267:
Inspired by nationalism as well as Shiism, they used patriotic symbols as much as religious ones, dreamed not of exporting the revolution but of modernizing the country, and feared not so much alien cultural influences as predatory neighbours, in particular Iraq. Thus they were reluctant to break off all political, technical and military links with the United States. And apprehensive of all forms of autocracy, these liberals hoped to set up a state that would not weigh too heavily on society, especially in economic matters, and would tolerate political diversity. It was not clear, however, whether they were willing to extend this toleration to include radicals advocating the establishment of a new social order.
266:
Fearful of replacing the monarchy with either anarchy or theocracy, they hoped to demolish the old order 'step by step’ and erect a republic that would keep intact the main state institutions, especially the army and the bureaucracy, and would be
Islamic in form but secular and democratic in content.
275:
in the early 1980s, they politically marginalized and suppressed the
Nationalist-Religious tendency. Despite prosecutions, the faction continued to exist and was tolerated by Khomeini's government. During the 1980s, Bazargan and his associates were constantly harassed but they issued several
681:). Through this platform, Islamic and nationalist values reconcile and it is argued that religion and modernism can coexist. A broad spectrum of thoughts are gathered under this umbrella term and subsequently they disagree among themselves about various issues. While some lean towards
451:
and soon they expanded all over the country, leading to formation of an umbrella organization which held its second national congress in 1962. After these students were graduated, they established a series of similar professional associations for teachers, doctors and engineers.
475:(MSA). While the former was officially a subordinate of the latter, it maintained autonomy and called itself the 'Persian-speaking group' of MSA. In 1978, the organization left the MSA but retained the name 'Muslim Students' Association (Persian-Speaking Group)'.
360:
258:, including "lay-religious liberals" represented by Bazargan. Allied with "secular liberals", the faction wanted to replace the old government with a pluralistic and secular democratic republic, but both were sidelined by
225:
precisely predicted that they are "the last legal opposition" to the establishment. Bulk of the FMI members were exiled and became politically active abroad against the government, with younger generations founding the
470:
In 1963, students who sympathized with the FMI and studied in the North
America, founded the Islamic Students' Association of America and Canada, a student-run organization which was incorporated into the
348:
1204:
Abdolmohammadi, Pejman (2021). "The Shiite
Islamic Political Theology The Debate between Ruhollah Khomeini (d. 1989) and Mehdi Bazargan (d. 1995)". In Massimo Campanini; Marco Di Donato (eds.).
1654:
636:
326:
1243:
99:
that consists of individuals and groups embracing
Iranian nationalism and Islam, as an integral part of their manifesto. They self-identify as political followers of
459:, "the intellectual impact of all this activity was considerable; it can be said that the associations laid the foundations of the modern Islamic movement in Iran".
386:
188:
154:
by the establishment have been fruitless. As a result, the groups within this faction have been outlawed and prosecuted throughout much of their history.
139:
122:
The political lineage of this faction is traced back to the 1940s while its adherents have been off power with the exception of a brief period after the
344:
Political groups that were not parties in traditional sense, and whose membership included people with this orientation in whole or partially include:
702:
330:
316:
272:
168:
1468:
1426:
1378:
366:
167:
The political lineage of the faction is traced back to the 1940s. The first political organization of Muslim intellectuals in Iran was the
1649:
1581:
1562:
285:
277:
179:, but later split from the party to form the Society for the Liberation of the People of Iran and became affiliated with the original
1600:
1543:
1524:
1445:
1345:
1324:
1232:
1213:
1194:
622:
420:
517:, was closed down by the authorities in the late 1980s. Another organization named Dr. Ali Shariati Cultural Researches Bureau (
472:
424:
479:
199:
227:
1659:
334:
239:
30:
This article is about a political faction in Iran. For the relationship between nationalism and religious beliefs, see
218:
303:, they became the "dominant discourse of the most successful material constitution of political uprising against the
1669:
1664:
376:
127:
93:
715:
observed that by 2002, university students associated with
National-Religious orientation were disillusioned with
557:
632:
322:
230:. After FMI members were gradually released from prison, they resumed mostly intellectual activities until the
214:
525:
in 1996 and started working the next year but was forcibly shut down in 2001. Shariati
Cultural Foundation (
522:
514:
423:. Young members of these two organizations who entered university, made up the nucleus that established the
412:
82:
51:
1388:
Khabbazi-Oskouei, Leila (2016). "Orality in
Persian Argumentative Discourse: A Case Study of Editorials".
