168:
187:, created just over a month later, the federal agency was intended to assist young Americans during the tumultuous times, to prevent them from falling victim to current hardships, and to maintain their potential for future achievement and societal contribution. The NYA's first mission embodied the goal to prevent already-enrolled high school and university students from dropping out before earning their degree, out of necessity due to dire financial times. The agency achieved this by providing grants to youth in exchange for part-time work positions in various sectors of the education system, including administration, janitorial work, and cafeteria services. These efforts stemmed from a twofold mission to develop the youth's talent, while simultaneously keeping them from flooding the already-suffering and compromised labor markets.
137:, Roosevelt had mixed opinions on the NYA. Roosevelt felt that the United States should send the majority of these workers to serve in the war. This resulted in FDR beginning to lean towards Congress to shut it down. Due to Eleanor Roosevelt's intuition regarding the decline of progress within the American youth, she urged her husband to allow her to "act as an extension of the presidency by moving in new directions or in areas where it was politically difficult for the President to operate directly." These "difficult areas" in which it was difficult for FDR to operate directly pointed towards the youth in America. Eleanor Roosevelt's efforts and contributions gave the American youth various opportunities including education, jobs, recreation, and counseling for male and female youth between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five.
144:
240:, provided work for nearly 5 million youth during the Great Depression and World War II years. These figures included more than one million young women. By the end of June 1938, the National Youth Administration had constructed 125 schools and libraries, as well as improved and made repairs on an additional 4,459. NYA constructed 59 gymnasiums and dormitories, repairing another 233. Youth contributed to the construction of 74 warehouses, courthouses, offices, and administration buildings, along with repairing 352. In addition to buildings, NYA workers also built 5,149 athletic fields, baseball fields, and grandstands, along with the improvement of 12,697 more. In addition, NYA created over two thousand handball and tennis courts and improved an additional two thousand.
71:
220:
yet the economic situation of the
Depression aggravated the transition and threatened to derail reaching final aspirations of work. Consequentially, it was the NYA's duty to provide access to education, advancement, and sense of occupational achievement through its interactive initiatives and agendas. Williams' emphasis on turning America's youth into productive citizens was further supported by President Franklin Roosevelt's proclamation that the "yield on this investment should be high." Providing the youth with the foundation they needed would enable them to contribute to America's future development, the nation's strength, and progress and acceleration forward.
260:
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afford education. Serving as the main catalyst for change and accelerator for government intervention, Eleanor
Roosevelt advocated government involvement. In 1934 she notably declared that she frequently experienced "moments of real terror when we might be losing this generation". Mrs. Roosevelt was an initiator of the National Youth Administration as well as its adviser, a planner, an investigator, and a publicist. Halfway through the depression, due to the change in tides as a result of
229:
195:
agriculture, and construction. By 1937, more than 400,000 youth were employed or participating in occupational training under the NYA. These vocational programs and occupational placements were put to the ultimate test with the onset of World War II. The 1939 outbreak of war in Europe provided the perfect testing grounds to observe the effectiveness of NYA's training and initiatives in many fields that were related to the
20:
298:
919:
199:. The war effort increased the program's reach and saw a substantial surge in young, trained workers contributing to the defense industry. On a larger scale, the program enabled American youth to contribute to the war effort, stimulate the American war economy, and effectively turn the United States into an international powerhouse of production.
