Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)

709:, the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy. Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain. Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it." The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles " 1424:, pp. 38–39: "Al referirnos a fascismo español lo hacemos a dos organizaciones diferentes. En primer lugar al partido fascista Falange Española de las JONS, que existió entre 1934 y el 19 de abril de 1937; y en segundo, al partido único del régimen franquista, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, creado el último día citado y subsistente durante toda la vigencia del Franquismo -ni más ni menos que hasta abril de 1977, aunque en 1958 trocó su denominación por la de Movimiento Nacional. Existieron así dos organizaciones fascistas diferentes, aunque la segunda nació en parte de la primera y la integró." 1254: 266: 823: 231: 1132: 289: 243: 1041: 45: 40: 916: 637:

of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising. Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime. With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the Falange expanded rapidly. By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals.

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disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange. Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated", and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal. Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist

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In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.

255: 1199: 591: 2898: 688: 1226:" – for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries – the Nationals used to refer to 1399:

compromise between radical fascism and conservative authoritarianism, in this case, with unambiguous military and Church support. As Preston indicates, Falangism played a superficially prominent and important role for as long as it suited Franco, that is, until the mid-1940s, thereafter to be shunned into the sidings of Spanish political life.";

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the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government, and hailed the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as 'martyrs of the faith'. The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic included high-ranking officers of the

719:, and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power. The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader 2951: 1287:

Forsaken by the Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended on Soviet military assistance; this played into the hands of the portrayal in Francoist propaganda of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the Holy See used its

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The Army of Africa would be the most decorated unit in the May 1939 victory brigade by the Nationalists; it has been estimated that one in five of its members were killed during the war, a casualty rate twice as high as that of the peninsular forces within the Spanish Nationalist faction. For several

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by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them. It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one-sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us.

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Catholics labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities such as shutting down Catholic schools and the desecration of religious buildings, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by frenzied mobs.

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Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative traditionalists and people belonging to pro-monarchic groups, the religious persecution was squarely, and based on evidence probably rightly, mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after

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Initially, the Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution. The Falange committed acts of violence before the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state

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as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faupel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain. Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans

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supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups. Italy justified its intervention as an

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tendencies within the Spanish Catholic and monarchist right, radical fascism, in the form of the Falange (fused from 1934 with the JONS), was weak until 1936 began to expand rapidly, not least through the recruitment of disillusioned JAP-ists. The product, like the Italian Fascist regime, was a

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The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the

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and Italy had become stronger since the Spanish Civil War. Mussolini saw the Spanish party as the main vehicle capable of transforming Spain into a fully fascist country. Similarly, FET-jons also regarded Mussolini's Italy as its main reference point. They even asked the authorities in Rome for

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Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish

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who were fighting for the Republicans. Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange. Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time.

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Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally." After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists"

1168:. Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War). 980:

planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines.

1409:, p. 54: "It was the FET-JONS, the main actor in Spain, which wanted the full fascistization of the country and which was most active during the period in trying to achieve it through the so-called 'syndicalist revolution'. This should not come as a surprise; 723:. Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General 1222:'s forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources. Despite its discreet direct military involvement – restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force, the so-called " 868:

state. Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic.

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and anti-monarchist. As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy. In 1934, the Falange merged with the pro-Nazi

701:. The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism. With the advent of the rise of the 567:

Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations, such as the conservative CEDA, Falangists, Catholics and pro-monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas (among whom were the Requetés).

774:. The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist. The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialist tendencies. The Carlists were led by 803:

reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000. The Carlists contributed some of the Nationalists' most effective shock troops during the war.

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as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the

653:. Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their revolution being indefinitely postponed. 1108:

volunteers. Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war. In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending

886:, which was nearing completion. He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military. 644:

sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction. In 1937, Franco announced a

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Approximately 47% of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard defected to the rebels during the onset of the civil war. With the highest authority of the Spanish Republican Civil Guard, Inspector General

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Falange Española de las JONS was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists. After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera,

873:(who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of the CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic. 880:, the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser 782:. The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic. The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to Spanish 464:

on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi Germany's help to the Spanish rebel military. The leaders of the rebel faction, who had already been denominated as '

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to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising. From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader

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years after the war, Franco would have a squadron of Moorish troops act as his escort at public ceremonies as a reminder of the Army's importance in the Nationalist victory.

1296:, for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized. The Holy See was one of the first states to officially recognize Franco's Spanish State, having done so by 1938. 1288:

influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the

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in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the

3084: 1235:. Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's 1003:, remaining loyal to the republican government, the rebel units of the Civil Guard were placed under direct command of the Nationalist army until after the war ended. 494:

of that faction. Throughout the civil war the term 'National' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction, while its opponents used the terms

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The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism. The CEDA was led by

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regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it. Portugal played a critical role in supplying

2881: 870: 698: 3036: 2735: 622: 3031: 794:. The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions. 1097: 2917: 2752: 1352: 1315:

part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the

1051: 382: 280: 1101: 2802: 2416: 2182: 2040: 1567: 1537: 2826: 2790: 2659: 2806: 2785: 2710: 791: 469: 616:. The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding. Upon being formed, the Falange was officially 2929: 2642: 2544: 2502: 2456: 649:, particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership, under the name 1508: 1152:

and provided offensive operations against Republican forces. Nationalist forces were supplied with tanks and aircraft, including the

2725: 2720: 1638: 1615: 2393: 1056: 1339:, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals. Only two British women 3064: 2893: 2811: 2399: 1300: 877: 646: 416: 2984: 2679: 2202: 2052:

Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War."

