Works Progress Administration

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halls, gyms, and university unions. Most of these are still in use today. The amount of infrastructure projects of the WPA included 40,000 new and 85,000 improved buildings. These new buildings included 5,900 new schools; 9,300 new auditoriums, gyms, and recreational buildings; 1,000 new libraries; 7,000 new dormitories; and 900 new armories. In addition, infrastructure projects included 2,302 stadiums, grandstands, and bleachers; 52 fairgrounds and rodeo grounds; 1,686 parks covering 75,152 acres; 3,185 playgrounds; 3,026 athletic fields; 805 swimming pools; 1,817 handball courts; 10,070 tennis courts; 2,261 horseshoe pits; 1,101 ice-skating areas; 138 outdoor theatres; 254 golf courses; and 65 ski jumps. Total expenditures on WPA projects through June 1941 totaled approximately $ 11.4 billion—the equivalent of $ 236 billion today. Over $ 4 billion was spent on highway, road, and street projects; more than $ 1 billion on public buildings, including the iconic

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Projects. With the onset of the Depression local governments facing declining revenues were unable to maintain social services, including libraries. This lack of revenue exacerbated problems of library access that were already widespread. In 1934 only two states, Massachusetts and Delaware, provided their total population access to public libraries. In many rural areas, there were no libraries, and where they did exist, reading opportunities were minimal. 66% of the South's population did not have access to any public library. Libraries that existed circulated one book per capita. The early emphasis of these programs was on extending library services to rural populations, by creating libraries in areas that lacked facilities. The WPA library program also greatly augmented reader services in metropolitan and urban centers.

1212:, construction of housing and other facilities for enlarged military garrisons, camp and cantonment construction, and various improvements in navy yards," Harrington said. He observed that the WPA had already made substantial contributions to national defense over its five years of existence, by building 85 percent of the new airports in the U.S. and making $ 420 million in improvements to military facilities. He predicted there would be 500,000 WPA workers on defense-related projects over the next 12 months, at a cost of $ 250 million. The estimated number of WPA workers needed for defense projects was soon revised to between 600,000 and 700,000. Vocational training for war industries was also begun by the WPA, with 50,000 trainees in the program by October 1940. 585:. The government wanted to provide new federal cultural support instead of just providing direct grants to private institutions. After only one year, over 40,000 artists and other talented workers had been employed through this project in the United States. Cedric Larson stated that "The impact made by the five major cultural projects of the WPA upon the national consciousness is probably greater in total than anyone readily realizes. As channels of communication between the administration and the country at large, both directly and indirectly, the importance of these projects cannot be overestimated, for they all carry a tremendous appeal to the eye, the ear, or the intellect—or all three." 794: 1296: 412:

Another 750,000 were person age 65 or over. Thus, of the total of 20 million persons then receiving relief, 13 million were not considered eligible for employment. This left a total of 7 million presumably employable persons between the ages of 16 and 65 inclusive. Of these, however, 1.65 million were said to be farm operators or persons who had some non-relief employment, while another 350,000 were, despite the fact that they were already employed or seeking work, considered incapacitated. Deducting this 2 million from the total of 7.15 million, there remained 5.15 million persons age 16 to 65, unemployed, looking for work, and able to work.

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programs to 92 million people each week. The Federal Music Project performed plays and dances, as well as radio dramas. In addition, the Federal Music Project gave music classes to an estimated 132,000 children and adults every week, recorded folk music, served as copyists, arrangers, and librarians to expand the availability of music, and experimented in music therapy. Sokoloff stated, "Music can serve no useful purpose unless it is heard, but these totals on the listeners' side are more eloquent than statistics as they show that in this country there is a great hunger and eagerness for music."

1498: 1613: 1981: 1946: 1482: 810: 1629: 1687: 834: 2016: 757: 1828: 1575: 1744: 2080: 1786: 1706: 1668: 1847: 1885: 846: 1389: 1927: 1408: 822: 1370: 1312: 775: 603:, and in 1936 employment peaked at over 5,300 artists. The Arts Service Division created illustrations and posters for the WPA writers, musicians, and theaters. The Exhibition Division had public exhibitions of artwork from the WPA, and artists from the Art Teaching Division were employed in settlement houses and community centers to give classes to an estimated 50,000 children and adults. They set up over 100 art centers around the country that served an estimated eight million individuals. 1427: 2054: 1192: 285: 1450: 731:, which produced thorough guidebooks for every state that include descriptions of towns, waterways, historic sites, oral histories, photographs, and artwork. An association or group that put up the cost of publication sponsored each book, the cost was anywhere from $ 5,000 to $ 10,000. In almost all cases, the book sales were able to reimburse their sponsors. Additionally, another important part of this project was to record oral histories to create archives such as the 1351: 1552: 1335: 1466: 1517: 1594: 1533: 220:(FAP). In the Historical Records Survey, for instance, many former slaves in the South were interviewed; these documents are of immense importance to American history. Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States and gave more than 225,000 performances. Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures, and the development of professional archaeology in the US. 1649: 612: 416: 1965: 1017: 1725: 1244:

this Nation. It has added to the national wealth, has repaired the wastage of depression, and has strengthened the country to bear the burden of war. By employing eight millions of Americans, with thirty millions of dependents, it has brought to these people renewed hope and courage. It has maintained and increased their working skills; and it has enabled them once more to take their rightful places in public or in private employment.

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organizations such as women's clubs. Due to limited funding, many WPA libraries were "little more than book distribution stations: tables of materials under temporary tents, a tenant home to which nearby readers came for their books, a school superintendents' home, or a crossroads general store." The public response to the WPA libraries was extremely positive. For many, "the WPA had become 'the breadline of the spirit.'"

484: 1866: 1809: 1115: 377: 540:, public facilities became a focus; parks and associated facilities, public buildings, utilities, airports, and transportation projects were funded. The following year saw the introduction of agricultural improvements, such as the production of marl fertilizer and the eradication of fungus pests. As the Second World War approached, and then eventually began, WPA projects became increasingly defense related. 2073: 1767: 1052: 4491: 38: 189:. Between 1935 and 1943, the WPA employed 8.5 million people (about half the population of New York). Hourly wages were typically kept well below industry standards. Full employment, which was reached in 1942 and appeared as a long-term national goal around 1944, was not the goal of the WPA; rather, it tried to supply one paid job for all families in which the 889:

and retained librarians who may have left the profession for other work had employment not come through federal relief...the WPA subsidized several new ventures in readership services such as the widespread use of bookmobiles and supervised reading rooms – services that became permanent in post-depression and postwar American libraries."

