839:
1771:
508:
123:
520:
393:. These grooved fangs tend to be sharpest on the anterior and posterior edges. While feeding, colubrids move their jaws backward to create a cutting motion between the posterior edge and the prey's tissue. In order to inject venom, colubridae must chew on their prey. Colubrids can also be proteroglyphous (fangs at the front of the upper jaw, followed by small solid teeth)
105:
405:
Characteristics of
Colubridae include limbless bodies, left lung that is reduced or absent, tracheal lung that is reduced or absent, well-developed oviducts, Premaxillaries that lack teeth, maxilaries oriented longitudinally with teeth that are solid or grooved, mandible does not have coronoid bone,
396:
Most
Colubridae are oviparious (mode of reproduction where an egg is produced that will later hatch) with clutch size varying by size and species of snake. However, certain species of snakes from the subfamilies of Natriciinae and Colubrinae are viviparous (mode of reproduction where young are live
339:
Colubrids are a very diverse group of snakes. They can exhibit many different body styles, body sizes, colors, and patterns. They can also live in many different types of habitats including aquatic, terrestrial, semi-arboreal, arboreal, desert, mountainous forests, semi-fossorial, and brackish
406:
dentary that has teeth, only a left carotid artery, Intercostal arteries from the dorsal aorta in trunk segments, no cranial infrared receptors occur in pits or surface indentations, and an optic foramina that usually perforate the frontal–parietal–parasphenoid sutures
3497:
Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; de Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees".
2633:
These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the
Colubridae, but are now either classified as parts of other families, or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other (sub)families.
3067:
Vonk, F. J.; Admiraal, J. F.; Jackson, K.; Reshef, R.; de Bakker, M. A.; Vanderschoot, K.; van den Berge, I.; van Atten, M.; Burgerhout, E.; Beck, A. (2008). "Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs".
3620:
3541:
Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (January 2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species".
381:(often simply called "rear-fanged"), meaning they possess shortened, grooved "fangs" located at the back of the upper jaw. It is thought that opisthoglyphy evolved many times throughout the natural history of
3932:
Zamorano, Martín (20 July 2020). "Diagnosis y nueva descripción de
Propanochthus bullifer (Burmeister) (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae). Consideraciones bioestratigráficas y cronológicas de su procedencia".
3811:
Barbiere, Franck; Cruz, Laura E.; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (2 September 2016). "A new genus of
Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of central Argentina".
4011:
Verzi, Diego H.; Montalvo, Claudia I.; Deschamps, Cecilia M. (January 2008). "Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late
Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy".
3990:
Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico (2009). "First fossil record for the family
Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Pliocene) in the Monte Hermoso Formation, Argentina".
3858:
Nicoli, Laura (3 September 2015). "New fossil species of the extant genus
Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina".
3119:
Fry, B. G.; Casewell, N. R.; Wüster, W.; Vidal, N.; Young, B.; Jackson, T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the
Toxicofera reptile venom system".
3237:
Lawson, R.; Slowinski, J.B.; Crother, B.I.; Burbrink, F.T. (November 2005). "Phylogeny of the
Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes".
3616:
2780:. The presence of derived colubrids in North America so early on, despite their presumed Old World origins, suggests that they originated even earlier. The Pliocene (
3774:
Barbière, Franck; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J. (March 2019). "The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids".
3594:
4545:
447:
However, recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically "colubrid" snakes and the family as currently defined is a
397:
birthed). These viviparous species can birth various amounts of offspring at a time, but the exact number of offspring depends on the size and species of snake
4686:
4584:
4671:
454:, although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group. As of May 2018, eight subfamilies are recognized.
4519:
4128:
3691:
4558:
3907:"New Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) from the early Pliocene of the Buenos Aires province (Argentina) and its biogeographical implications"
3736:
Parmley, D.; Walker, D. (2003). "Snakes of the Pliocene Taunton local fauna of Adams County, Washington with the description of a new colubrid".
3280:
Fry, B.G.; Vidal, N.; van der Weerd, L.; Kochva, E.; Renjifo, C. (2009). "Evolution and diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system".
3975:"Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la Formación Monte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)"
3963:
3324:
3221:
3018:
2922:
2975:
2944:
Vitt, Laurie J, and Janalee P Caldwell. Herpetology An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. 4th ed., Elsevier Inc, 2014.
