631:
57:
237:
562:
945:
762:
1093:
506:
922:
101:
76:
890:
668:
the old and new skins; the snake's coloration will also look dull, as though the animal is dusty. This process affects the eyesight of the snakes and they do not move or hunt during this time; they are also, in common with most other snakes, more aggressive. The outer skin is eventually sloughed in one piece (inside-out) and normal movement activity is resumed.
838:). These works include another common theme in Baltic mythology: that grass snakes wear crowns (note grass snake's yellow spots) and that there is a king of snakes who wears a golden crown. In some traditions the king of snakes changes every year; he drops his crown in spring and the other snakes fight for it (possibly based on the mating of grass snakes).
639:
environmental temperatures are favourable. The leathery-skinned eggs are laid in batches of eight to 40 in June to July and hatch after about 10 weeks. To survive and hatch, the eggs require a temperature of at least 21 °C (70 °F), but preferably 28 °C (82 °F), with high humidity. Areas of rotting
667:
occurs at least once during the active season. As the outer skin wears and the snake grows, the new skin forms underneath the old, including the eye scales which may turn a milky blue/white colour at this time—referred to as being 'in blue'. The blue-white colour comes from an oily secretion between
818:
symbolic meaning as a symbol of evil in
Christianity, in Latvia and Lithuania there were various folk beliefs, dating even to the late 19th century, that killing grass snakes might bring grave misfortune or that an injured snake will take revenge on the offender. The ancient Baltic belief of grass
513:
The grass snake is typically dark green or brown in colour with a characteristic yellow or whitish collar behind the head, which explains the alternative name ringed snake. The colour may also range from grey to black, with darker colours being more prevalent in colder regions, presumably owing to
638:
As spring approaches, the males emerge first and spend much of the day basking in an effort to raise body temperature and thereby metabolism. This may be a tactic to maximise sperm production, as the males mate with the females as soon as they emerge up to two weeks later in April, or earlier if
655:
After breeding in summer, snakes tend to hunt and may range widely during this time, moving up to several hundred metres in a day. Prey items tend to be large compared to the size of the snake, and this impairs the movement ability of the snake. Snakes that have recently eaten rarely move any
841:
Today grass snakes hold a meaning of house blessing among many
Latvians and Lithuanians. One tradition is to put a bowl of milk near a snake's place of residence, although there is no evidence of a grass snake ever drinking milk. Driven by late 19th century and 20th century
819:
snakes as household spirits transformed into a belief that there is a snake (known or not to the inhabitants) living under every house; if it leaves, the house will burn down. Common
Latvian folk sayings include "who kills a grass snake, kills his happiness" and "when the
688:) from the mouth and nose. They may also perform an aggressive display in defence, hissing and striking without opening the mouth. They rarely bite in defense and lack venomous fangs. When caught they often regurgitate the contents of their stomachs.
1046:
Kindler, Carolin; Chèvre, Maxime; Ursenbacher, Sylvain; Böhme, Wolfgang; Hille, Axel; Jablonski, Daniel; Vamberger, Melita; Fritz, Uwe (2017), "Hybridization patterns in two contact zones of grass snakes reveal a new
Central European snake species",
621:
Grass snakes, like most reptiles, are at the mercy of the thermal environment and need to overwinter in areas which are not subject to freezing. Thus, they typically spend the winter underground where the temperature is relatively stable.
656:
significant distance and will stay in one location, basking to optimize their body temperature until the prey item has been digested. Individual snakes may only need two or three significant prey items throughout an entire season.
514:
the thermal benefits of being dark in colour. The underside is whitish with irregular blocks of black, which are useful in recognizing individuals. It can grow to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or more in length.
905:
944:
709:, suggesting that the grass snake's behavioral mimicry of cobras is a fossil behavior, although it may protect against predatory birds which migrate to Africa for the winter and encounter cobras there.
846:, grass snake motifs in Latvia have gained a meaning of education and wisdom, and are common ornaments in the military, folk dance groups and education logos and insignia. They are also found on the
803:: zalktis) is seen as a sacred animal. It was frequently kept as a pet, living under a married couple's bed or in a special place near the hearth. Supposedly, snakes ate food given to them by hand.
618:
through basking. Pond edges are also favoured and the relatively high chance of observing this secretive species in such areas may account for their perceived association with ponds and water.
614:
The preferred habitat appears to be open woodland and "edge" habitat, such as field margins and woodland borders, as these may offer adequate refuge while still affording ample opportunity for
909:
611:
Grass snakes are strong swimmers and may be found close to fresh water, although there is evidence individual snakes often do not need bodies of water throughout the entire season.