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on the ground helping with removal and relocation even before the creation of the WRA. On March 11, Rex L. Nicholson, the WPA's regional director, took charge of the “Reception and Induction” centers that controlled the first thirteen assembly centers. Nicholson's old WPA associates played key roles in the administration of the camps.

1215:"Only the WPA, having employed millions of relief workers for more than five years, had a comprehensive awareness of the skills that would be available in a full-scale national emergency," wrote journalist Nick Taylor. "As the country began its preparedness buildup, the WPA was uniquely positioned to become a major defense agency." 178:, while building up the public infrastructure of the US, such as parks, schools, and roads. Most of the jobs were in construction, building more than 620,000 miles (1,000,000 km) of streets and over 10,000 bridges, in addition to many airports and much housing. In 1942, the WPA played a key role in both building and staffing 1102:. "This dedication to honest government wasn't a sign of Roosevelt's personal virtue; rather, it reflected a political imperative. FDR's mission in office was to show that government activism works. To maintain that mission's credibility he needed to keep his administration's record clean. And he did." 1094:

organization's initials were said to stand for "We Poke Along" or "We Putter Along" or "We Piddle Around" or "Whistle, Piss and Argue." These were sarcastic references to WPA projects that sometimes slowed down deliberately because foremen had an incentive to keep going, rather than finish a project.

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A Senate committee reported that, "To some extent the complaint that WPA workers do poor work is not without foundation. ... Poor work habits and incorrect techniques are not remedied. Occasionally a supervisor or a foreman demands good work." The WPA and its workers were ridiculed as being lazy. The

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By 1935, there were 3,500,000 African Americans (men, women and children) on relief, almost 35 percent of the African-American population; plus another 250,000 African-American adults were working on WPA projects. Altogether during 1938, about 45 percent of the nation's African-American families were

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Because book repair was an activity that could be taught to unskilled workers and once trained, could be conducted with little supervision, repair and mending became the main activity of the WPA Library Project. The basic rationale for this change was that the mending and repair projects saved public

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These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation. They were golden threads woven in the national fabric. In this, they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them, thus fulfilling the founding vision of a

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governments, which supplied 10–30% of the costs. Usually, the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, with the WPA responsible for wages (and for the salaries of supervisors, who were not on relief). WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the

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As WPA projects became more subject to the state, local sponsors were called on to provide 25% of project costs. As the number of public works projects slowly diminished, more projects were dedicated to preparing for war. Having languished since the end of World War I, the American military services

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Before the Great Depression, it was estimated that one-third of the population in the United States did not have reasonable access to public library services. Understanding the need, not only to maintain existing facilities but to expand library services led to the establishment of the WPA's Library

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Being a voter or a Democrat was not a prerequisite for a relief job. Federal law specifically prohibited any political discrimination against WPA workers. Vague charges were bandied about at the time. The consensus of experts is that: "In the distribution of WPA project jobs as opposed to those of

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The WPA reached its peak employment of 3,334,594 people in November 1938. To be eligible for WPA employment, an individual had to be an American citizen, 18 or older, able-bodied, unemployed, and certified as in need by a local public relief agency approved by the WPA. The WPA Division of Employment

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It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program. In the South, as might have been expected,

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leaders initially objected that African Americans were proportionally underrepresented. African American leaders made such a claim with respect to WPA hires in New Jersey, stating, "In spite of the fact that Blacks indubitably constitute more than 20 percent of the State's unemployed, they composed

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between March and November 1942, slightly more than the $ 4.43 million spent by the Army for that purpose during that period. Jason Scott Smith observes that "the eagerness of many WPA administrators to place their organization in the forefront of this wartime enterprise is striking.” The WPA was

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While it is difficult to quantify the success or failure of WPA Library Projects relative to other WPA programs, "what is incontestable is the fact that the library projects provided much-needed employment for mostly female workers, recruited many to librarianship in at least semiprofessional jobs,

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By December 1941, the number of people employed in WPA library work was only 16,717. In May of the following year, all statewide Library Projects were reorganized as WPA War Information Services Programs. By early 1943, the work of closing war information centers had begun. The last week of service

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By building airports, schools, highways, and parks; by making huge quantities of clothing for the unfortunate; by serving millions of lunches to school children; by almost immeasurable kinds and quantities of service the Work Projects Administration has reached a creative hand into every county in

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Concluding that a national relief program was no longer needed, Roosevelt directed the Federal Works Administrator to end the WPA in a letter December 4, 1942. "Seven years ago I was convinced that providing useful work is superior to any and every kind of dole. Experience had amply justified this

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Harrington died suddenly, aged 53, on September 30, 1940. Notably apolitical—he boasted that he had never voted—he had deflected Congressional criticism of the WPA by bringing attention to its building accomplishments and its role as an employer. Harrington's successor, Howard O. Hunter, served as

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Many complaints were recorded from private industry at the time that the existence of WPA works programs made hiring new workers difficult. The WPA claimed to counter this by keeping hourly wages well below private wages and encouraging relief workers to actively seek private employment and accept

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In rural Missouri, 60% of the WPA-employed women were without husbands (12% were single; 25% widowed; and 23% divorced, separated or deserted). Thus, only 40% were married and living with their husbands, but 59% of the husbands were permanently disabled, 17% were temporarily disabled, 13% were too

880:

By 1940, the WPA Library Project, now the Library Services Program, began to shift its focus as the entire WPA began to move operations towards goals of national defense. WPA Library Programs served those goals in two ways: 1.) existing WPA libraries could distribute materials to the public on the

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Federal money for these projects could only be spent on worker wages, therefore local municipalities would have to provide upkeep on properties and purchase equipment and materials. At the local level, WPA libraries relied on funding from county or city officials or funds raised by local community

665:, and employed 12,700 performers and staff at its peak. They presented more than 1,000 performances each month to almost one million people, produced 1,200 plays in the four years it was established, and introduced 100 new playwrights. Many performers later became successful in Hollywood including 660:

In 1929, Broadway alone had employed upwards of 25,000 workers, onstage and backstage; in 1933, only 4,000 still had jobs. The Actors' Dinner Club and the Actors' Betterment Association were giving out free meals every day. Every theatrical district in the country suffered as audiences dwindled.

436:. It varied from $ 19 per month to $ 94 per month, with the average wage being about $ 52.50—$ 1,136 in present-day terms. The goal was to pay the local prevailing wage, but limit the hours of work to 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week; the stated minimum being 30 hours a week, or 120 hours a month. 423:

Because of the assumption that only one worker per family would be permitted to work under the proposed program, this total of 5.15 million was further reduced by 1.6 million—the estimated number of workers who were members of families with two or more employable people. Thus, there remained a net

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Much of the criticism of the distribution of projects and funding allotment is a result of the view that the decisions were politically motivated. The South, despite being the poorest region of the United States, received 75% less in federal relief and public works funds per capita than the West.

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such as roads, bridges, schools, libraries, courthouses, hospitals, sidewalks, waterworks, and post-offices, but also constructed museums, swimming pools, parks, community centers, playgrounds, coliseums, markets, fairgrounds, tennis courts, zoos, botanical gardens, auditoriums, waterfronts, city

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WPA policies were consistent with the strong belief of the time that husbands and wives should not both be working (because the second person working would take one job away from some other breadwinner). A study of 2,000 female workers in Philadelphia showed that 90% were married, but wives were

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employed over 16,000 musicians at its peak. Its purpose was to create jobs for unemployed musicians, It established new ensembles such as chamber groups, orchestras, choral units, opera units, concert bands, military bands, dance bands, and theater orchestras. They gave 131,000 performances and

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in Connecticut, the bridges of which were each designed as architecturally unique. In its eight-year run, the WPA built 325 firehouses and renovated 2,384 of them across the United States. The 20,000 miles of water mains, installed by their hand as well, contributed to increased fire protection

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programs (FERA). It was liquidated on June 30, 1943, because of low unemployment during World War II. Robert D. Leininger asserted: "millions of people needed subsistence incomes. Work relief was preferred over public assistance (the dole) because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work

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this participation has been limited, and differential wages on the basis of race have been more or less effectively established; but in the northern communities, particularly in the urban centers, the Negro has been afforded his first real opportunity for employment in white-collar occupations.

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In 1935 there were 20 million people on relief in the United States. Of these, 8.3 million were children under 16 years of age; 3.8 million were persons between the ages of 16 and 65 who were not working or seeking work. These included housewives, students in school, and incapacitated persons.

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and WPA benefits for African Americans exceeded their proportion of the general population. The FERA's first relief census reported that more than two million African Americans were on relief during early 1933, a proportion of the African-American population (17.8%) that was nearly double the

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This project was the smallest of Federal Project Number One and served to identify, collect, and conserve United States' historical records. It is one of the biggest bibliographical efforts and was directed by Luther H. Evans. At its peak, this project employed more than 4,400 workers.

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More than $ 1 billion—$ 20.7 billion today—was spent on publicly owned or operated utilities; and another $ 1 billion on welfare projects, including sewing projects for women, the distribution of surplus commodities, and school lunch projects. One construction project was the

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a supervisory and administrative nature politics plays only a minor in comparatively insignificant role." However those who were hired were reminded at election time that FDR created their job and the Republicans would take it away. The great majority voted accordingly.

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in California, a facility that, according to one insider, was “manned just about 100% by the WPA.” Drawing on experiences derived from New Deal era road building, he supervised the installation of such features as guard towers and spotlights. Then Secretary of Commerce

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WPA projects were administered by the Division of Engineering and Construction and the Division of Professional and Service Projects. Most projects were initiated, planned and sponsored by states, counties or cities. Nationwide projects were sponsored until 1939.

988:. Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South, only 11 were black. Historian Anthony Badger argues, "New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation." 1036:

old to work, and remaining 10% were either unemployed or disabled. Most of the women worked with sewing projects, where they were taught to use sewing machines and made clothing and bedding, as well as supplies for hospitals, orphanages, and adoption centers.

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to the American people about "the approaching storm", and on June 6 Harrington reprioritized WPA projects, anticipating a major expansion of the U.S. military. "Types of WPA work to be expedited in every possible way to include, in addition to airports and

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In extending library services to people who lost their libraries (or never had a library to begin with) WPA Library Services Projects achieved phenomenal success, made significant permanent gains, and had a profound impact on library life in America.

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The direct focus of the WPA projects changed with need. In 1935 priority projects were to improve infrastructure; roads, extension of electricity to rural areas, water conservation, sanitation and flood control. In 1936, as outlined in that year's

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in favor of productive jobs. Some employers said that the WPA instilled poor work habits and encouraged inefficiency. Some job applicants found that a WPA work history was viewed negatively by employers, who said they had formed poor work habits.

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Roosevelt ordered a prompt end to WPA activities to conserve funds that had been appropriated. Operations in most states ended February 1, 1943. With no funds budgeted for the next fiscal year, the WPA ceased to exist after June 30, 1943.

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built facilities in practically every community in the country. Most are still providing service half a century later. It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation."

4509:– The Living New Deal Project documents the living legacy of New Deal agencies, including the WPA. The Living New Deal website includes an extensive digital map featuring detailed information about specific WPA projects by location. 4592: 4580: 2924: 4584: 4576: 407:

data. Estimating costs at $ 1,200 per worker per year ($ 26,668 in present-day terms), he asked for and received $ 4 billion ($ 88.9 billion in present-day terms). Many women were employed, but they were few compared to men.

4572: 4568: 4564: 1180:. "The name of the Works Progress Administration has been changed to Work Projects Administration in order to make its title more descriptive of its major purpose," President Roosevelt wrote when announcing the reorganization. 552:

had one of the larger statewide library service demonstration projects. At the end of the project in 1943, South Carolina had twelve publicly funded county libraries, one regional library, and a funded state library agency.

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reported as living with their husbands in only 18 percent of the cases. Only 2 percent of the husbands had private employment. Of the 2,000 women, all were responsible for one to five additional people in the household.

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The WPA's Division of Investigation proved so effective in preventing political corruption "that a later congressional investigation couldn't find a single serious irregularity it had overlooked," wrote economist

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nature of an imminent national defense emergency and the need for national defense preparation, and 2.) the project could provide supplementary library services to military camps and defense impacted communities.