4633:
3663:
4681:
4563:
4571:
3586:
4121:
2875:
838:
4441:
4428:
122:
4666:
4498:
4140:
3166:
4589:
4511:
3749:
3167:"Fang evolution in venomous snakes: Adaptation of 3D tooth shape to the biomechanical properties of their prey"
1770:
4676:
4114:
3646:"New Herpetological Species and Records from the Norden Bridge Fauna (Miocene: Late Barstovian) of Nebraska"
372:
sp.) have long been notorious for inflicting the worst bites on humans, with the most confirmed fatalities.
4368:
3715:
209:
2853:
Nebraskophis HOLMAN from the Late Eocene of Georgia (USA), the oldest known North American colubrid snake
358:
sp.) can escalate quickly to emergency situations. Furthermore, within the Colubridae, the South African
4610:
2485:
1780:
4446:
2790:
507:
331:
epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.
4638:
4467:
4415:
4049:
4020:
3867:
3820:
3783:
3551:
3507:
3436:
3377:
3246:
3128:
3077:
2802:
2773:
2605:
1012:
3974:
1356:
3956:
Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation
3425:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
2808:
2565:
529:
3366:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes"
2820:
2768:
2613:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2557:
2524:
4661:
4278:
3893:
3846:
3799:
3753:
3334:
3101:
2910:
2728:
2681:
2532:
2516:
2500:
2329:
2175:
1348:
801:
117:
4040:
Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (July 2006). "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography".
2960:
2621:
2540:
2508:
2449:
4615:
2902:
792:
4597:
4454:
4082:
3959:
3567:
3523:
3464:
3405:
3320:
3297:
3262:
3217:
3186:
3144:
3093:
3014:
2961:"Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España"
2918:
2785:
2273:
1313:
848:
423:
340:
waters. A primarily shy and harmless group of snakes, the vast majority of colubrids are not
4550:
327:, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the
4625:
4602:
4341:
4263:
4071:"The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review"
4057:
4028:
3999:
3942:
3918:
3883:
3875:
3836:
3828:
3791:
3745:
3559:
3515:
3454:
3444:
3395:
3385:
3289:
3254:
3209:
3178:
3136:
3085:
3047:
3006:
1426:
1201:
777:
700:
480:
316:
269:
225:
4406:
4351:
4203:
4100:
3350:
2647:
1815:
1801:
1229:
963:
377:
4053:
4024:
3871:
3824:
3787:
3555:
3511:
3440:
3381:
3250:
3132:
3081:
4506:
4493:
4331:
4288:
4273:
4180:
3459:
3424:
3400:
3365:
3213:
2796:
2677:
2639:
2478:
2434:
2308:
2266:
2203:
2144:
2137:
2102:
1892:
1672:
1647:
1545:
1475:
1159:
1152:
763:
707:
341:
308:
4655:
4336:
4323:
4313:
4268:
4243:
4198:
4188:
4070:
3803:
3052:
3035:
2906:
2788:
of Adams County, Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including
2721:
2673:
2669:
2643:
2315:
2252:
2231:
2074:
1906:
1871:
1700:
1679:
1580:
1566:
1531:
1524:
1489:
1468:
1405:
1363:
1278:
1243:
1215:
1131:
1075:
865:
818:
770:
693:
644:
553:
463:
62:
3897:
3850:
3757:
4420:
4308:
4303:
4253:
4238:
4228:
4223:
3423:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
3105:
2742:
2735:
2695:
2691:
2413:
2406:
2343:
2259:
2189:
2165:
2088:
2067:
2004:
1969:
1864:
1754:
1740:
1716:
1693:
1655:
1587:
1391:
1222:
1124:
1117:
1047:
998:
949:
914:
886:
811:
784:
756:
749:
672:
637:
560:
512:
473:
4433:
4032:
3832:
3140:
2851:
519:
4459:
4061:
3879:
3449:
3315:
Pough, F. Harvey; Cadle, J. E.; Crump, M. L.; Savitzky, A. H.; Wells, K. (1998).