1357: 728: 630: 609: 581: 390: 3079: 3026: 2795: 1594: 1104:("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers; the other three of 767: 1209: 1044: 864:

spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian,

2974: 2946: 1529: 1164:. The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the 1072:

in Spain. Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the

848:, a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army. 2765: 1093: 766:

The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender

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where the local society still followed older traditional patterns and was yet comparably untouched by "modern" thought.

130: 3074: 731:(JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and the JAP ceased to exist as a political organisation in 1937. 2129:. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 91. 2103:. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 35. 3006: 2672: 2598: 1253: 265: 143: 1171:

Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from

3069: 2715: 1657:. Paperback ed. Hampshire, UK / London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 36. 374: 311: 2229:. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 157. 844: 817: 405: 2816: 2775: 2245:. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 97. 2116:. Paperback ed. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. p. 93. 1277: 882: 822: 759: 412: 2586: 2381:

Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War. pp. vi, viii.

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Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed.. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. pp. 8–9.

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to Spain to urge Franco to unite the various political movements of the Nationalist faction into one fascist "

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Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 10.

1451:, who mostly aligned with the Republican faction. This can lead to confusion when translating from Spanish. 2969: 2876: 1920:

Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th ed. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 9.

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advice about carrying out the fascistization process of the Francoist regime as effectively as possible.";

1214: 1202: 948: 919: 906: 895: 548: 490:(Reds) to refer to the loyalists – is considered by some authors as a term linked with the 260: 178: 39: 2760: 1340: 1316: 1131: 1081: 835: 1413:

did not need the fascistization process since it was already fully fascist. Further, relations between

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Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the

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directed by Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares. Vol. 8, Barcelona: 2007, Crítica/Marcial Pons Publishers.

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rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the

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The term "Nationalists" is the most often used in English-language media, while the Spanish term is

1176: 915: 3001: 2214: 2210: 2198: 1448: 994: 775: 601: 428: 214: 198: 135: 104: 1148:

German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to

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Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe

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Transnational Fascism in the Twentieth Century: Spain, Italy and the Global Neo-Fascist Network

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did not, however, manage to become a mass political movement. In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by

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provided the Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the

1064: 944: 857: 617: 424: 358: 346: 95: 82: 78: 72: 750: 2886: 2476:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. 2206: 1269: 1172: 1060: 958: 936: 926: 544: 453: 432: 331: 139: 386: 2066:

Muñoz-Bolaños, Roberto (2000), "Fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad en España (1900–1945)",

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declaring that Falange's national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism.

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Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War § Support for the Nationalists

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Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes and Effects of 20th-Century Wars

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Access to History for the IB Diploma: Causes and Effects of 20th-Century Wars

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radical fascist ingredient to survive long beyond 1945, and studied here by

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Besieged: an encyclopedia of great sieges from ancient times to the present

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of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000

2607: 1930: 1394: – is a useful example. Notwithstanding the aforementioned 2934: 2844: 1289: 1223: 1193: 1153: 662: 536: 524: 461: 456:

following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain

269: 1308: 940: 779: 745: 605: 528: 499: 409: 173: 2394:"Ellis, (Esyllt) Priscilla [Pip] Scott – (1916–1983), diarist" 2161:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 200. 1863:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 45, 69. 1741:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006, p. 94. 687: 1986:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 92–93. 1876:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 pp. 88–89. 1386:, pp. 10–11: "The Franco regime-the only European regime with a 1292:

allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the

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for their campaign – immediately took a liking to it.

2357:. Madison, WI / London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. p. 156. 2316:. Madison, WI / London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. p. 201. 2290:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427. 2660:

Los historiadores, contra Margallo por negarse a abrir los archivos

2015:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 209. 1692:. 6th ed. Oxford, England; New York: Osprey Publishing, 2005. p. 8. 1847:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 64. 1770:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 214. 1679:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 70. 532: 1999:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 99. 1973:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 69. 1902: 1900: 1898: 1834:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 62. 1712:. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 2007. 2006 p. 89. 1550: 1548: 834:

The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of

2780: 2587:"La Alemania nazi y el fascismo español durante la Guerra Civil" 2197:

Evidenced in a January 1937 speech prior to the outcry over the

1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1855: 1853: 1488:"The Extreme Right in Spain – Surviving in the Shadow of Franco" 715: 2668: 2213:. Hitler speech to Reichstag 30 January 1937 available via the 1916: 1914: 1912: 2237: 2235: 1949: 1947: 1649: 1647: 1208:

Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister

957:, infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of 2253: 2251: 2007: 2005: 1762: 1760: 1249:

White Terror (Spain) § Cooperation of the Spanish Church

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almost immediately supported the National forces. Salazar's

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Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents

2403:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2141:

Una historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a gustar a nadie

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Una Historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a Gustar a Nadie

1439:, "nationals". In Spanish-language discussion of the war, 423:. After the death of the faction's early leaders, General 2576: