205:...To oblige the great body of the yeomanry and of the other classes of citizens to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions, as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well-regulated militia, would be a real grievance to the people and a serious public inconvenience and loss. It would form an annual deduction from the productive labor of this country to an amount which, calculating upon the present numbers of the people, would not fall far short of a million pounds. To attempt a thing which would abridge the mass of labor and industry to so considerable extent would be unwise: and the experiment, if made, could not succeed, because it would not long be endured. Little more can reasonably be aimed at with respect to the people at large than to have them properly armed and equipped; and in order to see that this be not neglected, it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year. But through the scheme of disciplining the whole nation must be abandoned as mischievous or impracticable; yet it is a matter of the utmost importance that a well-digested plan should, as soon as possible, be adopted for the proper establishment of the militia. The attention of the government ought particularly to be directed to the formation of a select corps of moderate size, upon such principles as will really fit it for service in case of need. By thus circumscribing the plan, it will be possible to have an excellent body of well-trained militia ready to take the field whenever the defense of the state shall require it. This will not only lessen the call for military establishments, but if circumstances should at any time oblige the government to form an army of any magnitude that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the people while there is a large body of citizens, little if at all inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms, who stand ready to defend their own rights and those of their fellow citizens. This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army, and the best possible security against it, if it should exist.
224:, with the people on their side, would be able to repel the danger. The highest number to which, according to the best computation, a standing army can be carried in any country, does not exceed one hundredth of the whole number of souls; or one twenty-fifth part of the number able to bear arms. This proportion would not yield, in the United States, an army of more than twenty-five or thirty thousand men. To these would be opposed a militia amounting to near half a million of citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves, fighting for their common liberties, and united and conducted by governments possessing their affections and confidence. It may well be doubted, whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops.
345:. The 1792 Act codified the responsibility of all Americans in providing for the Nation's defense and mandated that every physically capable male between the ages of 18 and 45 be available for military service. The 1792 Act did not classify the militia (set service requirements according to age, i.e., 18- to 21-year-olds perform active service, 21 years and up perform voluntary or contingency service), or make the provision for select units (active-duty units that might serve alongside the regular Army), or provide uniform and detailed regulation throughout the States. Lastly, it did not provide financial ways and means to bring a National Militia into being.
591:) painfully demonstrated the US military's lack of preparedness. In response, US military end-strength was increased from 1,460,000 to 3,250,000 by the summer of 1951. Though the immediate problem was addressed, Marshall sought a permanent solution for national defense, and pushed strenuously for UMT. President Truman had been considering such a program for several years. Their combined efforts resulted in the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951.
45:
497:. Following World War II, US Army end strength dropped from 8 million in the spring of 1945 to 684,000 by 1 July 1947, a reduction of 89 divisions to 12. Over the next year it was reduced again from 12 to 10. Spurred by tremendous public pressure to "bring the boys home," Congress had little interest in considerations for future conflicts. Besides, with the advent of the
472:(Burke–Wadsworth Act). The 1940 Selective Service Act was significant because it was the first time in US History that conscription was enacted in peacetime, in spite of opposition from religious groups. The Act also contained a provision allowing for conscientious objection. This clause was a distinct departure from the World War I era when many
156:
The Greeks by their laws, and the Romans by the spirit of their people, took care to put into the hands of their rulers no such engine of oppression as a standing army. Their system was to make every man a soldier, and oblige him to repair to the standard of his country whenever that was reared. This
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of 1951 set the statutory terms of service for the military at a minimum of 8 years, lowered the draft age from 19 to 18½, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and contained a provision obligating all young
American males to UMT. There was one catch in the legislation though. The
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proposed a mandatory year of national service for 18-year-olds, which would either consist of military service, community service, or a membership in the
National Infrastructure Apprenticeship or Climate Corps. Other Democratic presidential candidates favored expansion of voluntary national service
525:
was at 25% manning its first year of occupation duty, with minimally trained teenagers as its only replacements. The Army had dropped its basic training requirement from 13 weeks to eight, and in
November and December 1946 only four weeks were required. By 1950, the four divisions that remained in
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During World War II, US participation was invoked at virtually every level of
American society. Over 16 million men and women served in uniform, over 12% of a population of 130 million. Additionally, over 400,000 gave their lives; the largest sacrifice in any American war with the exception of the
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and
Congress would enact Universal Military Training (UMT), requiring all young men to receive one year of military training so the Army could expediently ramp up in time of war. This never happened, but when Army end-strength fell to a dismal 538,000 soldiers in June 1948, Congress begrudgingly
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were jailed. Under the 1940 Act, all males between the ages of 21 and 35 were required to register, with draftees being selected via lottery. Draftees were to serve for no more than 12 months, and their service was to be limited to the US or US territories only. The 1940 draft was not a popular
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Washington and
