement
1213:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1164:
1143:
1112:
1091:
1072:
1027:
1026:
1015:Casey, Josephine
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
986:
980:
979:
955:
949:
948:
916:
910:
909:
891:
867:
861:
860:
858:
857:
843:
837:
836:
812:
801:
800:
772:
766:
765:
733:
727:
726:
716:
692:
686:
685:
653:
642:
641:
635:
631:
629:
621:
603:
592:
551:, charter member
319:African-American
149:women's suffrage
85:
54:
40:
21:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3467:
3443:
3438:The Woman's Era
3417:
3401:Washington D.C.
3396:
3380:
3364:
3333:
3317:
3305:
3291:Houston Heights
3239:
3213:
3192:
3171:
3140:
3119:
3103:
3087:
3036:
3005:
3001:Upper Montclair
2969:
2953:
2937:
2916:
2900:
2884:
2838:
2817:
2801:
2785:
2764:
2743:
2722:
2718:Three Arts Club
2686:
2670:
2634:
2625:Fort Lauderdale
2603:
2582:
2563:LA Nurses' Club
2496:
2465:
2449:
2433:
2275:
2269:
2239:
2234:
2199:(upcoming film)
2125:Votes for Women
2081:
2075:
2049:
1988:Holloway brooch
1983:Holloway banner
1814:
1804:
1773:Night of Terror
1706:
1650:
1542:
1303:
1222:
1217:
1167:
1161:
1146:
1115:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1075:
1038:
1035:
1033:Further reading
1030:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
988:
987:
983:
957:
956:
952:
931:(7): 998–1019.
918:
917:
913:
906:
893:
888:
869:
868:
864:
855:
853:
845:
844:
840:
814:
813:
804:
789:
774:
773:
769:
742:New Labor Forum
735:
734:
730:
694:
693:
689:
655:
654:
645:
632:
622:
618:
594:
593:
589:
585:
549:Josephine Casey
545:
417:
311:Lillian D. Wald
258:
220:, Jane Addams,
157:
108:
95:
88:
81:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3197:South Carolina
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3092:North Carolina
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2578:Wilfandel Club
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Francisca Club
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2192:(2022 musical)
2185:
2184:(2018 musical)
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2114:Suffrage plays
2111:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1937:Great Petition
1933:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1874:Rise up, Women
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1778:Prison Special
1775:
1765:
1760:
1758:Suffrage Torch
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Cayman Islands
1420:United Kingdom
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1126:(2): 163–185.
1113:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1073:
1053:10.1086/644012
1047:(2): 259–272.
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1005:
981:
950:
911:
904:
886:
862:
838:
802:
787:
767:
728:
687:
668:(2): 143–170.
643:
634:|website=
616:
598:, ed. (1999).
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
561:Emma Steghagen
558:
555:Julia O'Connor
552:
544:
541:
500:
499:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
429:Samuel Gompers
421:eight-hour day
416:
413:
365:Secret Service
257:
254:
238:Pauline Newman
222:Florence Kelly
156:
153:
115:
114:
109:
106:
103:
102:
96:
93:
90:
89:
87:
86:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3574:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Sulgrave Club
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3235:Ossoli Circle
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:Massachusetts
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Ebell Society
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Beverly Hills
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
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2349:Junior League
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2159:(2013 sitcom)
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2135:(1974 series)
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1279:Demeny voting
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1119:Labor History
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246:Clara Lemlich
243:
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216:figures like
213:
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205:
202:
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191:of Chicago's
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48:
41:
33:
19:
3436:
3426:Publications
3329:Mount Vernon
3188:Plastic Club
3176:Pennsylvania
2949:East Glacier
2423:
2196:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2157:Up the Women
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2104:(1947 opera)
2101:
2020:Suffrage Oak
2005:Justice Bell
1992:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1886:
1873:
1860:
1560:conferences
1227:Basic topics
1173:
1169:
1149:
1123:
1117:
1097:
1077:
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997:. Retrieved
993:
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850:
841:
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745:
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665:
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606:
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534:
519:
508:
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483:
437:
418:
401:
369:
349:Williamsburg
346:
339:
332:
300:
296:Alva Belmont
287:mink brigade
278:Philadelphia
267:
250:
214:
206:
197:
169:British WTUL
158:
133:labor unions
124:
120:
118:
3452:Conventions
3301:San Antonio
3296:Lyceum Club
3058:Colony Club
3032:Silver City
2981:Kalmia Club
2921:Mississippi
2538:Ebell of LA
2477:Casa Grande
2175:(2015 film)
2173:Suffragette
2167:(2014 film)
2151:(2004 film)
2127:(1912 film)
1963:Eagle House
1816:(memorials)
1504:Puerto Rico
1415:Switzerland
1392:New Zealand
1284:Suffragette
1264:Non-citizen
1176:(4): 9–16.