426:" for snakes that do not fit elsewhere. Until recently, colubrids were basically
4576:
4532:
4400:
4346:
4293:
4258:
4248:
4213:
3563:
3519:
3293:
3258:
2661:
2471:
2399:
2385:
2336:
2287:
2280:
2224:
2109:
2081:
2039:
1927:
1920:
1850:
1829:
1794:
1785:
1733:
1686:
1622:
1538:
1482:
1447:
1103:
1082:
1019:
907:
893:
879:
630:
623:
440:
427:
194:
37:
30:
4283:
3692:"What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera
2814:
2750:
2746:
2654:
2492:
2427:
2378:
2371:
2294:
2245:
2182:
2158:
2123:
2018:
2011:
1948:
1934:
1913:
1899:
1822:
1808:
1775:
1763:
1747:
1615:
1573:
1552:
1517:
1503:
1496:
1461:
1440:
1419:
1398:
1377:
1334:
1292:
1271:
1236:
1194:
1187:
1173:
1138:
1110:
1040:
1005:
977:
956:
935:
900:
858:
843:
832:
827:
742:
728:
714:
539:
524:
501:
496:
487:
368:
363:
82:
47:
4391:
4086:
3905:
Agnolin, Federico; Bogan, Sergio; Tomassini, Rodrigo; Manera, Teresa (2014).
2867:
4480:
4193:
4003:
3923:
3906:
3390:
3010:
2665:
2548:
2464:
2420:
2357:
2350:
2217:
2210:
2196:
2130:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2025:
1997:
1990:
1941:
1885:
1857:
1843:
1726:
1665:
1638:
1629:
1454:
1433:
1412:
1384:
1370:
1341:
1327:
1299:
1257:
1208:
1096:
1068:
991:
658:
651:
588:
546:
448:
435:
415:
386:
359:
134:
87:
3946:
3571:
3527:
3468:
3409:
3301:
3266:
3190:
3148:
3097:
104:
3645:
4385:
4233:
4170:
4158:
3650:
Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies
3165:
Cleuren, Silke G. C.; Hocking, David P.; Evans, Alistair R. (June 2021).
2763:
2711:
2392:
2364:
2322:
2301:
2151:
2116:
2095:
1878:
1601:
1594:
1510:
1285:
1264:
1166:
1061:
1054:
1026:
984:
928:
921:
872:
735:
721:
665:
616:
574:
567:
431:
419:
390:
382:
349:
174:
154:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
3795:
3089:
4164:
3888:
3841:
2781:
2441:
2060:
1983:
1976:
1955:
1707:
1608:
1559:
1306:
1250:
1180:
1145:
970:
942:
686:
581:
164:
92:
67:
3182:
4537:
4208:
4152:
2777:
1962:
1089:
1033:
679:
609:
602:
595:
328:
144:
4524:
4362:
4485:
3973:
Albino, Adriana M.; Tomassini, Rodrigo; Brizuela, Santiago (2009).
4298:
4137:
2238:
1836:
1320:
451:
354:
345:
324:
320:
184:
4106:
385:
and is an evolutionary precursor to the larger, frontal fangs of
4366:
4110:
4075:
Revista Tecnica de Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos
3954:
Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (2012).
422:, than to each other. This family was historically used as a "
255:
4472:
2762:
The oldest colubrid fossils are indeterminate vertebrae from
418:, as many were more closely related to other groups, such as
240:
3750:
10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0235:SOTPTL]2.0.CO;2
281:
231:
2701:
Subfamily Lamprophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)
284:
278:
293:
249:
3204:
Schmalzried, Scott; Ceretto, Vincent (2024). "Snakes".
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
299:
275:
228:
2171:
296:
290:
287:
252:
246:
243:
237:
4375:
4322:
4179:
3036:"The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes"
272:
234:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2707:Subfamily Lycophidinae (now part of Lamprophiidae)
3992:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
3911:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
3364:Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013).
2717:Subfamily Philothamninae (now part of Colubrinae)
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
2687:Subfamily Dispholidinae (now part of Colubrinae)
2997:
2995:
2917:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195.
2738:, sometimes incorrectly spelled Xenodermatidae)
2704:Subfamily Lycodontinae (now part of Colubrinae)
2684:, which are now sometimes treated as families)
2668:of the new Colubridae, others moved to family
352:. However, the bites of a few groups (such as
4122:
4069:Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991).