Jefferson remained skeptical. Both wanted a classified or select militia, and they predicted the inadequate results of the 1792 Act. In 1805, Jefferson attempted to improve the system as President, but his efforts did not gain the support of Congress. In many states, the militias
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in 1945 to prevent Soviet incursion there, two were deactivated and the third sent to Japan in 1948. These forces were further derelict in the absence of logistics and combat training. Between 1945 and 1950, the Army procured nothing except food, clothing, and medical supplies. No new weapons,
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reinstated the
Selective Service System with Proclamation 4771, July 2, 1980. According to current Selective Service regulations, all American males between the ages of 18 and 26 are eligible for service. Failure to register within 30 days of a person's 18th birthday may result in five years
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If we mean to be a commercial people, or even to be secure on our
Atlantic side, we must endeavor, as soon as possible, to have a navy. To this purpose there must be dock-yards and arsenals; and for the defense of these, fortifications, and probably
630:. In turn, soldiers were placed in exceedingly difficult circumstances that maximized hazards and multiplied provocations for misconduct and breaks in discipline. Seeking to insulate future military operations from the ups and downs of American
539:, Chief of Army Field Forces, suspended all unit live-fire training even though the Army had a well-developed, wartime tested series of live fire exercises for squads, platoons, and companies. His rationale, and that of his successor, General
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financiers. The political spin from the incident was that militias could not be relied upon and controlled, despite the exceptional circumstances that caused some of the
Massachusetts militiamen to rebel in the first place.
703:, and other agencies provided employment opportunities for millions of unemployed Americans while they performed a type of National Service. The results of these programs created most of America's modern infrastructure.
376:
James Monroe sought a military draft, but
Congress vehemently opposed it. Conscription continued to remain the domain of the States through levies to form militias. The federal draft was first applied in the
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to produce a Universal Military Service pamphlet in 1944. General Marshall's staff considered the pamphlet too controversial, so it was never disseminated. The pamphlet survived only in the archives at the
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Those Americans not involved in the fighting during World War II made direct contributions in other ways: rationing, price controls, purchasing war bonds, civil defense, and working in war industries. The
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created the modern, American ethos for national service. First, the challenges of the Great Depression brought about large-scale, government-sponsored work programs to help rehabilitate the economy. The
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Let a regular army, fully equal to the resources of the country, be formed; and let it be entirely at the devotion of the federal government; still it would not be going too far to say, that the
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258:. The various local militias that comprised Shay's "Regulators" went from town to town, shutting down Debtor's Courts and tax collection. They were eventually defeated by 4,400
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in Boston. City Year enlists high school and college graduates to perform a year of community service and tutoring in K-12 schools. City Year became the model for AmeriCorps.
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In essence, the Militia Act of 1792 was a compromise between all parties. The Federalists would not have to pay for the militia, which was always a concern. Also, many of the
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Despite General Marshall's unsuccessful promotion of Universal Military Training immediately following World War II, he would get another opportunity when he became the 3rd
743:. President Kennedy stated, "The wisdom of this idea is that someday we'll bring it home to America." Since that time, over 235,000 Americans have worked in 141 countries.
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UMT clause had to be activated by further legislation for it to go into effect. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, such legislation was never passed.
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The downsizing of the US military after World War II, without proper regard to future threats, left America's forces ill-trained and poorly manned and equipped for the
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We must train and classify the whole of our male citizens, and make military instruction a regular part of collegiate education. We can never be safe till this is done.
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310:. The Native Americans inflicted a 97% casualty rate on St. Clair's force, making it one of the worst losses in US military history. In response, President
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did not want the Federal Government meddling in the regulation of their states' militias. They regarded it as an improper extension of federal power.
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1153:"Press Release: Three Organizations Merge; Announce Service Year Alliance to Make a Year of Service a Common Expectation & Opportunity for All
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as proof that all future conflicts would move so fast that there would be no time to train conscripts. Combined with the gaining influence of the
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President Eisenhower took office in 1953 and ended hostilities in the Korean War. The Army and Marine infantries decreased in size. Eisenhower's "
606:" defense policy shifted back to a reliance on airplanes and atom bombs, thus further decreasing the possibility of universal military service.
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318:, a professional combined-arms brigade of cavalry, artillery, and infantry under the control of one of Washington's old subordinates, General
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granted amnesty to all draft evaders, and terminated the Selective Service Act (started in 1917) with Proclamation 4360, March 25, 1975.
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system that obligated every physically capable male to render service. Though he failed to have such a clause written into the
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published a full issue dedicated to promoting National Service, signaling the beginning of a new public debate on the issue.