906:
1861:
595:
offered by hand, but dead prey items are never taken. The snake will search actively for prey, often on the edges of the water, using sight and sense of smell (using
1739:
630:
921:
908:
1791:
1938:
695:'s hood, although the geographic ranges of grass snakes and of cobras overlap very little. However, the fossil record shows that the extinct European cobra
56:
1713:
1910:
1752:
1360:
Eckert, Rainer (1998). "On the Cult of the Snake in
Ancient Baltic and Slavic Tradition (based on language material from the Latvian folksongs)".
740:
In
Denmark it is protected, as all five species of reptiles were protected in 1981. Two of the subspecies are considered critically endangered:
30:
This article is about the
European grass snake or ringed snake, Natrix natrix. "Grass snake" is also used in the United Kingdom to refer to the
1106:
775:
691:
Grass snakes display a rare defensive behavior involving raising the front of the body and flattening the head and neck so that it resembles a
1817:
1973:
1135:
1968:
236:
1897:
907:
647:
heaps, are preferred locations. The young are about 18 centimetres (7 in) long when they hatch and are immediately independent.
465:, 1789) was formerly treated as a subspecies, but following genetic analysis it was recognised in August 2017 as a separate species,
1446:
561:
462:
1958:
761:
425:
266:
226:
1915:
1757:
1778:
827:
807:
1953:
1948:
1692:
1796:
1470:
1024:
889:
811:
276:
1705:
1963:
100:
298:
1092:
1578:
701:
occurs in
Miocene-aged strata of France, Germany, Austria, Romania, and Ukraine and thus overlapped with
1843:
815:
205:
505:
1661:
1625:
1404:
1056:
843:
1441:. Doniger, Wendy., Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc. Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2006.
1346:
Lūvena, Ivonne. "Egle — zalkša līgava. Pasaka par zalkti — baltu identitāti veidojošs stāsts" . In:
1114:
591:, although they may also occasionally eat ants and larvae. Captive snakes have been observed taking
792:
65:
1616:
1464:
1420:
1377:
1213:
1205:
928:
538:
470:
391:
249:
95:
35:
31:
1003:
1848:
1744:
850:. The grass snake has also become one of the main symbols of the Lithuanian neo-pagan movement
1830:
1648:
1452:
1442:
1256:
1082:
851:
847:
596:
39:
1835:
1567:
1169:
1856:
1412:
1369:
1321:
1301:
1248:
1197:
1072:
1064:
998:
951:
800:
788:
615:
1770:
1943:
1804:
1512:
685:
1408:
1060:
1700:
1687:
1077:
572:
287:
1630:
1526:
1484:
1932:
1765:
1498:
1424:
1381:
1281:
989:
421:
329:
262:
222:
85:
80:
1217:
980:
1888:
1653:
770:
600:
332:
826:
Well-known literary works based on these traditions include
Lithuanian folk tale
814:, the grass snake still retained some mythological significance. In spite of the
1783:
1726:
1610:
1252:
932:
697:
588:
584:
523:
336:
1416:
1068:
1373:
1348:
LATVIJAS UNIVERSITĀTES raksti. n. 732: Literatūrzinātne, folkloristika, māksla
681:
640:
592:
580:
358:
339:
172:
1601:
1456:
17:
1902:
1674:
567:
346:
112:
1540:
1260:
1086:
796:
522:
The grass snake is widely distributed in mainland Europe, ranging from mid
1640:
548:
in
Britain are now considered to have originated from imported specimens.
1882:
1595:
1306:
875:
874:) describes the grass snake as a large feared snake living in marshes in
867:
820:
152:
132:
1030:
1809:
1718:
1209:
955:
936:
718:
664:
644:
142:
1731:
896:
862:
677:
182:
122:
1572:
1201:
1679:
1231:
Gregory, Patrick T.; Leigh Anne Isaac; Richard A Griffiths (2007).
760:
722:
692:
629:
560:
527:
504:
342:
162:
1822:
1395:
Straižys, Vytautas (1997). "The Cosmology of the Ancient Balts".
872:
533:
Grass snakes in Britain were thought to belong to the subspecies
726:
684:) by becoming completely limp when they may also secrete blood (
1666:
1576:
530:. It is also found in the Middle East and northwestern Africa.
345:. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on
1232:
974:
972:
734:
730:
834:) and the Latvian folk fairytale "The grass snake's bride" (
950:
Grass snake in a pond in the nature resort in Zell am See,
979:
European Reptile & Amphibian Specialist Group (1996).
