1041:
167:
954:
263:
236:
222:
565:
36:
207:
813:
181:
907:
870:
933:—sympathized more or less openly with the Nationalists. But Mexican aid could mean relatively little in practical terms if the French border were closed and if Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy remained free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and quantity of weapons far beyond the power of Mexico. Mexico furnished $ 2,000,000 in aid and provided some material assistance, which included a small number of American-made aircraft such as the
622:
250:
389:
514:
not sign the
International Non-Intervention Committee, and therefore, it was the only country that officially gave aid in the Spanish Civil War. He sent some 28 million rounds of ammunition, 28,000 rifles, 70 antiaircraft guns, some 55 planes (mainly French) and food to Spain, and after the civil war gave asylum to thousands of exiled veterans and intellectuals from the Republican side.
676:
1885:
701:
1938:
1016:
The Soviet Union also sent a number of military advisers to Spain (2,000–3,000). While Soviet troops amounted to no more than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made
Republican tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war. In addition, the Soviet Union directed
967:
primarily provided material assistance to the
Republican forces. In total the USSR provided Spain with 806 planes, 362 tanks, and 1,555 artillery pieces. The Soviet Union ignored the League of Nations embargo and sold arms to the Republic when few other nations would do so; thus it was the Republic's
513:
assured that he was fully in solidarity with the
Spanish socialist government in the face of the disloyalty of the army. Besides that the workers' solidarity with Spain was immediate; workers and unions made donations to the Spanish ambassador. The Cárdenas government, unlike the other countries, did
1142:
Although the half-hearted and largely ineffective support by France to the
Republicans ended in December 1936, German intelligence reported to Franco and his faction that the French military was engaging in open discussions about intervention in the war. Allegedly in 1938 Franco feared an immediate
992:
Many of the Soviet deliveries were lost, or were smaller than Stalin had ordered. He only gave short notice, which meant many weapons were lost in the delivery process. Lastly, when the ships did leave with supplies for the
Republicans, the journey was extremely slow. Stalin ordered the builders to
1094:
On 27 July 1936, British officials had discussed with Prime
Minister Blum their position on the war and convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans. Therefore, on 27 July, the French government declared that it would not send military aid, technology, or forces. However Blum made clear that
1050:
The French position towards the
Spanish Republic was characterized by its hesitant attitude and its ambivalence. Thus the government of France did not send direct support to the Spanish Republicans and towards the end of the beleaguered republic ended up turning against it, instead recognizing the
993:
include false decks in the design of ships. Then, once the ship left shore it was required to change its flag and change the color of parts of the ship to avoid capture by the
Nationalists. However, in 1938, Stalin withdrew his troops and tanks as Republican government policy floundered. Historian
537:
to the Second
Spanish Republic (in part because of the agreements signed for the sale of weapons, because of the friendships between the governments and to get rid of the obsolete material from World War I). On July 30, the first consignment of arms for the Republic arrived from France through the
1114:
informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported what it described as "the maneuvers of Moscow" by supporting the Spanish Republicans. Finally, on 21 August 1936, France, the UK, and Italy (under pressure from both France and the UK) signed the
1138:
from 7 August 1936 to December of that year. Often with their weapons removed, these almost useless and vulnerable planes rarely survived three months of air missions. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries.
1091:. Right-wing politicians, however, heard of the French government's intention to send military support to the Spanish Republicans in the war and opposed the French government's actions by means of a vicious campaign against the Blum government for its alleged support of the Republicans.