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Japan were at 48.8% strength, with their combat service support units only at 25.9%. Lastly, of the three divisions sent to
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The Federalists won the debate, in part because of circumstances beyond their control. The first of these circumstances was
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The Army and Transformation, 1945–1991: Implications For Today, LTC Arthur W. Connor, Jr., US Army, 9 April 2002, page 6
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The Army and Transformation, 1945–1991: Implications For Today, LTC Arthur W. Connor, Jr., US Army, 9 April 2002, page 8
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The Army and Transformation, 1945–1991: Implications For Today, LTC Arthur W. Connor, Jr., US Army, 9 April 2002, page 3
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Campaign. The stated goal of the campaign is to significantly increase voluntary national service in the United States.
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646:, the country was gradually sold on the virtues of a technologically driven, professional military. In 1973, President
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433:), or a member of the unorganized militia (all males within the age range who are not members of the National Guard).
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from Ohio), classified all American males between the ages of 17 and 45 as either part of the organized militia (the
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in 1794, thus affirming the place for a federally controlled, standing army in the new country, ostensibly to fight
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vehicles, equipment, spare parts, or ammunition was thought necessary. Combat training was equally nonexistent.
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But it proves more forcibly the necessity of obliging every citizen to be a soldier; this was the case with the
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announced in her campaign speech her plan for a "National Service Reserve", which would be a reserve corps for
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822:. Over two million Americans provide community service each year through AmeriCorps and its sister programs,
870:(New York) introduced the Universal National Service Act of 2003 (S. 89 / H.R. 163). H.R. 163 failed in the
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543:, was simple: safety. Safety was a greater concern to the Army's peacetime leaders than training readiness.
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560:. Budget conflicts, though, resulted in adding only 100,000 new soldiers. Nuclear deterrence aside, The
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128:, and must be that of every free State. Where there is no oppression there will be no pauper hirelings.
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951:. Its mission is to make a year of service a common opportunity and expectation for young Americans.
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of 2007 (H.R. 393), but the bill never made it out of committee again. On September 10, 2007,
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by a vote of 2–402 on October 5, 2004. On February 14, 2006, Rangel introduced the Universal
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116:, Jefferson continued to push for a universal and classified militia until his death in 1826.
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in September 1950. In the summer of 1950, the initial actions of the Korean War (including
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during this time was made possible by the absence of any insurgency, or a Soviet invasion.
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from the very war they fought in. Individuals unable to pay were often thrown into
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850:, a variety of programs were initiated to encourage Americans to serve. President
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in 1941. To further conscription during the War, the draft age was lowered to 18.
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878:(H.R. 4752), but the bill never made it out of committee. On January 10, 2007,
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gradually devolved until existing almost exclusively on paper by the 1840s.
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under the direction of the Corporation for National and Community Service.
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Task Force Smith 'What we carried was all we had.' LTC Keith K. Fukumitsu
251:
211:
766:, and the University Year of Action. The organization is now a part of
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291:
105:
69: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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signed the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993, creating
413:, pushed for a reformation of the old Militia System into a dedicated
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allowed the draft to expire, and the all-volunteer force was born.
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518:
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The advent of the Corporation for National and Community Service
19:
has a long tradition, extending to the founding of the country.
401:
After witnessing numerous problems with the Militia during the
913:), in conjunction with 106 private organizations, started the
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Post World War II: the question of universal military training
436:
On June 3, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed into law the
38:
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1071:
1061:
1059:
425:(also known as the Dick Act due to it sponsorship by Senator
1165:
Clinton announces ‘National Service Reserve’ for millennials
501:, it was believed that all future wars would be fought with
468:
With the anticipation of war in Europe, Congress passed the
104:, and pushed for the creation of a universal and classified
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and other agencies were created to support the war effort.
440:. The 1916 Defense Act increased the size and scope of the
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under the control of the federal government was necessary.
858:
within months of the attacks. On January 7, 2003, Senator
477:
program, but public sentiment changed with the bombing of
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made them invincible; and the same remedy will make us so.
893:
In January 2008, various military, civic, education, and
547:
To offset the rapid disintegration of the Army, General
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who were losing their farms to unscrupulous lenders and
1211:"2020 Election: The Candidates' National Service Plans"
535:
Immediately following the end of World War II, General
928:
Summit on service in a presidential candidate forum.
381:, though on a very limited basis with only 2% of the
162:
Thomas Jefferson, September 10, 1814 in a letter to
1133:"McCain to speak at Sept. 11 forum on volunteerism"
1046:O'Toole, G. Barry (1939). "Against Conscription".
250:that heavily burdened small farmers to repay the
238:. The uprising was triggered by veterans of the
997:for participants in national service programs.
947:, and the Service Year Exchange project of the
634:, military leaders looked to examples like the
218:
203:
188:
154:
147:Thomas Jefferson, June 18, 1813 in a letter to
140:
118:
905:), Alan Khazei and Michael Brown (founders of
808:Corporation for National and Community Service
780:Corporation for National and Community Service
8:
971:2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
385:being draftees. It was reinstated again for
23:takes multiple forms in the U.S., including
618:significantly reduced America's desire for
596:Universal Military Training and Service Act
470:Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
341:The door was closed on the issue with the
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
1038:
909:), and Shirley Sagawa (1st Director of
689:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
622:. The 'search and destroy' approach to
210:Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
133:Thomas Jefferson, in an 1813 letter to
100:lobbied heavily to ban a professional,
872:United States House of Representatives
452:(Reserve Officer Training Corps) for
17:National service in the United States
7:
1238:Americans for a National Service Act
981:proposed expanded national service,
562:United States' occupation of Germany
67:adding citations to reliable sources
820:Big Brothers Big Sisters of America
949:National Conference on Citizenship
935:was created through the merger of
670:imprisonment or a $ 250,000 fine.
14:
1254:Conscription in the United States
1017:Conscription in the United States
828:National Civilian Community Corps
626:degraded the fighting to virtual
360:The creation of the federal draft
1120:"Service Nation FAQ / Media Kit"
966:and other branches of the CNCS.
924:announced he would speak at the
758:. VISTA originally included the
752:Volunteers in Service to America
632:civilian control of the military
274:The second circumstance was the
229:James Madison, Federalist No. 46
43:
1240:– Pro-national-service campaign
419:United States Department of War
54:needs additional citations for
884:Universal National Service Act
717:Office of Price Administration
397:Creation of the National Guard
374:United States Secretary of War
182:believed that a professional,
1:
798:In September 1993, President
701:Works Progress Administration
674:Non-military national service
571:General Marshall ordered the
558:Selective Service Act of 1948
391:Selective Service Act of 1917
306:under the control of General
876:National Service Act of 2006
661:The Selective Service System
438:National Defense Act of 1916
987:Civilian Conservation Corps
697:Public Works Administration
693:Civilian Conservation Corps
644:Military-Industrial Complex
316:Legion of the United States
1270:
777:
721:Office of War Mobilization
515:United States Constabulary
322:. The Legion defeated the
302:massacred a militia-heavy
286:in 1791. A force of 1,000
240:American Revolutionary War
985:proposed a 10,000-member
791:and Michael Brown formed
739:to provide assistance to
35:Military national service
1135:Retrieved on 2008-07-21
328:Battle of Fallen Timbers
314:and Congress raised the
1155:Retrieved on 2018-03-05
1151:Service Year Alliance
1122:Retrieved on 2008-08-08
832:Learn and Serve America
713:War Manpower Commission
474:Conscientious Objectors
1139:July 28, 2008, at the
1108:. Time Magazine. 2007.
760:National Teacher Corps
545:
232:
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933:Service Year Alliance
866:) and Representative
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415:National Guard Bureau
409:'s Secretary of War,
931:On January 1, 2016,
856:U.S.A. Freedom Corps
816:Habitat for Humanity
786:social entrepreneurs
754:), to assist in the
709:War Production Board
585:Secretary of Defense
523:1st Cavalry Division
403:Spanish–American War
284:Northwest Indian War
276:Battle of the Wabash
266:in cooperation with
196:Alexander Hamilton,
63:improve this article
1118:Be The Change Inc.
1027:Greatest Generation
1007:Alternative service
954:On 1 October 2016,
897:leaders, including
746:In 1964, President
731:In 1961, President
653:In 1974, President
578:Library of Congress
423:Militia Act of 1903
343:Militia Act of 1792
324:Western Confederacy
320:"Mad" Anthony Wayne
280:Fort Recovery, Ohio
214:, Federalist No. 29
31:, and other forms.
1181:"National Service"
1012:Civil conscription
991:Kirsten Gillibrand
920:On July 21, 2008,
899:R. Sargent Shriver
860:Ernest F. Hollings
741:developing nations
624:counter-insurgency
549:George C. Marshall
407:Theodore Roosevelt
379:American Civil War
262:hired by Governor
176:Alexander Hamilton
1106:"A Time To Serve"
836:USA Freedom Corps
748:Lyndon B. Johnson
628:attrition warfare
312:George Washington
222:State governments
198:Federalist No. 24
110:U.S. Constitution
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551:hoped President
458:college campuses
444:and created the
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350:Anti-Federalists
332:Native Americans
308:Arthur St. Clair
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868:Charles Rangel
864:South Carolina
854:initiated the
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778:Main article:
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756:War on Poverty
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964:Peace Corps
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789:Alan Khazei
737:Peace Corps
655:Gerald Ford
640:Six-Day War
616:Vietnam War
556:passed the
499:nuclear era
485:Civil War.
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417:within the
387:World War I
366:War of 1812
364:During the
260:mercenaries
180:Federalists
1220:2020-11-11
1195:2020-11-11
1169:Yahoo News
1033:References
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960:AmeriCorps
911:AmeriCorps
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768:AmeriCorps
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507:atom bombs
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