707:: 153–163.
474:unbearable.
395:led by the
242:Fannia Cohn
189:Jane Addams
101:, President
3506:Categories
3338:Washington
3286:Fort Worth
3027:Las Cruces
3017:Alamogordo
3010:New Mexico
2996:Rutherford
2986:Morristown
2974:New Jersey
2912:Saint Paul
2760:Des Moines
2599:Wilmington
2501:California
2287:Nationwide
1952:Resilience
1494:foreigners
1400:Francoist)
1330:aboriginal
1308:By country
1274:Voting age
999:2022-03-25
892:See also:
856:2017-08-24
827:(2): 167.
797:1006637741
617:0787640808
361:First Lady
193:Hull House
94:Key people
3376:Wauwatosa
3369:Wisconsin
3218:Tennessee
3167:Town Club
3099:Charlotte
3022:Carrizozo
2905:Minnesota
2806:Louisiana
2739:Vincennes
2615:Bradenton
2573:San Pedro
2461:Anchorage
1973:Paulsdale
1405:Sri Lanka
1362:Hong Kong
1320:Australia
1140:144446956
1069:143603111
994:ThoughtCo
970:(4): 15.
945:0096-1442
762:1095-7960
723:0147-5479
682:0898-588X
636:ignored (
626:cite book
583:Footnotes
526:Roosevelt
480:movement.
376:Cleveland
291:Socialist
137:sweatshop
67:Dissolved
3350:Longview
3345:Kirkland
3322:Virginia
3124:Oklahoma
3041:New York
2991:Red Bank
2889:Michigan
2822:Maryland
2813:Era Club
2790:Kentucky
2691:Illinois
2666:Tennille
2661:Demorest
2587:Delaware
2553:La Jolla
2482:Glendale
1435:Scotland
1352:Colombia
1220:Suffrage
1182:29780637
1061:60000117
543:See also
522:New Deal
201:suffrage
177:New York
75:Location
3385:Wyoming
3355:Olympia
3281:El Paso
3152:Ashland
3078:Sorosis
2942:Montana
2850:Chilton
2727:Indiana
2639:Georgia
2608:Florida
2594:Milford
2558:Lincoln
2492:Willcox
2470:Arizona
2438:Alabama
2197:Lioness
2082:culture
2080:Popular
2054:Related
1914:Forward
1357:Ecuador
1315:Austria
372:Chicago
303:Italian
173:Chicago
155:Origins
59:Founded
3392:Casper
3162:Dundee
3145:Oregon
3115:Dayton
2958:Nevada
2769:Kansas
2675:Hawaii
2656:Dawson
2528:Corona
2454:Alaska
2181:Sylvia
1931:statue
1916:statue
1889:statue
1547:Events
1509:states
1489:felons
1410:Sweden
1387:Mexico
1377:Kuwait
1342:Canada
1180:
1157:
1138:
1105:
1084:
1067:
1059:
943:
902:
884:
795:
785:
760:
721:
680:
614:
393:strike
342:Boston
244:, and
3244:Texas
2630:Miami
2620:Davie
2280:Clubs
2189:Suffs
2165:Selma
1813:Women
1474:women
1446:laws
1440:Wales
1425:women
1372:Japan
1367:India
1347:Chile
1335:women
1259:Youth
1254:Black
1244:Women
1178:JSTOR
1136:S2CID
1065:S2CID
1057:JSTOR
315:NAACP
3310:Utah
3108:Ohio
2748:Iowa
2487:Mesa
1629:14th
1624:13th
1619:12th
1614:11th
1609:10th
1531:26th
1527:24th
1523:23rd
1519:19th
1515:15th
1460:1928
1455:1918
1450:1832
1155:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1082:ISBN
941:ISSN
900:ISBN
882:ISBN
793:OCLC
783:ISBN
758:ISSN
719:ISSN
678:ISSN
638:help
612:ISBN
309:and
175:and
143:and
129:U.S.
125:WTUL
119:The
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62:1903
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750:doi
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