831:– over 100 genera (sometimes given as family
8:
2714:, sometimes incorrectly spelled Pareatidae)
4363:
4129:
4115:
4107:
103:
20:
3922:
3887:
3840:
3685:
3683:
3458:
3448:
3399:
3389:
3051:
3040:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3003:"Venomous" Bites from Non-Venomous Snakes
4042:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
2664:(some of which now treated as subfamily
1769:
837:
518:
506:
366:, as well as the Asian keelback snakes (
2915:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
2837:
500:– 36 genera (sometimes given as family
414:In the past, the Colubridae were not a
3346:
3342:
3332:
4103:at Life Is Short, but Snakes Are Long
3639:
3637:
3544:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3500:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3239:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3160:
3158:
2897:
2895:
2893:
7:
4687:Taxa named by Nicolaus Michael Oppel
4512:66d13ccd-e67e-44d8-82c6-79749b1b2951
3587:"Colubridae at The Reptile Database"
2878:from the original on 3 December 2018
2845:
2843:
2841:
2734:Subfamily Xenoderminae (now family
4672:Extant Oligocene first appearances
3860:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3813:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3214:10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00652-7
2731:(now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)
2724:(now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)
14:
3597:from the original on 29 June 2018
2710:Subfamily Pareatinae (now family
2458:Sub-family currently undetermined
1784:, preying on a legless lizard, a
348:that is medically significant to
3935:Spanish Journal of Palaeontology
3053:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x
2653:Subfamily Boiginae (now part of
375:Some colubrids are described as
344:, nor do most colubrids produce
268:
224:
121:
3623:from the original on 2021-05-21
2981:from the original on 2020-08-14
2818:species, and the extinct genus
3958:. Cambridge University Press.
3644:Holman, J. Alan (1982-01-01).
3319:. Prentice Hall. p. 162.
1:
4033:10.1016/j.geobios.2006.09.005
3833:10.1080/02724634.2016.1199557
3141:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.013
401:Characteristics of Colubridae
4062:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005
3880:10.1080/02724634.2015.981636
3714:(4): 664–665. Archived from
3450:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
3564:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009
3520:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006
3294:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.009
3259:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016
2766:and specimens of the genus
2745:(which many authors put in
4705:
3668:Florida Vertebrate Fossils
3664:"Floridaophis auffenbergi"
3206:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
2646:, sometimes combined with
4147:
118:Scientific classification
116:
111:
102:
23:
3370:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2959:Bruna Azara, C. (1995).
4004:10.22179/REVMACN.11.259
3924:10.22179/REVMACN.16.159
3776:Journal of Paleontology
3690:Savage, Jay M. (2015).
3391:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
3011:10.1016/C2010-0-68461-6
2784:) fossil record in the
2772:from the U.S. state of
2672:as part of subfamilies
4682:Taxa described in 1881
3947:10.7203/sjp.28.2.17860
3738:Journal of Herpetology
2850:P Dennis; A J (2003).
1788:
852:
533:
516:
312:
4611:Paleobiology Database
3708:Herpetological Review
3282:Journal of Proteomics
1781:Dolichophis jugularis
1773:
841:
522:
510:
4507:Fauna Europaea (new)
3617:"Blythia reticulata"
3591:The Reptile Database
3208:. pp. 567–571.
2803:Lampropeltis getulus
2642:(now a subfamily of
263:, commonly known as
4054:2006JSAES..21..185C
4025:2008Geobi..41..145V
3872:2015JVPal..35E1636N
3825:2016JVPal..36E9557B
3796:10.1017/jpa.2018.74
3788:2019JPal...93..368B
3556:2016MolPE..94..537Z
3512:2011MolPE..58..329P
3441:2016PLoSO..1161070F
3382:2013BMCEE..13...93P
3251:2005MolPE..37..581L
3133:2012Txcn...60..434F
3090:10.1038/nature07178
3082:2008Natur.454..630V
3034:Jackson, K (2003).
2968:Boletín de la S.E.A
2809:Pituophis catenifer
530:Thamnophis sirtalis
458:Current subfamilies
112:Colubridae species
4279:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
2729:Pseudoxyrhophiinae
2682:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
2629:Former subfamilies
1789:
853:
802:Pseudoxenodontinae
534:
517:
4667:Cenozoic reptiles
4649:
4648:
4598:Open Tree of Life
4369:Taxon identifiers
4360:
4359:
3965:978-0-521-19461-7
3550:(Pt B): 537–547.