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At its height in 1938, there were 38,324 people, primarily women, employed in library services programs, while 25,625 were employed in library services and 12,696 were employed in bookbinding and repair.

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The most frequent claim is that Kentucky Democrats purchased WPA votes in the 1935 gubernatorial campaign. For a refutation see Robert J. Leupold, "The Kentucky WPA: Relief and Politics, May–November 1935,"

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One project of the WPA was funding state-level library service demonstration projects, to create new areas of library service to underserved populations and to extend rural service. Another project was the

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and close adviser to Roosevelt. Both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA.

1295: 5195: 5185: 1497: 335:, wrote that "for the first time in the relief experiments of this country the preservation of the skill of the worker, and hence the preservation of his self-respect, became important." 4358:

Sheppard, Si. " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York." New York History 95.1 (2014): 41–69.

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By 1938, the WPA Library Services Project had established 2,300 new libraries, 3,400 reading rooms in existing libraries, and 53 traveling libraries for sparsely settled areas.

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and employed 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936. By January 1939, more than 275 major books and booklets had been published by the FWP. Most famously, the FWP created the

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selected the worker's placement to WPA projects based on previous experience or training. Worker pay was based on three factors: the region of the country, the degree of

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projects including education programs, recreation programs, and the arts projects. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division.

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had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use", wrote sociologist Robert D. Leighninger. "In a short period of ten years, the

1043:, mainly employed women to deliver books to rural areas in eastern Kentucky. Many of the women employed by the project were the sole breadwinners for their families. 821: 1827: 1673: 950: 1612: 809: 5220: 1846: 1004:

coded applications by the physically disabled applicants as "PH" ("physically handicapped"). Thus they were not hired by the WPA. In protest, the League held two

200:, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. The five projects dedicated to these were the 1059:

The WPA had numerous critics. The strongest attacks were that it was the prelude for a national political machine on behalf of Roosevelt. Reformers secured the

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The Division of Engineering and Construction, which planned and supervised construction projects including airports, dams, highways and sanitation systems.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

774: 128: 1311: 1532: 1407: 3606:; Goldberger, David (December 2000). "The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History". 2053: 1078:

Critics would point to the fact that Roosevelt's Democrats could be sure of voting support from the South, whereas the West was less of a sure thing;

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claimed in 1938 that divisions of the WPA were a "hotbed of Communists" and "one more link in the vast and unparalleled New Deal propaganda network."

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Si Sheppard, " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York,"

5040: 4944: 937: 545: 404: 324: 309: 290: 241: 224: 71: 4538:– The Arizona State Museum Library & Archives holds the records of the WPA Statewide Archaeological Project (1938–1940) and are found on AAO. 1667: 1551: 1449: 877:

libraries and school libraries thousands of dollars in acquisition costs while employing needy women who were often heads of households.

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The Division of Professional and Service Projects (called the Division of Women's and Professional Projects in 1937), which was responsible for

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The Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty.

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projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. It was set up on May 6, 1935, by presidential order, as a key part of the

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The WPA's first appropriation in 1935 was $ 4.9 billion (about $ 15 per person in the U.S., around 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP). Headed by

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WPA-FAP Mural Division in NYC, and restoration of murals at the Williamsburg Houses and Hospital for Chronic Diseases on Welfare Island

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At its peak in 1938, it supplied paid jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

1865: 709:. The Federal Theatre Project was the first project to end; it was terminated in June 1939 after Congress zeroed out the funding. 4969: 4959: 4633: 3827: 1808: 1580: 1538: 1375: 902: 179: 5075: 5070: 4878: 2260: 1161: 1153: 4954: 1000:

in New York was organized in May 1935 to end discrimination by the WPA against the physically disabled unemployed. The city's

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and collections of folklore. These writers also participated in research and editorial services to other government agencies.

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The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance

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There was a perception that WPA employees were not diligent workers, and that they had little incentive to give up their

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15.9% of those assigned to W.P.A. jobs during 1937." Nationwide in 1940, 9.8% of the population were African American.

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American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History

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Others complained that far left elements played a major role, especially in the New York City unit. Representative

1040: 916: 562: 520: 312:, which was dissolved. Direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major 197: 4390: 2079: 5060: 4802: 4746: 4545: 4061: 1890: 1696: 744: 582: 205: 5080: 3088: 2006: 1875: 1753: 1711: 967:

However, by 1941, the perception of discrimination against African Americans had changed to the point that the

2661: 3679:"PLEA BY DISABLED PUT TO WPA CHIEF; New York Group, Camping in Washington, Will Consult Williams Again Today" 2636: 2611: 2586: 2561: 2536: 2511: 2486: 5065: 4994: 4873: 4792: 4430: 2930: 1986: 1856: 1818: 1542: 1302: 1173: 655: 574: 332: 209: 4623: 4550: 2895: 2379: 4999: 4828: 4679: 4617: 2025: 1379: 1196: 1024:

About 15% of the household heads on relief were women, and youth programs were operated separately by the

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The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered.

4241: 3001:"Blazing the Way: The WPA Library Service Demonstration Project in South Carolina by Robert M. Gorman" 1191: 925: 5154: 5116: 4924: 4739: 4521: 4116: 3949: 2435: 1772: 1715: 1557: 1507: 1360: 1317: 1169: 512: 473: 3007: 367:

Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, and Training and Reemployment.

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The Furious Improvisation: How the WPA and a Cast of Thousands Made High Art out of Desperate Times

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Leighninger, Robert D. (May 1996). "Cultural Infrastructure: The Legacy of New Deal Public Space".

2109: 2063: 1833: 1488: 1195:

WPA researchers and map makers prepare the air raid warning map for New Orleans within days of the

1028:. The average worker was about 40 years old (about the same as the average family head on relief). 1008:

in 1935. The WPA relented and created 1,500 jobs for physically disabled workers in New York City.

638: 594: 566: 508: 346: 284: 265: 217: 4863: 4726: 4695: 4620:

Library is a digitization project that contains 174 images of WPA music copies from 1935 to 1943.

3958: 3889: 3783: 3741: 3653: 3623: 3470: 3431: 3392: 3353: 3314: 3275: 3236: 3197: 3105: 2361: 2277: 2226: 1894: 1584: 1472: 1456: 1232: 1141:

and the WPA's chief engineer, who had been leading the Division of Engineering and Construction.