920:
saw the war as similar to Mexico's own revolution, although a part of Mexican society and the people wanted a Nationalist victory. Mexico's attitude gave immense moral comfort to the Republic, especially since the major Latin American governments—those of
1103:
On 1 August 1936, a pro-Republican rally of 20,000 people confronted Blum demanding that he send aircraft to the Spanish Republicans at the same time as right-wing politicians attacked Blum for supporting the Republic and being responsible for provoking
457:. The support of the USSR stands out, fundamentally. At the beginning of the war, Mexico, France, and Poland contributed large amounts of military material and advisers to the Republicans. The support of what came to be called the
981:. However, while a new branch of the military was created especially for Spain, most of the weapons and artillery sent to Spain were antiques. Stalin also used weapons captured in past conflicts. However, modern weapons such as
1082:
The Blum government feared that the success of Francoist forces in Spain would result in the creation of an ally state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy that would allow German and Italian military forces to be based in the
997:
comments "had they been able to purchase and transport good arms from US, British, and French manufacturers, the socialist and republican members of the Spanish government might have tried to cut themselves loose from
976:
but decided to break the pact. However, unlike Hitler and Mussolini who openly violated the pact, Stalin tried to do so secretly. He created a section X of the Soviet Union military to head the operation, coined
1078:
to Spain. Also upon the outbreak of civil war the Spanish Republican government and the government of France in diplomatic messages discussed a potential transfer of French aircraft to Spanish Republican forces.
481:
tank), hundreds of airplanes, several hundred thousand firearms and artillery pieces, as well as sending huge amounts of ammunition and several hundred Soviet professional pilots, tankers and sailors.
1013:). The cost of Soviet arms was more than US$ 500 million (in 1936 prices); 72% of Spain's gold reserve, the fourth-largest in the world. The remaining 27%, or 176 tonnes, was transferred to France.
1099:
We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government , a legitimate government...We have not done so, in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels.
916:
The Mexican government supported fully and publicly the claim of the Madrid government and the Republicans. Mexico refused to follow the Anglo-French non-intervention proposals. President
410:
1166:
and later handed over to the Francoist faction. Except for a few crewmen who were put on guard duty on the ships, the Spanish Republican seamen and their officers were interned in a
1821:
518:
2071:
1966:
1850:
1179:
1040:
2061:
807:
1892:
1673:
1717:
375:. At the beginning of the war, the Republicans outnumbered the Nationalists by ten-to-one, but by January 1937 that advantage had dropped to four-to-one.
2046:
1928:
1868:
1116:
2023:
1722:
454:
2018:
1066:
was sympathetic to the Republic. Blum considered both sending military aid and technology to the Republicans including aircraft and utilizing the
586:
348:
198:
133:
1640:
1904:
1789:
1443:
1270:
1222:
873:
844:
679:
666:
1813:
1777:
1793:
1772:
1697:
683:
670:
40:
1916:
822:
At least 40,000 individual volunteers from 52 nations, usually socialists, communists or anarchists, fought for the Republican side.
1712:
1707:
780:
436:
1593:
Igor Lukeš, Erik Goldstein (1999). The Munich crisis, 1938: prelude to World War II. London & Portland, OR: Frank Cass. p. 176.
1282:
1880:
1798:
704:
695:
1182:
which at one time held about 100,000 defeated Spanish Republicans. From there some managed to go into exile or went to join the
1122:
However, the Blum government provided military assistance to the Spanish Republicans through covert means by supplying obsolete
2051:
1971:
1666:
1339:
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, International Solidarity with the Spanish Republic, 1936–1939 (Moscow: Progress, 1974), 329–30
1175:
716:
2013:
1782:
1159:
414:
1095:
France reserved the right to provide aid should it wish, and indicated also indicated his support for the Republic, saying:
509:
The Mexican government maintained good relations with the Spanish republic at the beginning of the conflict, and President
1961:
1933:
890:
450:
1752:
1135:
791:
637:
60:
953:
469:
The Soviet Union was the main ally of the Second Spanish Republic, contributing tanks and armored cars (especially the
2056:
978:
731:
399:
1178:
who escaped were arrested by French authorities and interned in concentration camps in Southern France, such as the
2066:
1993:
1659:
973:
418:
403:
1702:
1287:(2002), "Exhibit documents volunteers' role in Spanish Civil War" (March 15), vol. 30, no. 22. (6 December 2012)"
770:
608:
642:
1803:
1762:
1615:
1407:
Graham, Helen. The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. New York. 2005. p. 92
1191:
1060:
603:
490:
1983:
1909:
1757:
1151:
759:
743:
344:
1956:
1863:
1183:
1071:
826:
816:
803:
530:
458:
255:
1747:
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885:
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103:
65:
1031:
917:
812:
510:
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35:
2006:
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tanks, and several bombers and fighters. In August 1936 the no-intervention pact ended this support.
148:
113:
1988:
849:
837:
776:
632:
367:(Reds) to refer to this faction due to its left-leaning ideology, including far-left communist and
123:
2001:
1977:
1547:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. pp. 46–47.
1167:
786:
598:
368:
282:
143:
128:
1143:
French intervention against a potential Francoist victory in Spain through French occupation of
1682:
1502:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1994. p. 23.
1439:
1266:
1218:
942:
340:
277:
152:
75:
1571:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. p. 47.
1534:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. p. 43.
1518:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press, Ltd; New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc, 1994. p. 41.
1105:
1088:
906:
869:
735:
312:
118:
1626:
1009:, in an affair that would become a frequent subject of Francoist propaganda afterward (see
1873:
1644:
1237:
1075:
986:
938:
934:
727:
212:
647:
1463:. Hampshire and London, England: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 14.
1290:
1084:
1017:
Communist parties around the world to organize and recruit the International Brigades.
297:
836:
About another 3,000 foreign volunteers fought as members of militias belonging to the
2040:
1897:
1210:
1056:
1006:
999:
969:
858:
568:
482:
227:
83:
1111:
964:
957:
372:
361:) was mainly used by its members and supporters, while its opponents used the term
241:
172:
69:
1063:
1556:
1476:. Hampshire and London: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 14–15.
857:. Those fighting with POUM included one of the most famous veterans of the war,
1651:
1187:
1067:
1035:
1010:
880:
840:
765:
621:
388:
1263:
The Life and Death of the Spanish Republic: A Witness to the Spanish Civil War
543:
108:
1627:
24 au 26 août 1944 Libération de Paris par les chars... espagnols de la nueve
1489:. Hampshire and London: MacMillan Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press. p. 20.
825:
The vast majority of these, an estimated 32,000 men and women, served in the
1858:
1836:
1826:
1144:
1127:
1052:
922:
830:
730:
began a reorganization process of the fragmented army. The self-denominated
625:
498:
98:
93:
88:
675:
1921:
1831:
1171:
1131:
1123:
539:
534:
517:
However, many of the Mexican citizens and a group of peasants called the
267:
27:
16:
Side in the Spanish Civil War that supported the Second Spanish Republic
1155:
747:
585:
Not to be confused with "Nacionales", one of the names adopted by the
497:(Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), as well as the anarchists in
910:
474:
186:
700:
926:
486:
449:
The Republican faction hardly received external support from the
1767:
1005:
The Republic paid for Soviet arms with the gold reserves of the
982:
930:
853:
494:
478:
470:
1655:
1150:
Towards the end of the Civil War, most seagoing vessels of the
1526:
1524:
1510:
1508:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1349:
1347:
1345:
542:. It consisted of several hundred rifles with ammunition, six
382:
1059:
opposed direct assistance, but the left-wing government of
489:
of the communists that were anti-Stalinist. The Stalinist
1638:"Republicans deportats als camps de concentració nazis"
798:
The International Brigades and other foreign volunteers
945:. Not all of these aircraft reached the Republicans.
769:; one of the units of law enforcement where the 1936
343:
of 1936 to 1939 that supported the government of the
1569:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1545:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1532:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1516:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1500:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1487:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1474:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1461:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
1310:
1308:
1250:
The Spanish Civil War 1936–39 (2): Republican Forces
750:
members who were integrated into the new structure.
1949:
1849:
1812:
1738:
1731:
1690:
1582:
Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
273:
194:
158:
142:
59:
47:
21:
746:units that had remained loyal to the Republic and
529:At the beginning of the war, France, also with a
1097:
989:fighter aircraft were also supplied to Spain.
1667:
1174:. Defeated members of other branches of the
1147:, the Balearic Islands, and Spanish Morocco.
726:In October 1936 the republican government in
371:groups, and the support it received from the
356:
334:
324:
8:
808:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
417:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1735:
1674:
1660:
1652:
829:, organized in close conjunction with the
533:government, made the decision to send war
18:
437:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:
968:only important source of major weapons.
952:
905:
868:
811:
699:
674:
620:
563:
455:International Non-Intervention Committee
1202:
1180:Camp de concentration d'Argelès-sur-Mer
81:
2072:Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)
779:(loyalist factions, later renamed the
1606:. Penguin Books. 2001. London. p. 877
1584:. Yale University Press, 2008. p. 28.