338:
235:
210:, and gained a large following among religious masses by publishing books on Islam with a modernist view.
432:
207:
203:
180:
31:
545:
396:
395:
The forerunner of non-political organizations whose membership had
National-Religious thoughts was the
712:
448:
428:
304:
694:
603:
108:
63:
333:, as well as individuals who are either independent or are considered remnants of groups like the
191:, were not socialists in the traditional sense of the term but instead were instead proponents of
1503:
1495:
1405:
1303:
1274:
682:
370:
289:
255:
254:
identifies six distinguishable political factions that emerged in the immediate aftermath of the
231:
184:
123:
100:
281:
1478:
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba (2002). "The
Conservative: Reformist Conflict over Women's Rights in Iran".
1257:
Bayat, Asef (1990). "Shariati and Marx : A Critique of an "Islamic" Critique of Marxism".
1242:
Algar, Hamid (5 August 2011) . "ii. Religious (anǰoman-e maḏhabī)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
1627:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1539:
1520:
1464:
1441:
1422:
1374:
1341:
1320:
1228:
1209:
1190:
690:
594:
570:
463:
444:
400:
293:
251:
104:
1553:
Sadri, Mahmoud (2008a). "Liberalism, Islamic". In Kamrava, Mehran; Dorraj, Manochehr (eds.).
1619:
1572:
Sadri, Mahmoud (2008b). "Socialism, Islamic". In Kamrava, Mehran; Dorraj, Manochehr (eds.).
1487:
1456:
1397:
1366:
1356:
1295:
1266:
467:
296:
151:
73:
42:
1315:
Buchta, Wilfried (2000). "The Lay Leaders of the Nonviolent, Religious 'Semi-Opposition'".
183:, an alliance of different groups on a wide range of political spectrum founded in 1949 by
686:
537:
Prominent print media that have been published legally and belong to the faction include:
135:
478:
During the late 1990s and the early 2000s, one of the three internal factions within the
1610:
van den Bos, Matthijs (2002). "Sufi Authority in Khatami's Iran: Some Fieldwork Notes".
1335:
1360:
716:
698:
585:
440:
436:
222:
131:
221:, the leading FMI members were arrested and imprisoned. During the trials, FMI leader
1643:
1507:
1457:
1409:
626:
576:
357:, an electoral list of Religious-Nationalists for the parliamentary elections in 1980
300:
17:
505:
After 1979, a number of organizations dedicated to spread the thoughts and works of
150:–rather than revolutionary means– albeit their aspirations of being accepted as the
743:
565:
506:
354:
112:
1401:
719:
but had a quest for what he calls "political mysticism", as they used the slogan
706:
456:
1623:
1491:
1299:
709:
and favor gradual sociopolitical changes instead of revolutionary objectives.
618:
259:
192:
176:
175:
groupings in the next years to come. The MGWS was merged into the nationalist
1631:
361:
Association for Defense of Freedom and the Sovereignty of the Iranian Nation
217:(FMI) with the blessings of Mosaddegh who was under house arrest. After the
172:
147:
143:
27:
A political faction in Iran that embraces both Iranian nationalism and Islam
1357:"Matters of Authenticity: Nationalism, Islam, and Ethnic Diversity in Iran"
1319:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
411:
in a nontraditional fashion. A similar organization was founded in 1946 by
1370:
116:
1499:
1307:
416:
351:, a pro-human rights organization founded in 1977 and disbanded in 1980
1278:
466:
founded the first of such student-run Islamic organization abroad in
404:
1536:
Revolution and its Discontents: Political Thought and Reform in Iran
1270:
171:(MGWS), which was founded in 1943 and influenced a series of other
1517:
Political Participation in Iran from Khatami to the Green Movement
637:
Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran § Platform
408:
960:
958:
509:
were established. Bureau for the Diffusion of Shariati's Ideas (
187:. Other Muslim intelligentsia who worked with the Front to help
96:
1459:
Islam and Democracy in Iran: Eshkevari and the Quest for Reform
1317:
Who Rules Iran?: The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic
1286:
Behrooz, Maziar (1991). "Factionalism in Iran under Khomeini".