946: 764: 4602: 4226:

Halfmann, Drew, and Edwin Amenta. "Who voted with Hopkins? Institutional politics and the WPA."

2845:"WPA Employment." Gjenvick Archives: The Future of Our Past, Social and Cultural History. (2000) 4197:

Adams, Don; Goldbard, Arlene. "New Deal Cultural Programs: Experiments in Cultural Democracy."

2768: 2748: 5149: 4821: 4467: 4451: 4410: 4213: 4069: 4006: 3981: 3927: 3921: 3713: 3631: 3583: 3556: 3529: 3523: 3462: 3423: 3384: 3345: 3306: 3267: 3228: 3189: 3158: 2934: 2828: 2714: 2468: 2313: 2201: 2172: 2119: 1654: 1603: 1413: 1067: 1060: 190: 4629: 4065: 3577: 3550: 5136: 5131: 4858: 4496: 4476: 3775: 3763: 3615: 3603: 3148: 3097: 2764: 2744: 2353: 2269: 2145: 1749: 1639: 1619: 1356: 634: 611: 516: 489: 415: 96: 4258:

Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Culture and the Arts Programs of the WPA.

1016: 5106: 5101: 5045: 4666: 4143: 2460: 2090: 732: 662: 528: 328: 305: 164: 152: 915:

WPA veterans involved in internment included Clayton E. Triggs, the first manager of the

308:

7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the

4090: 2253:"The Dynamics of Relief Spending and the Private Urban Labor Market During the New Deal" 5126: 4512: 4321: 4301: 4273:

Leighninger, Robert D. "Cultural Infrastructure: The Legacy of New Deal Public Space."

4251: 4205: 3706: 1398: 1204: 694: 674: 549: 424:

total of 3.55 million workers in as many households for whom jobs were to be provided.

269: 258: 4654: 4400: 4348:

Sargent, James E. "Woodrum's Economy Bloc: The Attack on Roosevelt's WPA, 1937–1939."

3654:"Pioneers in the fight for disability rights The League of the Physically Handicapped" 483: 5169: 5111: 4699: 4447: 3787: 2281: 1936: 1871: 1814: 1791: 1776: 1126: 921: 800: 724: 702: 678: 670: 600: 433: 400: 320: 294: 171: 92: 4366:

The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression

1114: 376: 4051: 2710: 2357: 1971: 1909: 1799: 1417: 1099: 960: 706: 698: 690: 666: 429: 313: 160: 4638: 4595:

housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center

4497:

Guide to the WPA Oregon Federal Art Project collection at the University of Oregon

4250:(1943), 880pp; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation. 4025:

Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia (U.S. Senate)

3766:(January 2000). "Disability Policy and Politics: Considering Consumer Influence". 403:

testified to Congress in January 1935 why he set the number at 3.5 million, using

4676: 2406:"Executive Order 7034 – Creating Machinery for the Works Progress Administration" 4899: 4868: 4731: 4723: 4713: 1955: 1734: 1730: 1321: 1079: 1001: 620: 4463: 4426: 3779: 2413: 1051: 4526: 4437: 4387:

American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When FDR Put the Nation to Work

4373:

Building New Deal Liberalism: the Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956

3738:

Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management

3153: 3136: 2707:

American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA, When FDR Put the Nation to Work

2273: 2194:

Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956

1795: 1325: 941:

proportion of white Americans on relief (9.5%). This was during the period of

908: 682: 3466: 3451:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3427: 3412:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3388: 3373:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3349: 3334:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3310: 3295:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3271: 3256:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3232: 3217:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3193: 3178:"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943" 3162: 3051: 2832: 2472: 264:

FDR prepares to speak about the establishment of the work relief program and

5121: 4311: 4236:

Hopkins, June. "The Road Not Taken: Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief"

1086: 686: 3854:"The Book Women of Kentucky: The WPA Pack Horse Library Project, 1936–1943" 3635: 4010: 3908:

The right to vote: the contested history of democracy in the United States

2979: 984:

The WPA mostly operated segregated units, as did its youth affiliate, the

361:

The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research.

37: 4844: 4485: 1565: 1440: 1209: 942: 503: 156: 3962: 3893: 3877: 3508:

John Salmond, "The New Deal and the Negro" in John Braeman et al., eds.

3474: 3450: 3435: 3411: 3396: 3372: 3357: 3333: 3318: 3294: 3279: 3255: 3240: 3216: 3201: 3177: 2442:. Vol. 44, no. 2. National Archives and Records Administration 2252: 1235:

made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them.

1125:

On December 23, 1938, after leading the WPA for three and a half years,

4353: 4268: 3627: 3109: 2926:

Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945

2365: 1561: 1436: 1005: 155:

that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally

4380:

Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America

4359: 4039:

Soul of a people: the WPA Writer's Project uncovers Depression America

3853: 3552:

To Ask for an Equal Chance: African Americans in the Great Depression

2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 1913: 1757: 1658: 1635: 827:

WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit, showing an elephant

4291:

A New Deal for Youth: the Story of the National Youth Administration

4172:"Letter to the Federal Works Administrator Discontinuing the W.P.A." 3619: 799:

Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the

4481: 3101: 453: 364:

The Project Control Division, which processed project applications.

4343:

Put to Work: The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression

4284:

Long-Range Public Investment: the Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal

2380:"Records of the Work Projects Administration and Its Predecessors" 2306:

Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal

2078: 1917: 1190: 1113: 1050: 1015: 968: 610: 561:

A significant aspect of the Works Progress Administration was the

414: 375: 4501: 4718: 4212:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. 3525:

American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics

3086:

Larson, Cedric (July 1939). "The Cultural Projects of the WPA".

4817: 4735: 3052:"New Deal Cultural Programs: Experiments in Cultural Democracy" 4438:

Footage of the Federal Theatre Project's 1936 "Voodoo Macbeth"

4003:

Paths of Loneliness: The Individual Isolated in Modern Society

2512:"Records of the Division of Professional and Service Projects" 2412:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. Archived from 4624:

United States Work Projects Administration Polar Bibliography

4506: 4336:

Democratic Art: The New Deal's Influence on American Culture.

4162: 4160: 3947:

Lee, Bradford A. (Spring 1982). "The New Deal Reconsidered".