3326:978-0-13-850876-0
3223:978-0-323-85434-4
3183:10.1111/evo.14239
3076:(7204): 630–633.
3020:978-0-12-387732-1
2924:978-0-12-178560-4
2791:Elaphe pliocenica
2786:Ringold Formation
849:Sibon longifrenis
515:(grey and yellow)
513:Indian rat snakes
424:wastebasket taxon
217:
216:
213:
4694:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4579:
4577:NHMSYS0000375243
4567:
4566:
4554:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4462:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4436:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4364:
4342:Leptotyphlopidae
4264:Psammodynastidae
4131:
4124:
4117:
4108:
4090:
4065:
4036:
4007:
3986:
3969:
3950:
3928:
3926:
3901:
3891:
3854:
3844:
3807:
3762:
3761:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3494:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3177:(6): 1377–1394.
3162:
3153:
3152:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3031:
3025:
3024:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2965:
2956:
2945:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2899:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2776:, both from the
2173:
1427:Pseudoleptodeira
701:Pseudagkistrodon
481:Scaphiodontophis
315:, 'snake') is a
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
208:
126:
125:
107:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
16:Family of snakes
4704:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4536:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4510:
4505:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4352:Xenotyphlopidae
4318:
4229:Cylindrophiidae
4204:Atractaspididae
4175:
4143:
4135:
4097:
4068:
4039:
4010:
3989:
3972:
3966:
3953:
3931:
3904:
3857:
3819:(5): e1199557.
3810:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3496:
3495:
3476:
3435:(9): e0161070.
3422:
3421:
3417:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3341:
3331:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2943:
2932:
2925:
2903:Bauer, Aaron M.
2901:
2900:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2760:
2648:Atractaspidinae
2631:
2606:Pseudocemophora
2455:
1802:Aprosdoketophis
1760:
1713:
1659:– seven genera
1635:
964:Calamodontophis
824:
798:
493:
467:– three genera
460:
412:
403:
378:opisthoglyphous
337:
271:
267:
227:
223:
207:
120:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Snake families
4674:
4669:
4664:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4630:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4542:
4529:
4516:
4503:
4494:Fauna Europaea
4490:
4477:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4425:
4412:
4397:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Anomalepididae
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Tropidophiidae
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:Pseudaspididae
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4181:Alethinophidia
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4095:External links
4093:
4092:
4091:
4066:
4048:(3): 185–203.
4037:
4019:(1): 145–155.
4008:
3987:
3981:(in Spanish).
3970:
3964:
3951:
3941:(2): 283–292.
3929:
3902:
3866:(5): e981636.
3855:
3808:
3782:(2): 368–384.
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3744:(2): 235–244.
3728:
3679:
3655:
3633:
3608:
3577:
3533:
3506:(2): 329–342.
3474:
3415:
3356:
3325:
3307:
3288:(2): 127–136.
3272:
3245:(2): 581–601.
3229:
3222:
3196:
3154:
3127:(4): 434–448.
3111:
3059:
3046:(3): 337–354.
3026:
3019:
2991:
2946:
2930:
2923:
2889:
2874:. Britannica.
2872:britannica.com
2859:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2797:Elaphe vulpina
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2688:
2685:
2678:Pseudaspidinae
2658:
2651:
2640:Aparallactinae
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:Lycognathophis
2475:
2468:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2435:Xyelodontophis
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2267:Rhynchocalamus
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2204:Phyllorhynchus
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2145:Orientocoluber
2141:
2138:Oreocryptophis
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2103:Mopanveldophis
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1893:Crotaphopeltis
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1720:– five genera
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1673:Calamorhabdium
1669:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1546:Thamnodynastes
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1476:Rodriguesophis
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1357:Paleoheterodon
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1160:Eutrachelophis
1156:
1153:Erythrolamprus
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
854:
823:
822:
815:
807:
797:
796:
788:
781:
774:
767:
764:Tropidoclonion
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
535:
492:
491:
484:
477:
469:
459:
456:
430:that were not
411:
410:Classification
408:
402:
399:
336:
333:
215:
214:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
114:
113:
109:
108:
100:
99:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
35:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4700:
4699:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Gerrhopilidae
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4324:Scolecophidia
4321:
4315:
4314:Xenophidiidae
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Psammophiidae
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Lamprophiidae
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Anomochilidae
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Acrochordidae
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3985:(1): 177–188.