945:
943:
835:
833:
384:
349:
Iranian Committee for the Defense of Freedom and Human Rights
262:"clerical populists" who seized the power. According to him:
1574:
Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic
1555:
Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic
876:
874:
872:
705:. A common ground among the camp is that they are strictly
553:(1950s–1960s), periodical published by Islamic associations
111:, an idea distinguishable from those of ideologies such as
641:
The National-Religious discourse is based on two pillars:
502:), were regarded sympathetic towards this political camp.
321:
The camp consists of political organizations such as the
918:
916:
903:
901:
299:
and started to gain more public following. According to
1480:
International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
1080:
1078:
784:
782:
780:
778:
519:
daftar-e pažuḥeš-hāye farḥangī-ye doktor alī-ye šarīatī
202:
in 1953 up until 1961, they were active members of the
765:
763:
1017:
213:
In 1961, religious elements of the Front founded the
87:
56:
1593:
Imagining Iran: The Tragedy of Subaltern Nationalism
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
608:
melimazhabi.com, a news website close to the faction
1576:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 456–463.
1557:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 300–307.
1187:Contemporary Domestic and Foreign Policies of Iran
1057:
851:
800:
443:agenda. Similar organizations were founded at the
337:, the People's Mojahedin Movement of Iran and the
1337:Islamic Liberation Theology: Resisting the empire
369:, an alliance of Religious-Nationalists with the
242:were formed as successors to the left-wing MGWS.
68:'The Nationalist–Religious Ones') or the
1185:Abdolmohammadi, Pejman; Cama, Giampiero (2020).
1108:
863:
593:(1999–resent), bi-monthly magazine published by
529:) is run by Shariati family and remains active.
439:, whose activities at the time were focused on
264:
234:in 1979. In the meantime, other groups such as
1655:Liberal and progressive movements within Islam
839:
569:(1992–2000; 2014–2020), magazine published by
363:, an organization active between 1986 and 1990
8:
1455:Mir-Hosseini, Ziba; Tapper, Richard (2006).
1436:Magri, Paolo; Perteghella, Annalisa (2017).
964:
824:
421:Center for the Propagation of Islamic Truths
1156:
724:
666:
646:
602:(2004–2006), monthly magazine published by
487:
435:in 1949. The main patron of the former was
189:nationalization of the Iranian oil industry
1438:Post-Vote Iran: Giving engagement a chance
1362:Iran: From Theocracy to the Green Movement
949:
327:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists
107:religious outlook makes them advocates of
92:as an adjective) are terms referring to a
1096:
1069:
633:Freedom Movement of Iran § Ideology
1419:Iranian Media: The Paradox of Modernity
1168:
1033:
988:
976:
812:
759:
379:, anti-war organization founded in 2007
317:Category:Iranian religious-nationalists
1227:. I.B. Tauris, Yale University Press.
1144:
1132:
1120:
1084:
934:
922:
907:
892:
880:
788:
769:
746:status" among Iranian public opinion.
561:(1980–1981), official daily of the FMI
407:, it was dedicated to study and teach
169:Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists
1595:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
1534:Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, Eskandar (2019).
1519:. Springer International Publishing.
1045:
1021:
544:(1940s), periodical published by the
331:Women's Society of Islamic Revolution
7:
1259:Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics
1225:Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin
584:(2014–2019), magazines published by
367:Front for Democracy and Human Rights
1463:. London and New York: I.B.Tauris.
1208:. Lexington Books. pp. 83–96.