3708:

The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation

4692: 4286:. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press (2007). 4813: 4709: 4639:

Collection: "Art of the Works Progress Administration WPA"

1184:

were depopulated and served by crumbling facilities; when

174:, the WPA supplied paid jobs to the unemployed during the 4298:

Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy

4119:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia 2487:"Records of the Division of Engineering and Construction" 1055:

Poster representing the WPA defending itself from attacks

4541: 4407:

The Great Depression in America: a Cultural Encyclopedia

2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2083:"WPA" mark as can be found in many small town sidewalks. 839:

1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation

4308:

Federal Theatre, 1935–1939: Plays, Relief, and Politics

1188:

in 1938, the U.S. Army numbered only 176,000 soldiers.

1020:

Women in Costilla, New Mexico, weaving rag rugs in 1939

897:

Incarceration of Japanese Americans in internment camps

4117:"Fireside Chat 15: On National Defense (May 26, 1940)" 3980:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 447. 3712:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 906. 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 885:

for remaining WPA library workers was March 15, 1943.

548:, which trained 30,000 women for domestic employment. 227:

program that ran its own projects in cooperation with

4530: 2246: 2244: 4513:

New Deal Agencies: The Works Progress Administration

4263:

Larson, Cedric. "The Cultural Projects of the WPA."

2169:

Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History

338:

The WPA was organized into the following divisions:

5089: 5013: 4887: 4851: 4005:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 61. 1154:

Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division

851:

WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America

121: 113: 103: 88: 80: 64: 49: 44: 4527:Works Progress Administration Tampa Office Records 3852: 3705: 2171:. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 1540. 180:internment camps to incarcerate Japanese Americans 4409:. 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007 3579:New Deal / New South: An Anthony J. Badger Reader 2900:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2666:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2641:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2616:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2591:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2566:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2541:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2516:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2491:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 2384:Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA) 386:government by and for its people. All its people. 5196:Former United States Federal assistance programs 5186:Defunct agencies of the United States government 4672:South Carolina Public Library History, 1930–1945 4630:Work Projects Administration in Maryland records 4444:The Great Depression in Washington State Project 949:in the South, when black Americans were largely 661:The New Deal project was directed by playwright 502:The WPA built traditional infrastructure of the 4655:Posters from the WPA at the Library of Congress 4473:Works by or about Works Progress Administration 4289:Lindley, Betty Grimes & Lindley, Ernest K. 4091:"Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act" 3828:"The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky" 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 815:WPA poster advertising art classes for children 383: 5191:History of the government of the United States 4260:Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2015. 4177:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley 4097:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley 3704:Fleischer, Doris Zames; Zames, Frieda (2001). 2902:. National Archives and Records Administration 2668:. National Archives and Records Administration 2643:. National Archives and Records Administration 2618:. National Archives and Records Administration 2593:. National Archives and Records Administration 2568:. National Archives and Records Administration 2543:. National Archives and Records Administration 2518:. National Archives and Records Administration 2493:. National Archives and Records Administration 2386:. National Archives and Records Administration 1231:, as millions of men joined the services, and 957:either on relief or were employed by the WPA. 16:U.S. government program of the 1930s and 1940s 4829: 4747: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 2467:. New York: Benjamin Blom, reprint edition . 1265:, the Works Progress Administration, and the 393:American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA 8: 4940:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 1148:in April 1939, the WPA was grouped with the 924:praised his successor as WPA administrator, 907:The WPA spent $ 4.47 million on removal and 30: 4502:WPA inspired Gulf Coast Civic Works Project 2872:(Russell Sage Foundation, 1943) pp.301–303. 1227:Unemployment ended with war production for 5216:1943 disestablishments in Washington, D.C. 5211:Government agencies disestablished in 1943 4836: 4822: 4814: 4754: 4740: 4732: 4350:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 3504: 3502: 2637:"Records of the Project Control Divisions" 2587:"Records of the Division of Investigation" 780:WPA health education poster about cancer, 129:Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 36: 5046:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 4667:The WPA Library Project in South Carolina 4089:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (April 15, 1939). 3152: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2465:Arena: The History of the Federal Theatre 2162: 2160: 1176:assumed the WPA's responsibility for the 1072:House Committee on Un-American Activities 3555:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. 2562:"Records of the Division of Information" 1156:, Branch of Buildings Management of the 5206:Government agencies established in 1935 5201:1935 establishments in Washington, D.C. 4945:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 2786:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2612:"Records of the Division of Statistics" 2156: 1504:Louisville Fire Department Headquarters 1272: 938:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 752: 546:Household Service Demonstration Project 405:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 325:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 310:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 242:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 72:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 4551:WPA Omaha, Nebraska City Guide Project 4482:Works by Works Progress Administration 4464:Works by Works Progress Administration 3801:Dickens, Bethany (November 18, 2014). 3647: 3645: 3528:. Ohio University Press. p. 179. 2404:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (May 6, 1935). 565:, which had five different parts: the 29: 5221:Great Depression in the United States 4389:(2008) comprehensive history; 640pp 4329:Administration of Federal Work Relief 4327:Millett; John D. & Gladys Ogden. 4320:. (The Brookings Institution, 1946). 4199:Webster's World of Cultural Democracy 3056:Webster's World of Cultural Democracy 3050:Adams, Don; Goldbard, Arlene (1995). 2784:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 1133:. To succeed him Roosevelt appointed 1082:took priority over the other states. 297:speaking to reporters (November 1935) 176:Great Depression in the United States 7: 5066:Rural Electrification Administration 5031:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 4643:University of Michigan Museum of Art 4603:A History of Central Florida Podcast 4338:(University of Chicago Press, 2015_. 4137:Associated Press (October 1, 1940). 3807:A History of Central Florida Podcast 3768:Journal of Disability Policy Studies 3582:. U. of Arkansas Press. p. 38. 2955:"Website on Merritt Parkway Bridges" 2537:"Records of the Division of Finance" 1693:Robeson County Agricultural Building 1259:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration 1121:, WPA national administrator 1938–40 1063:that largely depoliticized the WPA. 998:League of the Physically Handicapped 637:, former principal conductor of the 196:In one of its most famous projects, 25:Works Progress Administration (band) 5021:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 4682:'s Bienes Museum of the Modern Book 4558:Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library 4536:Arizona Archives Online Finding Aid 3878:"The WPA and Federal Relief Policy" 3859:Libraries & the Cultural Record 3740:. Temple University. Archived from 2130:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 2125:List of Federal Art Project artists 1219:head of the WPA until May 1, 1942. 538:Emergency Relief Appropriations Act 109:3.3 million in November 1938 (peak) 4446:, including an illustrated map of 4405:Young, William H., & Nancy K. 4399:(Columbia University Press, 1939) 4276:Journal of Architectural Education 3865:(2): 120 – via Project MUSE. 2978:. Newdeal.feri.org. Archived from 2345:Journal of Architectural Education 2310:University of South Carolina Press 238:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 14: 4980:Public Works Administration (PWA) 4950:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 4910:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 2870:The WPA and Federal Relief Policy 2825:The WPA and Federal Relief Policy 2140:Section of Painting and Sculpture 1203:On May 26, 1940, FDR delivered a 992:People with physical disabilities 768:to promote reading among children 193:suffered long-term unemployment. 5005:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 4970:National Recovery Administration 4960:National Industrial Recovery Act 4677:WPA Children's Books (1935–1943) 4634:University of Maryland libraries 4489: 4450:and a multimedia history of the 3510:The New Deal: The National Level 2662:"Records of Other WPA Divisions" 2071: 2052: 2033: 2014: 1998: 1979: 1963: 1944: 1925: 1902: 1883: 1864: 1845: 1826: 1807: 1784: 1765: 1742: 1723: 1704: 1685: 1666: 1647: 1627: 1611: 1592: 1581:Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall 1573: 1550: 1539:WPA Field House and Pump Station 1531: 1515: 1496: 1480: 1464: 1448: 1425: 1406: 1387: 1368: 1349: 1333: 1310: 1294: 1275: 1172:. Created at the same time, the 903:Internment of Japanese Americans 844: 832: 820: 808: 792: 773: 755: 482: 466: 452: 419:FDR and Hopkins (September 1938) 283: 257: 5076:United States Housing Authority 4440:– with informative annotations. 4175:The American Presidency Project 4095:The American Presidency Project 3882:The University of Chicago Press 3608:The Journal of American History 2410:The American Presidency Project 2304:Leighninger, Robert D. (2007). 2261:The Journal of Economic History 1186:Germany occupied Czechoslovakia 1162:United States Housing Authority 459:Typical plaque on a WPA project 245:ethic, and kept skills sharp." 