281:
313:
The NYA had positive effects on the skilled labor supply, decreased the proportions of mismatched workers and employers, and improved
America's capacity for production, growth, and economic stimulation. During other times of economic hardship, unemployment, and fears of declining education, activists
276:
gained momentum, the NYA's crucial role quickly dwindled. The booming munitions and war industry economy was recruiting large numbers of workers, and the agency was no longer vital for ensuring work opportunity and growth among the population. This was specifically true for lesser-skilled workers who
132:
continued to grip the
American economy and inhibit the harnessing of American potential, unemployment and poverty spiraled to record highs. These debilitating years saw youth unemployment rise to 30% and the younger cohorts of the United States increasingly faced the devastation of not being able to
288:
The program officially ended on
January 1, 1944, per the Labor-Federal Security Appropriations Act of 1944 and the Second Deficiency Appropriations Act of 1943. The various impacts which came from the program were immense; with having employed 2,677,000 young men and women in its out-of-school work
219:
More generally, Williams was influential in emphasizing the program's broad reach and positive implications on the future. His public addresses adamantly expressed that the transition youth experienced when adjusting from elementary years to greater independence and work positions was always rough,
207:
The NYA was also fundamental in bringing considerations for
African Americans into the dialogue surrounding aid to workers and maturing youth. This platform was strongly pushed by Aubrey Williams' leadership in the agency. He was a forerunner in addressing unemployment and access to education among
309:
Overall, the NYA helped over 4.5 million
American youths find jobs, receive vocational training, and afford higher standards of education. More significantly, it provided the means necessary for this "struggling generation" to overcome the economic adversity that threatened to overrun the country.
255:
Young women were just as influential as male youth. They made up about 43 percent of the
National Youth Administration's total enrollment. Their accomplishments included serving over 31 million lunches to school children, making over 2.5 million articles for hospital supplies, and producing over 3
194:
Secondly, the NYA was committed to providing training and employment for long-term value and advancement. Young people were provided with work experience and learning-by-doing training in a wide variety of fields, including recreation, public service, education, the arts, research and development,
251:
The NYA also trained youth in various workshop skills. They built or renovated over 481,000 pieces of various furniture, repaired almost 1 million toys, and salvaged or crafted about 26,000 pieces of playground equipment, 177,344 pieces of mechanical equipment, and over 853,000 articles made of
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concrete, such as concrete blocks for building. Over 9.5 million feet of highways and roads were built by the groups of male youth, along with almost 4 million feet of road shoulders. Nearly 2 million feet of sidewalks and paths were built by these young men.
310:
Through the NYA's initiatives, the youth triumphed and maintained their dignity by contributing to society, growing personally, and stimulating advancements in
America that eventually proved crucial to pulling the country out of a period of domestic strife.
814:
Lyon, Bruce Wayne. "The federal government and college students during the great depression: a study of the college student aid programs of the federal emergency relief administration and the national youth administration." Diss. The Ohio State
University,
191:, who headed the Administration, felt that the solution to the problem youth faced was to give these teenagers and young adults socially useful and constructive work so that they may become assets rather than liabilities to society.
155:
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510:
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In June 1935, to combat the economic forces that entangled youth and their families, the National Youth Administration was launched by Executive Order 7086. Much like the
2139:
82:
projects at their schools. Another 155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid $ 10 to $ 25 a month for part-time work that included job training. Unlike the
2357:
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773:
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836:
Ross, B. Joyce. "Mary McLeod Bethune and the National Youth Administration: A case study of power relationships in the Black Cabinet of Franklin D. Roosevelt."
86:, it included young women. The youth normally lived at home, and worked on construction or repair projects. Its annual budget was approximately $ 580 million.
1969:
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1759:
1303:
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216:. His goals emphasized increasing their economic well-being through labor opportunities, increased educational attainment, and maximizing potential.
2014:
2004:
1952:
1964:
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Lassonde, Stephen "The Real, Real Youth Problem: The New Deal and American Youth: Ideas and Ideals in a Depression Decade by Richard A. Reiman,"
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Bourgeois, Christie L. "Stepping over Lines: Lyndon Johnson, Black Texans, and the National Youth Administration, 1935–1937."
1634:
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114:
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Abramowitz, Mildred W. "Eleanor Roosevelt and the National Youth Administration 1935–1943: An Extension of the Presidency."
822:(Brookings Institution. 1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 912 pages
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2249:
2219:
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1136:
716:
Bower, Kevin P. "Out of School, Out of Work: Youth, Community, and the National Youth Administration in Ohio, 1935–1943."
48:
879:
Daniel, Walter G., and Carroll L. Miller. "The participation of the Negro in the National Youth Administration program."