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3718:on 2016-03-07
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:Uetz, Peter.
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3343:|first2=
3336:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:Zweifel, R.G.
2908:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2758:Fossil record
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:Psammophiinae
2719:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:Lamprophiinae
2671:
2670:Lamprophiidae
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:Lamprophiidae
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:Paleofarancia
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:Spalerosophis
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:Rhinobothryum
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:Pseudoficimia
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2075:Macroprotodon
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:Dendrophidion
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1767:– 93 genera
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:Pseudorabdion
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:Collorhabdium
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:Tropidodipsas
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1567:Tretanorhinus
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:Taeniophallus
1529:
1527:
1526:
1525:Tachymenoides
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:Rhadinophanes
1466:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1406:Pseudalsophis
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1364:Paraphimophis
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1279:Lioheterophis
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:Hypsirhynchus
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:Hydrodynastes
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1132:Emmochliophis
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1076:Diaphorolepis
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
951:
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
931:
930:
926:
924:
923:
919:
917:
916:
912:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
898:
896:
895:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
881:
877:
875:
874:
870:
868:
867:
866:Adelphostigma
863:
861:
860:
856:
855:
851:
850:
845:
840:
836:
834:
830:
829:
821:
820:
819:Pseudoxenodon
816:
814:
813:
809:
808:
806:
805:– two genera
804:
803:
795:
794:
789:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
772:
771:Tropidonophis
768:
766:
765:
761:
759:
758:
754:
752:
751:
747:
745:
744:
740:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
726:
724:
723:
719:
717:
716:
712:
710:
709:
705:
703:
702:
698:
696:
695:
694:Opisthotropis
691:
689:
688:
684:
682:
681:
677:
675:
674:
670:
668:
667:
663:
661:
660:
656:
654:
653:
649:
647:
646:
645:Iguanognathus
642:
640:
639:
635:
633:
632:
628:
626:
625:
621:
619:
618:
614:
612:
611:
607:
605:
604:
600:
598:
597:
593:
591:
590:
586:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
572:
570:
569:
565:
563:
562:
558:
556:
555:
554:Amphiesmoides
551:
549:
548:
544:
542:
541:
537:
536:
532:
531:
526:
521:
514:
509:
505:
503:
499:
498:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
475:
471:
470:
468:
466:
465:
464:Sibynophiinae
457:
455:
453:
450:
445:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:natural group
409:
407:
400:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
373:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
304:
266:
260:
221:
211:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
191:Superfamily:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
110:
106:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
32:
22:
19:
4376:
4309:Xenopeltidae
4304:Xenodermidae
4254:Micrelapidae
4239:Homalopsidae
4224:Cyclocoridae
4218:
4078:
4074:
4045:
4041:
4016:
4012:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3955:
3938:
3934:
3914:
3910:
3863:
3859:
3816:
3812:
3779:
3775:
3768:Bibliography
3741:
3737:
3731:
3720:. Retrieved
3716:the original
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:
3658:
3649:
3625:. Retrieved
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3590:
3580:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3503:
3499:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3347:|last2=
3316:
3310:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3205:
3199:
3174:
3170:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3002:
2983:. Retrieved
2971:
2967:
2914:
2907:Cogger, H.G.