680:-smelling fluid from the anal glands, and feign death (
1188:
Milius, Susan (October 28, 2006). "Why Play Dead?".
1041:
1039:
717:
The species has various predator species, including
34:(N. helvetica) and in North America to refer to the
1872:
1585:
823:sees a dead grass snake, she cries for 9 days".
509:A specimen showing the distinctive yellow collar
1350:. Rīga: LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2008. p. 16-22.
1290:) mimicking cobras display a 'fossil behavior'"
1237:) in response to handling by human "predators""
473:. Four other subspecies were transferred from
8:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1326:Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark
1004:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14368A4436775.en
1573:
1439:Britannica encyclopedia of world religions
235:
74:
55:
46:
1305:
1076:
1002:
1177:(PhD thesis). University of Southampton.
1171:Ecology and vagility of the grass snake
599:). They consume prey live without using
968:
927:Grass snake looking out its hideout of
885:
765:Lithuanians worshipping a grass snake (
1462:
776:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
7:
1706:4949bb15-64ad-42ac-b7d5-422a869a6ef1
1397:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1939:IUCN Red List least concern species
990:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1280:Pokrant, Felix (24 October 2017).
537:but have been reclassified as the
25:
1568:Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe
1241:Journal of Comparative Psychology
1233:"Death feigning by grass snakes (
729:and perhaps other birds of prey,
1091:
943:
920:
903:
888:
99:
1513:"Article "bringer of blessing""
1328:. Miljø- og Fødevareministeriet
781:History of the Northern People
705:species including the extinct
676:In defence they can produce a
1:
1107:"Grass snake (Natrix natrix)"
1031:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
808:Christianization of Lithuania
38:(Opheodrys vernalis) and the
744:(Sardinian grass snake) and
579:Grass snakes mainly prey on
1974:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1253:10.1037/0735-7036.121.2.123
375:Natrix natrix astreptophora
361:are recognized, including:
1990:
1969:Reptiles described in 1758
1417:10.1177/002182869702802207
1069:10.1038/s41598-017-07847-9
871:(book III, lines 425-439:
828:Eglė the Queen of Serpents
29:
1374:10.1524/slaw.1998.43.1.94
1362:Zeitschrift für Slawistik
1310:– via ResearchGate.
895:Hunting in early autumn,
878:, eating frogs and fish.
412:Nilson & Andrén, 1981
255:
248:
243:
234:
211:
204:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
54:
49:
1547:(in Latvian). 2014-01-31
495:N. helvetica sicula
491:N. helvetica lanzai
483:N. helvetica cettii
441:Natrix natrix schweizeri
409:Natrix natrix gotlandica
320:), sometimes called the
244:Natrix natrix range map
1173:Natrix natrix helvetica
634:A juvenile grass snake.
487:N. helvetica corsa
459:Natrix natrix helvetica
386:Vanni & Lanza, 1983
1959:Reptiles of Azerbaijan
1469:: CS1 maint: others (
1033:. Accessed 3 May 2017.
784:
769:) and holy fire. From
713:Protection and threats
707:Natrix longivertebrata
635:
576:
510:
392:Natrix natrix cypriaca
1844:Paleobiology Database
1168:Brown, Peter (1991).
832:Eglė žalčių karalienė
764:
633:
564:
508:
449:Natrix natrix scutata
383:Natrix natrix calabra
370:(fide Sochurek, 1979)
367:Natrix natrix algirus
1701:Fauna Europaea (new)
1307:10.3897/vz.67.e31593
1138:. The Woodland Trust
997:: e.T14368A4436775.
844:Romantic nationalism
417:Natrix natrix natrix
1409:1997JHAS...28...57S
1061:2017NatSR...7.7378K
791:, the grass snake (
733:, and the domestic
433:Natrix natrix persa
401:Natrix natrix fusca
284:Tropidonotus natrix
66:Conservation status
1954:Reptiles of Russia
1949:Reptiles of Europe
1294:Vertebrate Zoology
1049:Scientific Reports
785:
660:Ecdysis (moulting)
636:
577:
539:barred grass snake
511:
471:barred grass snake
36:smooth green snake
32:barred grass snake
1926:
1925:
1831:Open Tree of Life
1579:Taxon identifiers
1499:"Ticējumi čūskas"
910:
583:, especially the
544:. Any records of
479:N. helvetica
453:
445:
437:
429:
413:
405:
397:
387:
379:
371:
308:
307:
302:
291:
280:
269:
89:
40:rough green snake
16:(Redirected from
1981:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1784:NHMSYS0000080231
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1574:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:"Folklora Ailab"
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1288:N. astreptophora
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1113:. Archived from
1103:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1043:
1034:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:
976:
952:Salzburg (state)
947:
924:
912:
911:
892:
789:Baltic mythology
746:N. n. schweizeri
616:thermoregulation
597:Jacobson's organ
542:Natrix helvetica
467:Natrix helvetica
451:
443:
435:
419:
411:
403:
395:
385:
377:
369:
297:
286:
275:
261:
239:
217:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
59:
47:
27:Species of snake
21:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1964:Snakes of China
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1805:Observation.org
1803:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1581:
1564:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1527:"Latvijas Daba"
1525:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1403:(22): S57–S81.