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1080:
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789:
56:
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Corley, Florence Fleming. "The National Youth Administration in Georgia: A New Deal for Young Blacks and Women."
213:
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National Youth Administration was a Vocational Guidance—brush-up classes to improve typing ability (Illinois).
668:
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1387:
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1181:
1110:
989:
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64:
60:
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previously needed a support network to secure work or the skills needed to get their careers under way.
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1040:
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1957:
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1361:
1326:
473:"Eleanor Roosevelt and the National Youth Administration 1935–1943: An Extension of the Presidency"
434:"Eleanor Roosevelt and the National Youth Administration 1935–1943: An Extension of the Presidency"
161:
NYA float, "Projects for Out-of-School Youth", Inaugural Parade, Washington, D.C., January 20, 1937
52:
535:
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The Federal Government, through the combined efforts of the National Youth Administration and the
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1336:
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611:
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23:
Poster for the Illinois branch of the National Youth Administration, 1937. Illinois is misspelled
729:
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1703:
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1558:
1402:
1312:
1265:
937:
863:
Woolner, David. "Saving a 'Lost Generation' Through the National Youth Administration" (2011)
735:
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1412:
1346:
1252:
1247:
974:
768:
Cole Jr, Olen. "Black Youth in the National Youth Administration in California, 1935-1943."
595:
536:"Executive Order No. 7086: The National Youth Administration Is Established – June 26, 1935"
129:
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19:
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851:
823:
47:
between the ages of 16 and 25. It operated from June 26, 1935, to 1939 as part of the
409:
David Woolner, "Saving a 'Lost Generation' Through the National Youth Administration"
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1903:
1886:
1598:
1568:
1528:
1508:
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1227:
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NYA-exhibit Welcome Boy Scouts of America-conservation of natural and human resources
98:
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1548:
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1366:
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984:
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1427:
721:
561:
Woolner, "Saving a 'Lost Generation Through the National Youth Administration"
607:
488:
449:
1811:
United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)
1237:
902:
Report of the National Youth Administration, June 26, 1935, to June 30, 1938
542:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service. pp. 282–287.
44:
905:
326:—The influential youth organization that fomented the creation with the NYA
918:
1513:
960:
892:
Final report of the National youth administration, fiscal years 1936–1943
55:
who worked at the agency from 1936 to 1943. Following the passage of the
36:
831:
The New Deal and American Youth: Ideas and Ideals in a Depression Decade
788:
Halstead, Gordon (Project Director NYA Resident Work Center, Lima, NY),
783:
711:
701:
496:
472:
457:
433:
1644:
884:
841:
800:
94:
615:
583:
280:
43:
during his presidency. It focused on providing work and education for
1845:
1666:
1523:
1737:
1281:
808:
A New Deal for Youth: The Story of the National Youth Administration
1806:
United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)
599:
16:
U.S. New Deal agency during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
106:
18:
256:
million articles of clothing for distribution to needy families.
74:
Badge belonging to a National Youth Administration Defense Worker
1741:
1285:
933:
78:
By 1938, college youth were paid from $ 30 to $ 40 a month for
2150:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
858:
Dollars and Dreams-the National Youth Administration in Texas
381:"Records of the National Youth Administration [NYA]"
929:
120:
The NYA operated several programs for out-of-school youth.
1780:
Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
731:
Children and Youth in America: A Documentary History vol 3
263:
National Youth Administration Staff Members, Dexter, Maine
314:
have agitated for a similar program to be reestablished.
51:(WPA) and included a Division of Negro Affairs headed by
792:, The New Deal Network website (accessed June 25, 2007)
663:
661:
790:
Work—Study—Live: The Resident Youth Centers of the NYA
2155:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2175:
2132:
1985:
1945:
1912:
1836:
1798:
1617:
1501:
1380:
1319:
1205:
1129:
1003:
967:
289:program and 2,134,000 in its student work program.