246:Post-revolutionary era (since 1979)
77:
46:
286:1997 Iranian presidential election
278:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
142:system, they have for long sought
134:. Having opposed the rule of both
109:coexistence of Islam and democracy
25:
1355:Elling, Rasmus Christian (2012).
1252:. Vol. II/1. pp. 77–83.
623:Religious intellectualism in Iran
311:Associated groups and individuals
163:Pre-revolutionary era (1940–1979)
693:, some others are proponents of
511:daftar-e našr-e aqāyed-e šarīatī
425:Islamic Association of Students
1538:. Cambridge University Press.
1058:Mir-Hosseini & Tapper 2006
852:Abdolmohammadi & Cama 2020
480:Office for Strengthening Unity
1:
1402:10.1080/00210862.2015.1026250
864:Magri & Perteghella 2017
527:bonyad-e farhangī-ye šarīatī
473:Muslim Students' Association
335:Movement of Militant Muslims
240:Movement of Militant Muslims
204:National Resistance Movement
200:British-American coup d'état
1223:Abrahamian, Ervand (1987).
513:) which was coordinated by
391:Non-political organizations
280:and government policies on
219:1963 demonstrations in Iran
88:
57:
1686:
1650:Political factions in Iran
1359:. In Nabavi, Negin (ed.).
1206:Islamic Political Theology
630:
616:
580:(1979–2000), succeeded by
377:National Council for Peace
314:
276:proclamations criticizing
228:People's Mujahedin of Iran
128:Interim Government of Iran
126:in 1979, during which the
29:
1624:10.1163/22138617-08202006
1417:Khiabany, Gholam (2009).
1300:10.1080/00263209108700879
734:Liberty, Equality, Gnosis
742:has been enjoying "high
323:Freedom Movement of Iran
215:Freedom Movement of Iran
1591:Sharifi, Majid (2013).
1515:Rivetti, Paola (2019).
1492:10.1023/A:1016530427616
1334:Dabashi, Hamid (2008).
801:Sadeghi-Boroujerdi 2019
721:āzādī, barābarī, ʾerfān
523:Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari
1288:Middle Eastern Studies
1245:ANJOMAN (Organization)
515:Mohammad-Taghi Shariai
484:ferāksīun-e rowšangarī
413:Mohammad-Taghi Shariai
271:After the Khomeinists
269:
39:Religious–Nationalists
1371:10.1057/9781137112163
1109:Khabbazi-Oskouei 2016
685:and are described as
631:Further information:
433:University of Mashhad
399:, founded in 1941 by
305:conservatives in Iran
32:Religious nationalism
18:Nationalist-Religious
1250:Encyclopædia Iranica
1159:, pp. 364, 374.
713:Matthijs van den Bos
449:University of Tabriz
431:in 1941, and at the
429:University of Tehran
94:political faction in
1660:Iranian nationalism
1189:. Springer Nature.
937:, pp. 459–461.
883:, pp. 456–458.
840:Abdolmohammadi 2021
701:and are considered
695:economic liberalism
497:enlightened faction
208:National Front (II)
1072:, pp. 99–100.
683:left-wing politics
591:Cheshmandaz-e Iran
521:), was founded by
288:, they joined the
273:consolidated power
256:Iranian Revolution
232:Iranian Revolution
185:Mohammad Mosaddegh
124:Iranian Revolution
101:Mohammad Mosaddegh
70:National–Religious
1670:Islamic democracy
1665:Islamic socialism
1470:978-1-84511-133-5
1428:978-0-203-87641-1
1380:978-1-137-11216-3
967:, pp. 42–43.
965:Mir-Hosseini 2002
952:, pp. 45–47.
825:Mir-Hosseini 2002
691:Islamic socialist
595:Lotfollah Meisami
571:Ezzatollah Sahabi
546:Focality of Islam
464:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
445:Shiraz University
401:Mahmoud Taleghani
397:Focality of Islam
252:Ervand Abrahamian
86:
67:
55:
16:(Redirected from
1677:
1635:
1606:
1587:
1568:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1474:
1462:
1451:
1432:
1413:
1384:
1351:
1330:
1311:
1282:
1253:
1238:
1219:
1200:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1157:van den Bos 2002
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
953:
947:
938:
932:
926:
920:
911:
905:
896:
890:
884:
878:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
773:
767:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
703:Islamic liberals
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
468:Washington, D.C.
297:Mohammad Khatami
152:loyal opposition
146:in Iran through
140:Islamic Republic
138:and the current
91:
81:
79:
62:
60:
58:Melli–Mazhabi ha
50:
48:
41:(plural form in
21:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1612:Oriente Moderno
1609:
1603:
1590:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1552:
1546:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1477:
1471:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1390:Iranian Studies
1387:
1381:
1354:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1314:
1285:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
995:
987:
983:
975:
971:
963:
956:
950:Abrahamian 1987
948:
941:
933:
929:
921:
914:
906:
899:
895:, pp. 302.
891:
887:
879:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
838:
831:
823:
819:
811:
807:
799:
795:
787:
776:
768:
761:
757:
752:
736:
733:
730:
727:
687:social democrat
678:
675:
672:
669:
658:
655:
652:
649:
639:
629:
615:
582:Payam-e-Ebrahim
535:
499:
496:
493:
490:
393:
388:
387:
385:
319:
313:
248:
165:
160:
136:Pahlavi dynasty
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1618:(2): 351–378.
1607:
1601:
1588:
1583:978-0313341632
1582:
1569:
1564:978-0313341632
1563:
1550:
1544:
1531:
1525:
1512:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1414:
1396:(4): 677–691.
1385:
1379:
1352:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1294:(4): 597–614.
1283:
1271:10.2307/521715
1254:
1239:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1201:
1195:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1135:, p. 306.
1125:
1123:, p. 460.
1113:
1101:
1099:, p. 196.
1089:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1036:, p. 153.
1026:
993:
991:, p. 160.
981:
979:, p. 559.
969:
954:
939:
927:
925:, p. 304.
912:
910:, p. 303.
897:
885:
868:
856:
844:
829:
817:
815:, p. 150.
805:
803:, p. 192.
793:
791:, p. 462.
774:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
717:state religion
699:market economy
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
597:
588:
586:Azam Taleghani
573:
562:
554:
548:
534:
531:
441:anti-communist
437:Mehdi Bazargan
392:
389:
383:
382:
381:
380:
374:
373:set up in 2005
364:
358:
352:
312:
309:
292:in supporting
247:
244:
223:Mehdi Bazargan
181:National Front
164:
161:
159:
156:
132:Mehdi Bazargan
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1682:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1602:9780739179451
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1545:9781108426343
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1526:9783030322014
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1447:9788867056538
1443:
1440:. Ledizioni.
1439:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:. Routledge.
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1347:9780415771542
1343:
1340:. Routledge.
1339:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1326:9780944029398
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1234:9781850430773
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1215:9781498590594
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1196:9783030453367
1192:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:, p. 55.
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:, p. 79.
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:Khiabany 2009
1093:
1090:
1087:, p. 83.
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Khiabany 2009
1066:
1063:
1060:, p. 49.
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:, p. 39.
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
886:
882:
877:
875:
873:
869:
866:, p. 20.
865:
860:
857:
854:, p. 74.
853:
848:
845:
842:, p. 90.
841:
836:
834:
830:
827:, p. 42.
826:
821:
818:
814:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
785:
783:
781:
779:
775:
772:, p. 82.
771:
766:
764:
760:
754:
749:
747:
745:
740:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
664:
644:
638:
634:
628:
627:Post-Islamism
624:
620:
612:
607:
605:
604:Keyvan Samimi
601:
598:
596:
592:
589:
587:
583:
579:
578:
577:Payam-e-Hajar
574:
572:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
551:Ganǰ-e šāygān
549:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
485:
481:
476:
474:
469:
465:
460:
458:
455:According to
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:(IAS) at the
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
301:Hamid Dabashi
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Iran–Iraq war
279:
274:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
206:and then the
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
90:
89:Melli–Mazhabi
84:
75:
71:
65:
59:
53:
47:ملّیمذهبیها
44:
40:
33:
19:
1615:
1611:
1592:
1573:
1554:
1535:
1516:
1486:(1): 37–53.