1238:Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war
1162:where the fleet was impounded by the
521:favored Franco and the Nationalists.
7:
1108:intervention on the side of Franco.
415:adding citations to reliable sources
351:of the military rebellion. The name
2062:Anti-fascist organisations in Spain
958:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
41:Flag of the Second Spanish Republic
1261:Henry Buckley & Paul Preston,
941:that had previously served in the
667:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
14:
2047:Politics of the Spanish Civil War
1119:involving the Spanish Civil War.
1330:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 19.
771:coup of the pro-Fascist generals
740:Ejército Popular de la República
387:
261:
248:
234:
220:
205:
179:
165:
34:
1438:. Orion. (1982, revised 2006).
1176:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
721:
717:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
1160:French protectorate of Tunisia
493:subsequently exterminated the
1:
696:Unión General de Trabajadores
671:Federación Anarquista Ibérica
451:Allied powers of World War II
1353:Arms for Spain Gerald Howson
1285:Yale Bulletin & Calendar
1136:Spanish Republican Air Force
792:Spanish Republican Air Force
638:Republican Left of Catalonia
1557:Air Aces – Semyon Desnitsky
1190:, while others ended up in
1070:to blockade the Franco-led
54:17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939
2088:
1616:Almirante Valdés (VS o AV)
1389:Beevor (2006). pp. 153–54.
1362:Beevor (2006). pp. 152–53.
1117:Non-Intervention proposals
1029:
974:Non-Intervention Agreement
891:People's Army of Catalonia
801:
742:, EPR) consisted of those
714:
693:
664:
643:Acció Catalana Republicana
584:
573:
1984:Government during the war
781:National Republican Guard
609:Basque Nationalist Action
290:
33:
26:
1192:Nazi concentration camps
773:found the least support.
732:People's Republican Army
722:People's Republican Army
604:Basque Nationalist Party
491:Communist Party of Spain
1732:Political organizations
1485:Michael Alpert (1994).
1472:Michael Alpert (1994).
1459:Michael Alpert (1994).
1152:Spanish Republican Navy
760:Spanish Republican Navy
744:Spanish Republican Army
345:Second Spanish Republic
339:), was the side in the
144:Political position
2052:Republicanism in Spain
1967:Evacuation of children
1864:International Brigades
1425:Thomas (1961). p. 637.
1416:Thomas (2003). p. 944.
1398:Beevor (2006). p. 163.
1371:Beevor (2006). p. 153.
1248:Alejandro de Quesada,
1101:
1072:Spanish Army of Africa
1047:
960:
913:
897:Direct foreign support
876:
850:anti-Stalinist Marxist
827:International Brigades
819:
817:International Brigades
804:International Brigades
739:
707:
686:
628:
571:
485:would later order the
459:International Brigades
357:
335:
325:
316:
1604:The Spanish Civil War
1380:Thomas (2003) p. 683.
1186:to fight against the
1061:French Prime Minister
1043:
956:
911:United Mexican States
909:
886:Basque Auxiliary Navy
872:
815:
703:
678:
624:
576:Popular Front (Spain)
567:
461:was also noteworthy.
319:), also known as the
104:Libertarian socialism
66:Spanish republicanism
1436:The Battle for Spain
1265:, I.B. Tauris, 2013
1215:The Battle for Spain
1184:armies of the Allies
411:improve this section
1962:Concentration camps
1851:Foreign involvement
1328:Homage to Catalonia
1074:from crossing from
838:anarcho-syndicalist
633:Catalan nationalism
349:Nationalist faction
336:Bando gubernamental
199:Nationalist faction
124:Catalan nationalism
2057:Communism in Spain
1994:Spanish Revolution
1643:2013-05-28 at the
1580:Stanley G. Payne.
