47:
36:
328:
394:
2143:
180:, which created provisions similar to the RFPA that allowed the FBI to issue NSLs. Still, neither RFPA or ECPA included penalties for failure to comply with the NSL. A 1993 amendment removed the restriction regarding "foreign powers," thereby allowing NSLs to request information concerning persons who are not the direct subject of the investigation but who may have information relevant to it.
148:, 549 F.3d 861 (2d Cir. 2008), which had held that the 2006 NSL law could be constitutionally applied"... and "the NSL law, as amended , was constitutional." The two petitioners appealed. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court ruling, holding that NSLs are constitutional and stated, "the nondisclosure requirement does not run afoul of the First Amendment."
266:. The person has already provided the information to a third party, e.g., their telephone company, so they no longer have a reasonable expectation of privacy to the information and, therefore, there is no Fourth Amendment requirement to obtain court approval to obtain the information. Nonetheless, an NSL recipient may still challenge the nondisclosure provision in federal court.
429:
In 2010, the FBI agreed to lift partially the nondisclosure provision to allow
Merrill to reveal his identity. On August 28, 2015, Judge Marrero rescinded the nondisclosure provision associated with the NSL Merrill had received, thereby allowing him to speak about the contents of the NSL. On November
378:
Because of the New York district court ruling, while the case was still on appeal, Congress amended the USA PATRIOT Act to provide for more judicial review of NSLs and clarified the NSL nondisclosure provision. Based on the U.S. Supreme Court rulings, the FBI does not need judicial approval to issue
281:
lawsuit in 2007, the FBI had used NSLs to obtain information about individuals who were the subject of an FBI terrorism or counterintelligence investigation and information from telecommunications companies about individuals with whom the subject of the investigation had communicated. According to a
269:
A news media report in 2007 stated a government audit found the FBI had violated the rules more than 1,000 times in an audit of 10% of its national investigations between 2002 and 2007. Twenty such incidents involved requests by agents for information not permitted under the law. A subsequent report
234:
when the FBI issues an NSL, both of which federal courts have held to be constitutional. When the
Director of the FBI (or their designee) authorizes the inclusion of a nondisclosure provision in an NSL, the recipient may face criminal prosecution if it discloses the contents of the NSL or that it
187:
specifically allowed for judicial review of NSLs. A federal judge could repeal or modify an NSL if the court found the request for information was "unreasonable, oppressive, or otherwise unlawful." The March 2006 changes also weakened the nondisclosure provision the government could include in an
253:
iving under the gag order has been stressful and surreal. Under the threat of criminal prosecution, I must hide all aspects of my involvement in the case ... from my colleagues, my family and my friends. When I meet with my attorneys I cannot tell my girlfriend where I am going or where I have
138:
gave the recipient of an NSL that included a nondisclosure provision the right to challenge the nondisclosure provision in federal court. In March 2013, a federal judge in the
Northern District of California held an NSL nondisclosure provision was unconstitutional. On August 24, 2015, the
386:, which heard arguments in May 2006. In March 2008, the Second Circuit ruled that nondisclosure provisions were permissible only when the FBI certified that disclosure may result in certain statutorily enumerated harms (see, e.g., 18 U.S.C. 2709), and held the nondisclosure provision to a
303:, financial institutions, and telephone companies. The ACLU based its allegation on a review of more than 1,000 documents provided by the Defense Department. The Department of Justice Office of Inspector General later determined it was the Department of Defense (not the FBI) that had
188:
NSL. A court could repeal the nondisclosure provision if it found it had been made in bad faith. Other 2006 amendments to the law allowed the recipient of an NSL to inform their attorney about the NSL and the government had to rely on the courts to enforce compliance with an NSL.
113:; interference with a criminal, counterterrorism, or counterintelligence investigation; interference with diplomatic relations; or danger to the life or physical safety of any person." Nonetheless, the recipient of an NSL may challenge the nondisclosure provision in federal court.
290:
In many cases, the target of a national security letter whose records are being sought is not the subject of a terrorism investigation. Under the USA PATRIOT Act, the FBI must assert that the records gathered through the letter are considered relevant to a terrorism
101:
to seek such information that is "relevant" to an authorized national security investigation. By law, NSLs can request only non-content information, for example, transactional records and phone numbers dialed, but never the content of telephone calls or e-mails.
202:
Section 505 of the USA PATRIOT Act (2001) allowed the use of the NSLs when seeking information "relevant" in authorized national security investigations to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities. The act also provided the
425:
that in calendar year 2005, "The
Government made requests for certain information concerning 3,501 United States persons pursuant to NSLs. During this period, the total number of NSL requests ... for information concerning U.S. persons totaled 9,254."
413:. The amendments to the USA PATRIOT Act mentioned above included requirements for semiannual reporting to Congress. Although the reports are classified, a nonclassified accounting of how many NSLs are issued is also required. On April 28, 2006, the
143:
vacated the lower court's decision and remanded the case for further proceedings. On remand, the district court held the "NSLs were issued in full compliance with the procedural and substantive requirements suggested by the Second
Circuit in
582:
1464:
1335:
165:
763:
235:
was received. The purpose of a nondisclosure provision is to prevent the recipient of an NSL from compromising the current FBI investigation involving for which the NSL was issued as well as future investigations (
1459:
168:, the FBI could obtain the records only if the FBI first demonstrated the target was a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. Compliance by the recipient of the NSL was voluntary and state laws for
1151:
222:
The PATRIOT Act increased the number of persons who could approve the issuance of NSLs, from the FBI Director (or their designees) to include the FBI Special Agent in Charge of the 56 field offices.
172:
often allowed financial institutions to reject the requests. In 1986, Congress amended RFPA to allow the government to request disclosure of the requested information. In 1986, Congress passed the
871:
1310:
1170:
1800:
1134:
363:, founder of Calyx Internet Access, who had received an NSL. The action challenged the constitutionality of NSLs, specifically the nondisclosure provision. At the district court, Judge of the
1688:
1656:
1015:
1010:
1863:
390:
standard. The Second
Circuit then returned the case to the district court based on amendments to the USA PATRIOT Act that Congress had enacted while the case had been on appeal.
1269:
1195:
131:
1531:
771:
116:
The constitutionality of such nondisclosure provisions has been repeatedly challenged. The nondisclosure provision was initially ruled unconstitutional as an infringement of
1124:
1883:
1526:
1340:
1218:
368:
1918:
1069:
372:
1514:
1032:
160:
The oldest NSL provisions were created in 1978 as a little-used investigative tool in terrorist and espionage investigations to obtain financial records. Under the
1484:
1037:
270:
in 2014 conduced by the
Justice Department's Office of Inspector General concluded the FBI had corrected its practices and that NSLs now complied with federal law.
184:
135:
1005:
1000:
995:
2183:
1831:
1683:
1651:
1382:
1543:
1235:
1104:
884:
278:
239:
18 U.S.C. 2709), either of which would fetter the
Government's efforts to address threats to national security. An NSL recipient (later revealed to be
1504:
1474:
1397:
1044:
1362:
2173:
2168:
1703:
1671:
1240:
1228:
1059:
1938:
1698:
1678:
1666:
1646:
1447:
990:
980:
971:
932:
1742:
1144:
105:
NSLs typically contain a nondisclosure requirement forbidding the recipient of an NSL from disclosing the FBI had requested the information. The
1452:
911:
418:
117:
110:
1968:
1754:
1245:
1202:
1190:
173:
1420:
1933:
299:
alleged that the military was using the FBI to skirt legal restrictions on domestic surveillance to obtain private records of
Americans'
1781:
1693:
1661:
1630:
1625:
1290:
1257:
1022:
414:
204:
1847:
1415:
1407:
1330:
1325:
528:
513:
1610:
794:
263:
812:
1994:
1372:
1357:
1223:
219:
added potential penalties for failure to comply with an NSL or disclosing an NSL if the NSL included a nondisclosure provision.
109:
must authorize the nondisclosure provisions and only after he or she certifies "that otherwise there may result a danger to the
1999:
1759:
1732:
1719:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1165:
872:
Decision of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Second Circuit in re: John Doe I et al. v. Alberto Gonzales et al. (PDF)
862:
National Security Letters in Foreign Intelligence Investigations: A Glimpse of the Legal Background and Recent Amendments (PDF)
383:
2188:
1824:
1563:
1350:
1285:
1054:
935:
480:
352:
296:
274:
161:
140:
94:
1087:
1898:
1573:
1494:
494:
364:
308:
1094:
1808:
1791:
1568:
1392:
1315:
1175:
1049:
985:
943:
630:
1430:
212:
1954:
1913:
1538:
1489:
1305:
1027:
966:
904:
550:
2062:
2012:
1749:
1367:
300:
177:
90:
86:
648:
2178:
2050:
1519:
1295:
444:
98:
78:
1771:
410:
74:
662:"Doe v. Holder (Challenging Patriot Act's National Security Letter provision and associated gag provision)"
258:
Like other administrative subpoenas, NSLs do not require judicial approval. For NSLs, that is because the
1974:
1839:
661:
2146:
2086:
2068:
1816:
1320:
1264:
1252:
1180:
1109:
897:
371:("it has the effect of authorizing coercive searches effectively immune from any judicial process") and
2193:
2074:
1908:
1737:
1114:
954:
422:
2080:
2018:
2006:
1903:
1437:
1425:
1387:
1157:
1099:
946:
635:
454:
245:
208:
106:
35:
1776:
1578:
1082:
876:
610:
583:"Deliberating Surveillance Policy: Congress, the FBI, and the Abuse of National Security Letters"
566:
259:
231:
745:
1928:
1893:
1855:
1377:
602:
375:. However, Judge Marrero stayed his ruling while the case proceeded to the court of appeals.
343:
82:
1960:
594:
439:
360:
240:
169:
127:
56:
727:
562:
215:
has also allegedly issued NSLs. The Patriot Act reauthorization statutes passed during the
2110:
2044:
2026:
1499:
1139:
1129:
1077:
798:
791:
545:
387:
333:
322:
122:
17:
1442:
1119:
499:
449:
216:
262:
has held the type of information NSLs obtain do not have a constitutionally protected
2162:
2132:
1727:
835:"Nicholas Merrill able to reveal the national security letter previously undisclosed"
614:
517:
885:
Thousands of Declassified National Security Letters from various government agencies
327:
2098:
2092:
1923:
1300:
920:
866:
532:
393:
2125:
2104:
1871:
1766:
1185:
813:"Federal Court Lifts National Security Letter Gag Order; First Time in 14 Years"
459:
197:
2056:
1465:
Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978
598:
701:
606:
543:
Andrew E. Nieland, National Security Letters and the Amended Patriot Act, 92
1509:
861:
477:
478:
USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis
356:
1336:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
483:'s report for Congress, Brian T. Yeh, Charles Doyle, December 21, 2006.
166:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
682:
Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979); Fourth Amendment, U.S. Const.
1460:
Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
230:
Two contentious aspects of NSLs are the nondisclosure provision and
649:
John Doeâ Who Fought FBI Spying Freed From Gag Order After 6 Years
392:
326:
355:
concerning the use of NSLs. The lawsuit was filed on behalf of "
834:
893:
889:
669:
341:
The lack of judicial oversight and the Supreme Court ruling in
85:
purposes. NSLs do not require prior approval from a judge. The
879:
FBI Unbound: How National Security Letters Violate Our Privacy
273:
According to 2,500 pages of documents the FBI provided to the
430:
30, 2015, the unredacted court ruling was published in full.
150:
Under Seal v. Jefferson B. Sessions, III, Attorney General
668:. NYCLU (New York Civil Liberties Union). Archived from
382:
The government appealed Judge Marrero's decision to the
152:, Nos. 16-16067, 16-16081, and 16-16082, July 17, 2017.
46:
1532:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
561:
Lichtblau, Eric; Mezzetti, Mark (January 14, 2007).
2037:
1984:
1947:
1882:
1790:
1718:
1639:
1618:
1609:
1556:
1473:
1406:
1278:
1211:
1068:
965:
728:"F.B.I. Data Mining Reached Beyond Target Suspects"
1527:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
1341:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
495:"What It's Like to Get a National-Security Letter"
1919:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
207:when conducting a law enforcement investigation,
1515:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1485:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
792:Report of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
185:USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act
136:USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act
367:held in September 2004 that NSLs violated the
905:
8:
1383:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
1270:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
563:"Military Expands Intelligence Role in U.S."
1544:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1236:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
1105:International Emergency Economic Powers Act
1615:
1065:
912:
898:
890:
626:
624:
1505:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
1398:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980
1135:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
55:A National security letter issued to the
1743:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
1539:Three Mile Island accident investigation
1241:Department of Education Organization Act
702:"FBI agents broke the rules 1,000 times"
581:Bendix, William; Quirk, Paul J. (2016).
211:inquiry, or security determination. The
1448:National Energy Conservation Policy Act
811:McLaughlin, Jenna (14 September 2015).
470:
1453:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
111:national security of the United States
1969:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1755:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
1203:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978
1191:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
801:, United States Department of Justice
174:Electronic Communications Privacy Act
27:US government administrative subpoena
7:
1421:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1363:HumphreyâHawkins Full Employment Act
764:"Congress.gov â Library of Congress"
2184:Mass intelligence-gathering systems
1782:Continuity of Government Commission
1291:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
1258:Federal Emergency Management Agency
666:S.D.N.Y. 04 Civ. 2614 (VM) (direct)
307:obtained the information under the
1848:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land
1331:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
1326:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
1145:IranâUnited States Claims Tribunal
493:Bustillos, Maria (June 27, 2013).