332:—A government project focused on youth development
2140:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
584:"The Work of the National Youth Administration"
2368:Youth organizations based in the United States
1925:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
806:Lindley, Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley.
59:, the NYA was transferred from the WPA to the
2039:Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert
1753:
1297:
945:
734:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1603–9.
8:
1056:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
669:"National Youth Administration (NYA) (1935)"
2090:Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years
860:(Peter Lang Publishing Incorporated, 1994).
2353:Government agencies disestablished in 1943
2348:1943 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
1892:1940 Democratic National Convention speech
1846:"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935–1962
1760:
1746:
1738:
1304:
1290:
1282:
952:
938:
930:
330:National Commission on Resources for Youth
67:(WMC). The NYA was discontinued in 1943.
63:. In 1942, the NYA was transferred to the
2020:Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial
1970:Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness
1162:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
2015:Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights
1856:Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert
534:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (June 26, 1935).
296:
279:
258:
242:
227:
69:
2358:Government agencies established in 1935
2343:1935 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1061:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
375:
373:
371:
342:
139:
1727:Index of youth rights–related articles
757:
747:
511:"TSHA | National Youth Administration"
1816:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
305:on the Mississippi River in Minnesota
7:
1851:Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense
1182:Rural Electrification Administration
1147:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1137:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
2145:International Bill of Human Rights
1998:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
247:NYA worker assembling street signs
14:
1096:Public Works Administration (PWA)
1066:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
1026:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
708:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1121:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
1086:National Recovery Administration
1076:National Industrial Recovery Act
917:
700:14#4 (1984), pp. 569–580.
166:
154:
142:
1953:Val-Kill National Historic Site
1930:National Organization for Women
1789:First Lady of the United States
1698:The Teenage Liberation Handbook
1192:United States Housing Authority
900:National Youth Administration.
728:Bremner, Robert H. ed. (1974).
471:Abramowitz, Mildred W. (1984).
432:Abramowitz, Mildred W. (1984).
391:from the original on 7 May 2018
351:"National Youth Administration"
1635:Age of criminal responsibility
1167:National Labor Relations Board
1157:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
799:22#1 (1994) pp. 149–155
698:Presidential Studies Quarterly
477:Presidential Studies Quarterly
438:Presidential Studies Quarterly
115:president of the United States
1:
2373:Works Progress Administration
2338:National Youth Administration
2250:Franklin Delano Roosevelt III
2098:Backstairs at the White House
1880:National Youth Administration
1091:National Youth Administration
924:National Youth Administration
770:Southern California Quarterly
49:Works Progress Administration
29:National Youth Administration
1977:Hyde Park home and gravesite
1152:Farm Security Administration
848:Public Schools in Hard Times
780:Georgia Historical Quarterly
2232:Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves
2058:The Eleanor Roosevelt Story
1657:Counterculture of the 1960s
1393:Community youth development
1101:Public Works of Art Project
1021:Agricultural Adjustment Act
797:Reviews in American History
238:Civilian Conservation Corps
224:Opportunities for the Youth
93:, a prominent liberal from
84:Civilian Conservation Corps
2396:
2010:Eleanor Roosevelt Monument
1937:Encampment for Citizenship
1408:Positive youth development
1142:Federal Project Number One
1051:Farm Credit Administration
1046:Homeowners Refinancing Act
1031:Civil Works Administration
881:Journal of Negro Education
820:Relief and Social Security
301:NYA stone picnic table in
232:NYA female ordnance worker
214:Office of Minority Affairs
113:, who was later to become
109:division at one point was
57:Reorganization Act of 1939
2268:Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt
2220:Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.
2025:Eleanor Roosevelt College
1775:
1722:
1692:Taking Children Seriously
1594:School-to-prison pipeline
1418:Student-centered learning
1261:
1177:Rural Electrification Act
890:Federal Security Agency.
582:Williams, Aubrey (1939).