5051:National Labor Relations Board 5041:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 4610:at the New York Public Library 4460:at the National Gallery of Art 4267:3#3 (1939): 491–196. Accessed 4238:Presidential Studies Quarterly 4139:"WPA Head Dies in Connecticut" 3658:International Socialist Review 3549:Cheryl Lynn Greenberg (2009). 2358:10.1080/10464883.1996.10734689 615:Noon-hour WPA band concert in 319:The WPA was largely shaped by 1: 5176:Works Progress Administration 4975:National Youth Administration 4763:Works Progress Administration 4248:WPA and federal relief policy 3734:"Disability History Timeline" 2857:Filson Club History Quarterly 2434:Deeben, John P. (Fall 2012). 1634:Jackie Robinson Play Center, 1283:Alabama National Guard Armory 1178:National Youth Administration 1144:Following the passage of the 1106:job offers if they got them. 1026:National Youth Administration 986:National Youth Administration 781: 723:This project was directed by 599:This project was directed by 316:program directed by the WPA. 187:National Youth Administration 141:Works Progress Administration 31:Works Progress Administration 5036:Farm Security Administration 4626:at Dartmouth College Library 4555:University of Nebraska Omaha 4518:Soul of a People documentary 4458:The Index of American Design 4395:Williams, Edward Ainsworth. 4265:The Public Opinion Quarterly 4001:Wood, Margaret Mary (1953). 3920:Gina Misiroglu, ed. (2015). 3522:Charles L. Lumpkins (2008). 3147:(12): 52–53. December 1995. 2778:American Antiquarian Society 2758:American Antiquarian Society 2041:Carson Park Baseball Stadium 1433:Midway International Airport 1039:One WPA-funded project, the 380:WPA road development project 355:The Division of Information. 149:Work Projects Administration 4985:Public Works of Art Project 4905:Agricultural Adjustment Act 4531:University of South Florida 4488:(public domain audiobooks) 4282:Leighninger, Robert D. Jr. 4057:The Conscience of a Liberal 2827:. New York: Da Capo Press. 2823:Howard, Donald S. (1973) . 2192:Smith, Jason Scott (2006). 2135:Public Works of Art Project 1853:Liberty Colored High School 1301:Prairie County Courthouse, 1267:Civilian Conservation Corps 1263:Public Works Administration 1166:Public Works Administration 331:, national director of the 304:On May 6, 1935, FDR issued 293:administrator and WPA head 21:Public Works Administration 5242: 5026:Federal Project Number One 4935:Farm Credit Administration 4930:Homeowners Refinancing Act 4915:Civil Works Administration 4772:Federal Project Number One 4345:(2009), brief introduction 4318:Relief and Social Security 4279:49, no. 4 (1996): 226–236. 4062:W. W. Norton & Company 3926:. Routledge. p. 334. 3876:Howard, Donald S. (1943). 3780:10.1177/104420730001100111 3576:Anthony J. Badger (2011). 2198:Cambridge University Press 2115:Federal Project Number One 2087:Natrona County High School 1838:Charleston, South Carolina 1524:New Orleans Public Library 1146:Reorganization Act of 1939 1041:Pack Horse Library Project 917:Manzanar Relocation Center 900: 742: 716: 653: 626: 592: 563:Federal Project Number One 557:Federal Project Number One 521:Mount Hood National Forest 198:Federal Project Number One 18: 5145: 5061:Rural Electrification Act 4803:Historical Records Survey 4778: 4769: 4719:WPA Artist Louis Schanker 4546:Connecticut State Library 4542:WPA Art Inventory Project 4228:Journal of Policy History 3449:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3410:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3371:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3332:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3293:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3254:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3215:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3176:Swain, Martha H. (1995). 3154:10.1557/s0883769400045929 2976:"WPA and Rural Libraries" 2896:"Records of WPA Projects" 2274:10.1017/S0022050710000100 2251:Neumann, Todd C. (2010). 2022:Raleigh County Courthouse 2005:White Center Fieldhouse, 1891:Bristol Municipal Stadium 1697:Lumberton, North Carolina 745:Historical Records Survey 739:Historical Records Survey 583:Historical Records Survey 206:Historical Records Survey 147:; renamed in 1939 as the 35: 5081:Fair Labor Standards Act 4798:Federal Writers' Project 3851:Boyd, Donald C. (2007). 3089:Public Opinion Quarterly 2142:, in Treasury department 2007:White Center, Washington 1987:Bremerton Public Library 1876:Rapid City, South Dakota 1754:Mt. Hood National Forest 1712:Emmons County Courthouse 1168:under the newly created 1129:resigned and became the 857:Library Services Program 719:Federal Writers' Project 713:Federal Writers' Project 579:Federal Writers' Project 352:The Division of Finance. 202:Federal Writers' Project 19:Not to be confused with 4995:Railroad Retirement Act 4874:American Liberty League 4793:Federal Theatre Project 4507:Living New Deal Project 4452:Federal Theater Project 4431:George Mason University 4115:Roosevelt, Franklin D. 3976:Ginzberg, Eli (2004) . 3803:"Episode 32 Tapestries" 3455:Libraries & Culture 3416:Libraries & Culture 3377:Libraries & Culture 3338:Libraries & Culture 3299:Libraries & Culture 3260:Libraries & Culture 3221:Libraries & Culture 3182:Libraries & Culture 2931:Oxford University Press 2885:95#1 (2014), pp. 41–69. 2859:(1975) 49#2 pp 152–168. 2222:"WPA Pays Up and Quits" 1857:Liberty, South Carolina 1819:Pawtucket, Rhode Island 1543:Scituate, Massachusetts 1303:DeValls Bluff, Arkansas 1174:Federal Security Agency 1139:Army Corps of Engineers 656:Federal Theatre Project 650:Federal Theatre Project 575:Federal Theatre Project 432:, and the individual's 333:Federal Theatre Project 210:Federal Theatre Project 4712:by noted muralist Sr. 4693:Database of WPA murals 4680:Broward County Library 4661:Libraries and the WPA: 4618:Wayne State University 4608:WPA digital collection 4563:WPA publications from 4397:Federal aid for relief 4306:Mathews, Jane DeHart. 4230:13#2 (2001): 251–287. 4168:Roosevelt, Franklin D. 2167:Arnesen, Eric (2007). 2084: 2026:Beckley, West Virginia 1661:, New York (1937–1939) 1455:Gregg Park Bandshell, 1380:St. Augustine, Florida 1246: 1200: 1197:attack on Pearl Harbor 1150:Bureau of Public Roads 1122: 1056: 1021: 982: 762:1940 WPA poster using 712: 624: 420: 397: 381: 5097:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4990:Reciprocal Tariff Act 4895:Emergency Banking Act 4788:Federal Music Project 4614:WPA Music Manuscripts 2705:Taylor, Nick (2008). 2105:American Guide Series 2082: 2045:Eau Claire, Wisconsin 1991:Bremerton, Washington 1600:Milaca Municipal Hall 1522:Alvar Street Branch, 1342:Santa Ana, California 1340:Santa Ana City Hall, 1287:Guntersville, Alabama 1257:"The agencies of the 1241: 1194: 1158:National Park Service 1135:Francis C. Harrington 1131:Secretary of Commerce 1119:Francis C. Harrington 1117: 1054: 1019: 977: 729:American Guide Series 643:Federal Music Project 629:Federal Music Project 614: 607:Federal Music Project 571:Federal Music Project 418: 379: 214:Federal Music Project 107:8.5 million 1935–1943 53:May 6, 1935 5226:Work relief programs 5117:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 4965:National Housing Act 4925:Executive Order 6102 4522:Smithsonian Networks 4371:Smith, Jason Scott. 4334:Musher, Sharon Ann. 4310:(Princeton UP 1967) 4240:29#2 (1999): 306–16 4170:(December 4, 1942). 3950:The Wilson Quarterly 2060:Mondeaux Lodge House 1773:Oregon State Library 1716:Linton, North Dakota 1558:Detroit Naval Armory 1508:Louisville, Kentucky 1361:Tallahassee, Florida 1318:Griffith Observatory 1239:policy," FDR wrote: 1199:(December 11, 1941). 1170:Federal Works Agency 532:across the country. 515:in Los Angeles, and 513:Griffith Observatory 474:Griffith Observatory 323:, supervisor of the 117:$ 1.3 billion (1935) 4783:Federal Art Project 4296:McJimsey George T. 3906:Alexander Keyssar, 3744:on 20 December 2013 3126:(2008) pp. 62, 280. 2110:Federal Art Project 2064:Westboro, Wisconsin 1834:Dock Street Theatre 1678:Rhinebeck, New York 1618:Upland Auditorium, 1489:Gove County, Kansas 1233:cost-plus contracts 1137:, a colonel in the 639:Cleveland Orchestra 595:Federal Art Project 589:Federal Art Project 567:Federal Art Project 511:in Charleston, the 509:Dock Street Theatre 218:Federal Art Project 32: 4955:Glass–Steagall Act 4920:Communications Act 4864:New Deal Coalition 4710:WPA mural projects 4448:major WPA projects 4427:WPA Oral Histories 4246:Howard, Donald S. 3683:The New York Times 3652:Rosenthal, Keith. 3496:Beito, p. 181-183. 3487:Beito, p. 182-183. 2868:Donald S. Howard, 2308:. Columbia, S.C.: 2227:The New York Times 2085: 1895:Bristol, Tennessee 1585:Brandon, Minnesota 1473:University of Iowa 1457:Vincennes, Indiana 1210:military airfields 1201: 1123: 1057: 1022: 1002:Home Relief Bureau 947:racial segregation 765:Little Miss Muffet 625: 421: 382: 151:) was an American 5181:New Deal agencies 5163: 5162: 4852:Causes and legacy 4811: 4810: 4468:Project Gutenberg 4378:Taylor, David A. 4364:Singleton, Jeff. 4352:(1985): 175–207. 4037:David A. Taylor, 3685:. August 17, 1937 3512:(1975). pp 188–89 2921:Kennedy, David M. 2440:Prologue Magazine 2120:Hatch Act of 1939 1655:LaGuardia Airport 1604:Milaca, Minnesota 1487:Jenkins Culvert, 1414:Boise High School 1068:J. Parnell Thomas 1061:Hatch Act of 1939 932:African Americans 137: 136: 5233: 5137:Robert F. 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