1168:concentration camp
1164:French authorities
1154:were evacuated to
1048:
1032:Escuadrilla España
1021:Ambivalent support
961:
914:
877:
820:
787:Guardias de Asalto
708:
687:
629:
599:Basque nationalism
572:
331:Government faction
309:Republican faction
129:Basque nationalism
49:Dates of operation
22:Republican faction
2067:Far-left politics
2034:
2033:
1845:
1844:
1683:Spanish Civil War
1444:978-0-7538-2165-7
1293:on 20 August 2016
1271:978-1-78076-931-8
1224:978-0-7538-2165-7
1055:State. President
943:Mexican Air Force
841:labor/trade union
477:armoured car and
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446:
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341:Spanish Civil War
317:Bando republicano
305:
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294:Succeeded by
278:Spanish Civil War
76:Internal factions
28:Bando republicano
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2007:White Terror
1976:
1950:Other topics
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1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1284:
1277:
1262:
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1214:
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1149:
1141:
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1112:Nazi Germany
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965:Soviet Union
962:
949:Soviet Union
939:Spartan Zeus
915:
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648:Estat Català
581:Nationalists
550:Participants
528:
516:
508:
468:
465:Soviet Union
448:
433:
424:
409:Please help
397:
373:Soviet Union
363:
362:
358:republicanos
352:
347:against the
330:
320:
308:
306:
293:
173:Soviet Union
70:Anti-fascism
1989:Moscow gold
1937: [
1884: [
1814:Nationalist
1685:(1936–1939)
1188:Axis powers
1068:French Navy
1036:La Retirada
1011:Moscow Gold
995:Hugh Thomas
979:Operation X
881:Basque Army
777:Civil Guard
766:Carabineros
427:August 2024
353:Republicans
149:Centre-left
134:Regionalism
2041:Categories
2002:Red Terror
1837:Alfonsists
1827:Falangists
1740:Republican
1698:Background
1691:Chronology
1297:6 December
1198:References
1030:See also:
985:tanks and
925:, Brazil,
544:Renault FT
326:Bando leal
283:Red Terror
114:Radicalism
109:Liberalism
1859:Comintern
1718:1938–1939
1217:. Orion.
1213:(2006) .
1145:Catalonia
1128:Dewoitine
1064:Léon Blum
1053:Francoist
923:Argentina
831:Comintern
626:Catalonia
519:Cristeros
499:Catalonia
398:does not
369:anarchist
329:) or the
195:Opponents
99:Anarchism
94:Socialism
89:Communism
1998:Terrors
1978:Guernica
1922:Viriatos
1917:Portugal
1832:Carlists
1641:Archived
1132:Loire 46
1124:Potez 54
848:and the
711:Military
540:Pyrenees
535:materiel
268:Holy See
256:Portugal
153:far-left
61:Ideology
2024:sidebar
1934:Belarus
1929:Ireland
1893:Germany
1252:, p. 36
1158:in the
1156:Bizerte
748:militia
736:Spanish
728:Vitoria
661:CNT/FAI
617:Catalan
419:removed
404:sources
313:Spanish
242:Germany
2019:navbox
1442:
1315:Thomas
1269:
1221:
1085:Canary
1026:France
1000:Stalin
929:, and
902:Mexico
656:Unions
593:Basque
525:France
505:Mexico
473:tank,
298:Maquis
253:
239:
225:
210:
187:Mexico
184:
170:
159:Allies
2014:Women
1972:Films
1941:]
1905:Italy
1888:]
927:Chile
487:purge
364:Rojos
228:Italy
1881:USSR
1822:CEDA
1778:PSUC
1773:PSOE
1768:POUM
1713:1937
1708:1936
1703:Coup
1440:ISBN
1299:2012
1267:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1130:and
1087:and
1034:and
987:I-16
983:BT-5
963:The
937:and
931:Peru
854:POUM
806:and
669:and
495:POUM
479:BT-5
475:BA-6
471:T-26
402:any
400:cite
307:The
1910:CTV
1804:PNV
1799:UGT
1794:FAI
1790:CNT
1763:PCE
1753:ERC
1170:at
1002:".
845:CNT
705:UGT
690:UGT
684:FAI
680:CNT
413:by
151:to
2043::
1939:be
1886:ru
1783:UR
1758:IR
1523:^
1507:^
1450:^
1344:^
1307:^
1194:.
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861:.
833:.
738::
501:.
315::
1792:/
1675:e
1668:t
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734:(
682:-
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425:(
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355:(
333:(
323:(
311:(
78::
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