59:demanding information about a user
25:
1125:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
746:"ACLU Sues Over Internet Privacy"
264:reasonable expectation of privacy
2142:
2141:
1495:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
1373:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
1358:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
1224:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
651:Kim Zetter, Wired.com, 2010 8 10
45:
34:
2174:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2169:Censorship in the United States
1934:CarterâMenil Human Rights Prize
1760:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
1733:Presidential Library and Museum
1166:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
1152:Diplomatic relations with China
384:Second Circuit Court of Appeals
132:Second Circuit Court of Appeals
1825:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid
1351:Right to Financial Privacy Act
1286:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
1055:Solar power at the White House
936:President of the United States
867:Doe v. Ashcroft decision (PDF)
726:Lichtblau, Eric (2007-09-08).
481:Congressional Research Service
297:American Civil Liberties Union
275:Electronic Frontier Foundation
162:Right to Financial Privacy Act
141:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
95:Right to Financial Privacy Act
1:
2022:(2002 television documentary)
1899:Presidential Medal of Freedom
365:Southern District of New York
351:, a test case brought by the
309:National Security Act of 1947
1975:Georgia State Capitol statue
1393:Trade Agreements Act of 1979
1316:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
1246:U.S. Department of Education
1176:1980 Summer Olympics boycott
2113:(first cousin once removed)
1431:Synthetic Fuels Corporation
839:Information Society Project
631:My National Security Letter
213:Central Intelligence Agency
2210:
1955:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue
1914:Philadelphia Liberty Medal
1579:State of the Union Address
1490:Antarctic Conservation Act
1306:Community Reinvestment Act
320:
301:Internet service providers
279:Freedom of Information Act
195:
81:to gather information for
2120:
1416:U.S. Department of Energy
1368:Motor Carrier Act of 1980
1088:EgyptâIsrael peace treaty
927:
877:Documentary film :
599:10.1017/S0898030616000178
587:Journal of Policy History
178:Stored Communications Act
146:John Doe, Inc. v. Mukasey
91:Fair Credit Reporting Act
87:Stored Communications Act
18:National security letters
1520:National Priorities List
1346:National security letter
1296:Airline Deregulation Act
1229:Senior Executive Service
1095:TorrijosâCarter Treaties
445:Non-disclosure agreement
126:, but that decision was
99:United States government
79:United States government
67:national security letter
1832:reaction and commentary
1772:Nairobi Agreement, 1999
1564:Moral Equivalent of War
1500:Clean Water Act of 1977
411:congressional oversight
75:administrative subpoena
1840:Beyond the White House
1689:running mate selection
1657:running mate selection
1574:A Crisis of Confidence
402:
338:
293:
256:
2189:Surveillance scandals
2087:Ruth Carter Stapleton
2069:James Earl Carter Sr.
1817:Our Endangered Values
1321:Executive Order 12086
1265:Executive Order 12172
1253:Executive Order 12148
1181:Executive Order 12036
1110:Executive Order 12170
1033:Judicial appointments
955:Georgia State Senator
691:18 U.S.C. § 3511
415:Department of Justice
396:
330:
288:
251:
205:Department of Defense
2075:Lillian Gordy Carter
1909:Silver Buffalo Award
1738:Habitat for Humanity
1115:Operation Eagle Claw
176:(ECPA), part of the
164:(RFPA), part of the
2081:Gloria Carter Spann
1904:Freedom of the City
1569:Island of Stability
1438:National Energy Act
1426:Energy Security Act
1388:Revenue Act of 1978
1171:International trips
1158:Goldwater v. Carter
1100:Iran hostage crisis
1023:Political positions
947:Governor of Georgia
636:The Washington Post
455:Transparency Report
295:In April 2008, the
282:September 9, 2007,
246:The Washington Post
226:Contentious aspects
209:counterintelligence
183:In March 2006, the
107:Director of the FBI
2030:(2007 documentary)
1801:Everything to Gain
1777:One America Appeal
1083:Camp David Accords
797:2006-06-29 at the
732:The New York Times
567:The New York Times
549:1201, 1207 (2007)
405:Another effect of
403:
339:
260:U.S. Supreme Court
232:judicial oversight
2156:
2155:
1929:Christopher Award
1894:Nobel Peace Prize
1856:White House Diary
1809:The Hornet's Nest
1714:
1713:
1552:
1551:
1378:Staggers Rail Act
1060:Reagan transition
1045:Executive Actions
841:. Yale University
344:Smith v. Maryland
311:, not by an NSL.
277:in response to a
134:when it held the
83:national security
16:(Redirected from
2201:
2145:
2144:
1864:A Call to Action
1616:
1066:
958:
950:
939:
914:
907:
900:
891:
850:
849:
847:
846:
831:
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808:
802:
789:
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770:. Archived from
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484:
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440:Lettre de cachet
417:reported to the
369:Fourth Amendment
361:Nicholas Merrill
347:was the core of
241:Nicholas Merrill
170:consumer privacy
57:Internet Archive
49:
38:
21:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2179:Legal documents
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2133:Ronald Reagan â
2116:
2111:Hugh Carter Jr.
2045:Rosalynn Carter
2033:
2027:Man from Plains
1980:
1943:
1885:
1878:
1786:
1720:Post-presidency
1710:
1635:
1605:
1548:
1476:
1469:
1402:
1279:Economic policy
1274:
1219:Cannabis policy
1212:Domestic policy
1207:
1140:Algiers Accords
1130:1979 oil crisis
1078:Carter Doctrine
1064:
1050:Rabbit incident
969:
961:
953:
942:
931:
923:
918:
858:
853:
844:
842:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
815:. The Intercept
810:
809:
805:
799:Wayback Machine
790:
786:
777:
775:
762:
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743:
739:
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706:RTĂ News Online
700:
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660:
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580:
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546:Cornell L. Rev.
542:
538:
527:
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512:
508:
492:
491:
487:
476:
472:
468:
436:
407:Doe v. Ashcroft
399:Doe v. Gonzales
388:strict scrutiny
373:First Amendment
349:Doe v. Ashcroft
334:Doe v. Ashcroft
325:
323:Doe v. Ashcroft
319:
316:Doe v. Ashcroft
228:
200:
194:
158:
130:in 2008 by the
123:Doe v. Gonzales
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2015:
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2099:Emily Dolvin
2093:Billy Carter
2063:Jason Carter
2025:
2019:Jimmy Carter
2017:
2013:UFO incident
1963:Jimmy Carter
1962:
1939:Grammy Award
1924:Hoover Medal
1870:
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1807:
1799:
1640:Presidential
1345:
1301:Carter bonds
1156:
1016:January 1981
986:Inauguration
921:Jimmy Carter
878:
843:. Retrieved
838:
829:
819:16 September
817:. Retrieved
806:
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776:. Retrieved
772:the original
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710:. Retrieved
708:. 2007-06-14
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2105:Hugh Carter
2051:Jack Carter
2007:Mary Prince
1991:Residences
1872:A Full Life
1767:White House
1186:Refugee Act
957:(1963â1967)
949:(1971â1975)
938:(1977â1981)
750:cbsnews.com
533:§ 3511
460:DSMA-notice
198:Patriot Act
192:PATRIOT Act
118:free speech
2163:Categories
2065:(grandson)
2059:(daughter)
2057:Amy Carter
1995:Birthplace
1886:and honors
1750:The Elders
1694:convention
1662:convention
1196:FISA Court
981:Transition
967:Presidency
845:2015-11-30
778:2007-05-23
712:2007-06-14
466:References
331:Letter in
2095:(brother)
1961:USS
1684:primaries
1652:primaries
1611:Elections
1510:Superfund
1311:DIDMC Act
615:156898376
607:0898-0306
2147:Category
2107:(cousin)
2089:(sister)
2083:(sister)
2077:(mother)
2071:(father)
1704:election
1672:election
1557:Speeches
991:Timeline
972:timeline
795:Archived
434:See also
379:an NSL.
357:John Doe
305:lawfully
286:report,
73:) is an
2009:(nanny)
1985:Related
1828:(2006)
1699:debates
1667:debates
1028:Cabinet
156:History
128:vacated
2101:(aunt)
2047:(wife)
2038:Family
1977:(1994)
1971:(1987)
1957:(1976)
1948:Legacy
1884:Awards
1875:(2015)
1867:(2014)
1859:(2010)
1851:(2009)
1843:(2007)
1820:(2006)
1812:(2003)
1804:(1987)
1477:policy
613:
605:
531:
516:
423:Senate
249:said,
93:, and
2053:(son)
1792:Books
611:S2CID
419:House
254:been.
2000:Home
1631:1970
1626:1966
1599:1981
1594:1980
1589:1979
1584:1978
1011:1980
1006:1979
1001:1978
996:1977
944:76th
933:39th
821:2015
603:ISSN
421:and
401:case
353:ACLU
337:case
595:doi
237:see
120:in
71:NSL
2165::
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