2256:John Roosevelt Boettiger
2074:Eleanor: The Years Alone
1687:Subcultures of the 1950s
1677:International Youth Year
1342:Intergenerational equity
1197:Fair Labor Standards Act
838:Journal of Negro History
185:Federal Writers' Project
1875:American Youth Congress
1388:Anarchistic free school
1357:Youth-adult partnership
1111:Railroad Retirement Act
990:American Liberty League
904:(1938) primary source;
856:Weisenberger, Carol A.
324:American Youth Congress
293:Achievements and legacy
65:War Manpower Commission
61:Federal Security Agency
2292:Martha Stewart Bulloch
2286:Theodore Roosevelt Sr.
2202:Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
2005:Roosevelt Study Center
1920:First Lady of New York
1870:Eleanor, West Virginia
1861:Tuskegee Airmen flight
1651:The Catcher in the Rye
833:(1992), origins of NYA
782:77.4 (1993): 728–756.
772:73.4 (1991): 385–402.
710:91.2 (1987): 149–172.
306:
285:
272:As the home effort of
264:
248:
233:
91:Aubrey Willis Williams
89:The NYA was headed by
75:
24:
2244:Sara Delano Roosevelt
2185:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2047:Sunrise at Campobello
1682:LGBT student movement
1630:Age of consent reform
1604:Youth control complex
1213:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1106:Reciprocal Tariff Act
1011:Emergency Banking Act
300:
283:
262:
246:
231:
73:
41:Franklin D. Roosevelt
22:
2196:presidency 1941–1945
2191:presidency 1933–1941
2082:Eleanor and Franklin
2066:Eleanor and Franklin
1398:Democratic education
1332:Free-range parenting
1233:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
1081:National Housing Act
1041:Executive Order 6102
926:at Wikimedia Commons
846:Tyack, David et al.
39:agency sponsored by
2274:Anna Hall Roosevelt
2262:James Roosevelt III
1993:Roosevelt Institute
1958:Val-Kill Industries
1463:Youth participation
1458:Youth organizations
1362:Youth mainstreaming
1327:Evolving capacities
865:Roosevelt Institute
840:60.1 (1975): 1–28.
829:Reiman, Richard A.
826:; pp 445–449 on NYA
718:Ohio Valley History
411:Roosevelt Institute
53:Mary McLeod Bethune
2298:Theodore Roosevelt
2208:James Roosevelt II
2108:(2014 documentary)
1821:Drafting committee
1468:Youth philanthropy
1337:Future generations
1071:Glass–Steagall Act
1036:Communications Act
980:New Deal Coalition
760:has generic name (
720:4.2 (2004): 27–40
675:. 18 November 2016
515:www.tshaonline.org
387:. 15 August 2016.
307:
286:
265:
249:
234:
105:. The head of the
76:
25:
2363:New Deal agencies
2325:
2324:
2226:John Roosevelt II
2214:Elliott Roosevelt
2124:(2023 miniseries)
2100:(1979 miniseries)
1839:the United States
1769:Eleanor Roosevelt
1735:
1734:
1704:Teenage rebellion
1672:Hungry generation
1559:Helicopter parent
1403:Popular education
1313:Youth empowerment
1279:
1278:
968:Causes and legacy
922:Media related to
210:African Americans
111:Lyndon B. Johnson
103:Eleanor Roosevelt
97:who was close to
2385:
2378:History of youth
2238:Curtis Roosevelt
2177:Roosevelt family
2116:(2022 TV series)
2077:(1972 biography)
2069:(1971 biography)
1898:Women in Defense
1828:Human Rights Day
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1625:Age of candidacy
1579:Parental respect
1544:Fear of children
1519:Age restrictions
1448:Youth leadership
1443:Youth engagement
1413:Student activism
1347:Leaving the nest
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1253:Robert F. Wagner
1248:Francis Townsend
975:Great Depression
954:
947:
940:
931:
921:
883:(1938): 357–365
765:
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540:Internet Archive
531:
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422:Abramowitz, 570.
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353:. Archived from
347:
170:
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130:Great Depression
2395:
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2388:
2387:
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2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2310:Bamie Roosevelt
2246:(granddaughter)
2234:(granddaughter)
2171:
2162:Morgenthau Plan
2128:
1981:
1965:Campobello home
1941:
1908:
1838:
1832:
1794:
1771:
1766:
1736:
1731:
1718:
1640:Beat Generation
1613:
1609:Youth exclusion
1564:Infantilization
1534:Eleutherophobia
1497:
1453:Youth-led media
1376:
1315:
1310:
1280:
1275:
1257:
1223:Frances Perkins
1218:Harold L. Ickes
1201:
1187:Social Security
1130:Second New Deal
1125:
999:
963:
958:
914:
876:
874:Primary sources
818:Meriam, Lewis.
756:
746:
742:
727:
693:
691:Further reading
688:
687:
678:
676:
673:Living New Deal
667:
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357:on 2012-01-02
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99:Harry Hopkins
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2318:(family dog)
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2113:
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2038:
2031:
1913:Other events
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1549:Gerontocracy
1539:Ephebiphobia
1367:Youth rights
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857:
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677:. Retrieved
672:
655:Reiman, 175.
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624:
594:(4): 65–66.
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529:
518:. Retrieved
514:
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393:. Retrieved
385:archives.gov
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359:. Retrieved
355:the original
345:
312:
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287:
274:World War II
271:
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235:
218:
206:
193:
182:
135:World War II
127:
119:
88:
80:"work study"
77:
32:
28:
26:
2092:(1977 film)
2084:(1976 film)
2060:(1965 film)
2049:(1958 play,
2041:(1939 film)
1791:(1933–1945)
1782:(1961–1962)
1584:Paternalism
1372:Youth voice
1206:Individuals
1016:Economy Act
985:Brain Trust
197:war economy
2332:Categories
2304:presidency
2264:(grandson)
2258:(grandson)
2252:(grandson)
2240:(grandson)
2204:(daughter)
2052:1960 film)
1866:Arthurdale
1714:Voting age
1589:Patriarchy
1574:Narcissism
1493:Youth work
1488:Youth vote
1428:Teen court
679:2022-05-10
520:2022-05-10
361:2016-08-31
337:References
2282:(brother)
2032:Roosevelt
1554:Grounding
1238:Huey Long
995:Criticism
750:cite book
628:Cox, 127.
608:1538-1420
489:0360-4918
450:0360-4918
284:NYA Woman
45:Americans
2276:(mother)
2270:(father)
2187:(husband
1514:Adultism
1502:Barriers
1320:Elements
1266:Category
1004:New Deal
961:New Deal
801:in JSTOR
497:27550133
458:27550133
389:Archived
318:See also
179:Creation
37:New Deal
35:) was a
2133:Related
1667:Hippies
1662:Greaser
1645:Beatnik
1271:Commons
894:(1944)
850:(1970)
774:excerpt
128:As the
124:Origins
95:Alabama
2312:(aunt)
2300:(uncle
1986:Legacy
1524:Ageism
906:online
896:online
885:online
868:online
852:online
842:online
824:online
810:(1938)
784:online
738:
722:online
712:online
702:online
616:346538
614:
606:
588:Living
495:
487:
456:
448:
413:(2011)
2228:(son)
2222:(son)
2216:(son)
2210:(son)
1381:Types
815:1969.
612:JSTOR
493:JSTOR
454:JSTOR
395:7 May
107:Texas
2316:Fala
2030:USS
1868:and
1786:34th
762:help
736:ISBN
604:ISSN
485:ISSN
446:ISSN
397:2018
101:and
2122:FDR
1171:Act
596:doi
33:NYA
27:The
2334::
754::
752:}}
748:{{
671:.
660:^
610:.
602:.
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586:.
566:^
548:^
538:.
513:.
491:.
481:14
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442:14
440:.
436:.
383:.
370:^
117:.
2306:)
2198:)
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887:.
764:)
744:.
724:.
682:.
618:.
598::
592:1
523:.
499:.
460:.
399:.
364:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