1394:
1393:
1389:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1282:"Grass snakes (
1279:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1202:10.2307/4017568
1187:
1186:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
978:
977:
970:
966:
959:
948:
939:
925:
916:
913:
904:
899:
893:
884:
860:
783:), book 3, 1555
759:
754:
715:
686:autohaemorrhage
674:
662:
653:
628:
609:
559:
554:
535:N. n. helvetica
520:
503:
456:
355:
273:Natrix vulgaris
230:
219:
213:
200:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1878:
1876:
1874:Coluber natrix
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1688:Fauna Europaea
1684:
1671:
1658:
1645:
1635:
1622:
1607:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:External links
1560:
1558:
1557:
1532:
1518:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1447:
1430:
1399:. Supplement.
1387:
1352:
1339:
1313:
1300:(2): 261–269.
1272:
1247:(2): 123–129.
1223:
1180:
1149:
1127:
1111:Wildsgk Arkive
1098:
1035:
1017:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
949:
942:
940:
926:
919:
917:
914:
902:
900:
894:
887:
883:
880:
859:
856:
848:Lielvārde Belt
758:
755:
753:
750:
714:
711:
673:
670:
661:
658:
652:
649:
627:
624:
608:
605:
573:Czech Republic
558:
555:
553:
550:
519:
516:
502:
499:
475:N. natrix
455:
454:
452:(Pallas, 1771)
446:
444:L. Müller 1932
438:
436:(Pallas, 1814)
430:
414:
406:
404:Cattaneo, 1990
398:
388:
380:
378:(Seoane, 1885)
372:
363:
354:
351:
306:
305:
304:
303:
292:
281:
270:
259:Coluber natrix
253:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
232:
231:
220:
209:
208:
202:
201:
197:N. natrix
194:
192:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
42:(O. aestivus).
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1986:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:Natrix_natrix
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:Natrix natrix
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1587:Natrix natrix
1584:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1541:"Zalkša zīme"
1536:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1448:9781593394912
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:(1): 94–100.
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:Natrix natrix
1276:
1273:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:Natrix natrix
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:(18): 280–1.
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1136:"Grass snake"
1131:
1128:
1117:on 2017-04-19
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:Natrix natrix
1021:
1018:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
986:
984:
983:Natrix natrix
975:
973:
969:
963:
957:
953:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
923:
918:
901:
898:
891:
886:
881:
879:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:in his 29 BC
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
836:Zalkša līgava
833:
829:
824:
822:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
782:
778:
777:
772:
768:
763:
756:
751:
749:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
671:
669:
666:
659:
657:
650:
648:
646:
642:
632:
625:
623:
619:
617:
612:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
569:
563:
556:
551:
549:
547:
543:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
517:
515:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
447:
442:
439:
434:
431:
427:
423:
418:
415:
410:
407:
402:
399:
396:(Hecht, 1930)
394:
393:
389:
384:
381:
376:
373:
368:
365:
364:
362:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:
317:Natrix natrix
313:
300:
296:
295:Natrix natrix
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
260:
257:
256:
254:
251:
247:
242:
238:
233:
228:
224:
218:
216:
215:Natrix natrix
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Natrix natrix
1873:
1586:
1549:. Retrieved
1544:
1535:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1479:
1438:
1433:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1193:
1190:Science News
1189:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1140:. Retrieved
1130:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1110:
1101:
1052:
1048:
1025:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
994:
988:
982:
929:water violet
866:
861:
840:
835:
831:
825:
805:
786:
780:
774:
771:Olaus Magnus
766:
745:
741:
739:
716:
706:
702:
696:
690:
675:
663:
654:
637:
626:Reproduction
620:
613:
610:
601:constriction
578:
566:
545:
541:
534:
532:
526:to southern
521:
518:Distribution
512:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
466:
458:
457:
448:
440:
432:
416:
408:
400:
390:
382:
374:
366:
356:
333:semi-aquatic
325:
322:ringed snake
321:
316:
315:
311:
309:
294:
283:
272:
258:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
50:Grass snake
44:
1727:iNaturalist
1611:Wikispecies
1055:(1): 7378,
1010:11 November
933:Kirchwerder
742:N. n. cetti
698:Naja romani
589:common frog
585:common toad
524:Scandinavia
501:Description
481:, becoming
326:water snake
312:grass snake
1933:Categories
1889:Q105080920
1551:2018-04-24
1545:Zīmju taka
1266:2011-07-11
1142:2 December
1121:2017-04-18
964:References
915:Copulation
806:After the
793:Lithuanian
682:thanatosis
643:, such as
641:vegetation
593:earthworms
581:amphibians
359:subspecies
353:Subspecies
347:amphibians
173:Colubridae
159:Suborder:
1465:cite book
1457:319493641
1425:117470993
1382:171032008
816:serpent's
752:Mythology
651:Migration
568:Bufo bufo
546:N. natrix
299:Stejneger
191:Species:
163:Serpentes
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
1883:Wikidata
1745:10361146
1638:BioLib:
1596:Wikidata
1261:17516791
1218:85722243
1087:28785033
876:Calabria
868:Georgics
587:and the
463:Lacépède
422:Linnaeus
340:colubrid
337:venomous
330:Eurasian
277:Laurenti
263:Linnaeus
250:Synonyms
223:Linnaeus
169:Family:
153:Squamata
143:Reptilia
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 2.3
1916:1085013
1836:1010557
1823:1498233
1719:6161347
1602:Q170713
1405:Bibcode
1332:27 June
1210:4017568
1078:5547120
1057:Bibcode
1029:at the
956:Austria
937:Hamburg
882:Gallery
801:Latvian
787:In the
719:corvids
672:Defence
665:Ecdysis
645:compost
607:Habitat
565:Eating
557:Feeding
552:Ecology
328:, is a
288:F. Boie
179:Genus:
149:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
1944:Natrix
1862:natrix
1797:100823
1758:700799
1732:966787
1693:214751
1680:NATRNA
1667:791395
1641:709523
1455:
1445:
1423:
1380:
1322:"Snog"
1259:
1216:
1208:
1085:
1075:
897:Sweden
863:Virgil
852:Romuva
812:Latvia
797:žaltys
767:žaltys
757:Baltic
723:storks
703:Natrix
678:garlic
469:, the
301:, 1907
290:, 1827
279:, 1768
184:Natrix
1903:10727
1898:EUNIS
1849:64962
1771:14368
1740:IRMNG
1654:745RJ
1421:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1214:S2CID
1206:JSTOR
858:Roman
821:Saulė
731:foxes
693:cobra
528:Italy
357:Many
343:snake
1911:ITIS
1818:OBIS
1792:NCBI
1766:IUCN
1753:ITIS
1714:GBIF
1675:EPPO
1471:link
1453:OCLC
1443:ISBN
1334:2018
1257:PMID
1144:2021
1083:PMID
1012:2021
995:1996
810:and
727:owls
493:and
426:1758
335:non-
310:The
267:1758
227:1758
1810:454
1779:NBN
1662:EoL
1649:CoL
1626:ADW
1413:doi
1370:doi
1302:doi
1249:doi
1245:121
1198:doi
1194:170
1073:PMC
1065:doi
999:doi
931:in
735:cat
477:to
324:or
1935::
1913::
1900::
1885::
1859::
1857:RD
1846::
1833::
1820::
1807::
1794::
1781::
1768::
1755::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1651::
1628::
1613::
1598::
1543:.
1467:}}
1463:{{
1451:.
1419:.
1411:.
1401:28
1376:.
1366:43
1364:.
1324:.
1298:67
1296:.
1292:.
1286:,
1255:.
1243:.
1239:.
1212:.
1204:.
1192:.
1152:^
1109:.
1081:,
1071:,
1063:,
1051:,
1038:^
993:.
987:.
971:^
954:,
935:,
854:.
799:,
795::
773:'
748:.
737:.
725:,
721:,
603:.
575:)
497:.
489:,
485:,
424:,
349:.
265:,
225:,
1554:.
1529:.
1515:.
1501:.
1487:.
1473:)
1459:.
1427:.
1415::
1407::
1384:.
1372::
1336:.
1304::
1269:.
1251::
1220:.
1200::
1146:.
1124:.
1067::
1059::
1053:7
1014:.
1001::
985:"
981:"
958:.
830:(
779:(
571:(
461:(
428:)
420:(
314:(
229:)
221:(
88:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