1483:
1479:
1458:
1437:
1418:
1393:
1389:
1365:. Springer.
1361:
1336:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1224:
1205:
1186:
1169:Rivetti 2019
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1034:Rivetti 2019
1029:
989:Dabashi 2008
984:
977:Behrooz 1991
972:
930:
888:
859:
847:
820:
813:Sharifi 2013
808:
796:
744:intellectual
741:
720:
711:
676:Islamic-ness
662:
656:Iranian-ness
642:
640:
599:
590:
581:
575:
566:Iran-e-Farda
564:
556:
550:
541:
536:
526:
518:
510:
507:Ali Shariati
504:
483:
477:
461:
454:
419:, named the
394:
355:Eponym Group
343:
320:
270:
265:
249:
212:
197:
166:
121:
113:Pan-Islamism
69:
38:
36:
1145:Buchta 2000
1133:Sadri 2008a
1121:Sadri 2008b
1085:Buchta 2000
935:Sadri 2008b
923:Sadri 2008a
908:Sadri 2008a
893:Sadri 2008a
881:Sadri 2008b
789:Sadri 2008b
770:Elling 2012
707:non-violent
457:Hamid Algar
403:. Based in
325:(FMI), the
130:was led by
1644:Categories
1046:Bayat 1990
1022:Algar 1985
750:References
663:eslāmīyyat
619:Shariatism
617:See also:
371:reformists
315:See also:
290:reformists
260:Khomeinist
250:Historian
198:After the
193:liberalism
177:Iran Party
103:and their
78:ملّیمذهبی
1632:2213-8617
1508:141066788
1410:162311824
755:Footnotes
643:īrānīyyat
542:Dānešāmūz
462:In 1959,
294:President
173:socialist
148:reformism
144:democracy
105:modernist
83:romanized
52:romanized
1500:20020147
613:Ideology
447:and the
329:and the
284:. After
238:and the
117:Islamism
1308:4283464
1178:Sources
728:
670:
650:
491:
417:Mashhad
158:History
85::
74:Persian
66:
54::
43:Persian
1630:
1599:
1580:
1561:
1542:
1523:
1506:
1498:
1467:
1444:
1425:
1408:
1377:
1344:
1323:
1306:
1279:521715
1277:
1265:(19).
1231:
1212:
1193:
661:) and
635:, and
625:, and
482:named
405:Tehran
1504:S2CID
1496:JSTOR
1406:S2CID
1304:JSTOR
1275:JSTOR
600:Nameh
558:Mizan
533:Media
409:Quran
1628:ISSN
1597:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1191:ISBN
725:lit.
697:and
667:lit.
647:lit.
488:lit.
339:JAMA
236:JAMA
97:Iran
64:lit.
37:The
1620:doi
1488:doi
1398:doi
1367:doi
1296:doi
1267:doi
739:).
689:or
415:in
307:".
115:or
1646::
1626:.
1616:82
1614:.
1502:.
1494:.
1484:16
1482:.
1404:.
1394:49
1392:.
1373:.
1302:.
1292:27
1290:.
1273:.
1263:10
1261:.
1248:.
1077:^
996:^
957:^
942:^
915:^
900:^
871:^
832:^
777:^
762:^
621:,
341:.
195:.
119:.
80:,
76::
61:,
49:,
45::
1634:.
1622::
1605:.
1586:.
1567:.
1548:.
1529:.
1510:.
1490::
1473:.
1450:.
1431:.
1412:.
1400::
1383:.
1369::
1350:.
1329:.
1310:.
1298::
1281:.
1269::
1237:.
1218:.
1199:.
1111:.
1024:.
737:'
731:'
723:(
679:'
673:'
665:(
659:'
653:'
645:(
500:'
494:'
486:(
72:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.