2880:. Retrieved
2871:
2862:
2852:
2821:Tauntonophis
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2769:Nebraskophis
2767:
2761:
2743:Xenodontinae
2736:Xenodermidae
2696:Homalopsidae
2694:(now family
2692:Homalopsinae
2632:
2620:
2614:Nebraskophis
2612:
2604:
2598:Pollackophis
2596:
2590:Periergophis
2588:
2582:Paraxenophis
2580:
2574:Paraoxybelis
2572:
2564:
2558:Palaeonatrix
2556:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2525:Floridaophis
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2414:Wallaceophis
2412:
2407:Trimorphodon
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2344:Stichophanes
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2260:Rhinocheilus
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2190:Philothamnus
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:Pantherophis
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2089:Mastigodryas
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:Lytorhynchus
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2033:Lampropeltis
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2005:Hapsidophrys
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1970:Euprepiophis
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1865:Coelognathus
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1762:
1761:
1755:Proahaetulla
1753:
1746:
1741:Dendrelaphis
1739:
1732:
1725:
1717:Ahaetuliinae
1715:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1694:Macrocalamus
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1656:Calamariinae
1654:
1653:
1646:
1642:– one genus
1637:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1588:Tropidodryas
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1392:Plesiodipsas
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1223:Hydromorphus
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1125:Elapomorphus
1123:
1118:Echinanthera
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1048:Crisantophis
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
999:Chersodromus
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
955:
950:Borikenophis
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
915:Arcanumophis
913:
906:
899:
892:
887:Amnesteophis
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
847:
826:
825:
817:
812:Plagiopholis
810:
800:
799:
791:
785:Xenochrophis
783:
776:
769:
762:
757:Trimerodytes
755:
750:Trachischium
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
673:Natriciteres
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
638:Hydraethiops
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
561:Anoplohydrus
559:
552:
545:
538:
528:
495:
494:
486:
479:
474:Colubroelaps
472:
462:
461:
449:monophyletic
446:
439:
413:
404:
395:
376:
374:
367:
353:
338:
264:
219:
218:
204:
18:
4533:iNaturalist
4401:Wikispecies
4347:Typhlopidae
4294:Uropeltidae
4259:Prosymnidae
4249:Loxocemidae
4214:Bolyeriidae
4101:Psammophids
4081:: 631–652.
3998:: 193–198.
3979:Ameghiniana
3889:11336/46258
3842:11336/36864
3317:Herpetology
2778:Late Eocene
2662:Boodontinae
2533:Micronatrix
2517:Hispanophis
2501:Ameiseophis
2486:Oreocalamus
2472:Gongylosoma
2400:Toxicodryas
2386:Thelotornis
2337:Stenorrhina
2288:Scolecophis
2281:Scaphiophis
2225:Pseudelaphe
2176:Paracoluber
2110:Muhtarophis
2082:Masticophis
2040:Leptodrymus
1928:Dolichophis
1921:Dispholidus
1851:Chapinophis
1830:Bogertophis
1795:Aeluroglena
1786:sheltopusik
1734:Chrysopelea
1687:Etheridgeum
1623:Xenoxybelis
1539:Tantalophis
1483:Saphenophis
1448:Rhachidelus
1349:Paikwaophis
1104:Drepanoides
1083:Dibernardia
1020:Coniophanes
908:Apostolepis
894:Amnisiophis
880:Amastridium
631:Hydrablabes
624:Herpetoreas
441:Atractaspis
364:twig snakes
335:Description
329:Late Eocene
323:. With 249
195:Colubroidea
31:Late Eocene
4656:Categories
4434:Colubridae
4421:Colubridae
4407:Colubridae
4377:Colubridae
4284:Pythonidae
4219:Colubridae
3722:2018-05-14
3694:Xenodermus
3673:2023-12-15
3627:2021-05-21
2985:2016-09-30
2882:2 December
2868:"Colubrid"
2828:References
2815:Thamnophis
2751:Dipsadidae
2747:Dipsadinae
2741:Subfamily
2727:Subfamily
2720:Subfamily
2690:Subfamily
2660:Subfamily
2655:Colubrinae
2638:Subfamily
2622:Texasophis
2541:Miocoluber
2509:Dryinoides
2493:Tetralepis
2450:Zelceophis
2428:Xenelaphis
2379:Telescopus
2372:Tantillita
2330:Stegonotus
2295:Senticolis
2246:Rhamnophis
2183:Persiophis
2159:Palusophis
2124:Oocatochus
2019:Hemorrhois
2012:Hemerophis
1949:Drymoluber
1935:Drymarchon
1914:Dipsadoboa
1900:Dasypeltis
1823:Bamanophis
1809:Archelaphe
1764:Colubrinae
1748:Dryophiops
1616:Xenopholis
1574:Trimetopon
1553:Thermophis
1518:Tachymenis
1504:Sordellina
1497:Siphlophis
1462:Rhadinella
1441:Ptychophis
1420:Pseudoeryx
1399:Pliocercus
1378:Philodryas
1335:Omoadiphas
1293:Magliophis
1272:Leptodeira
1237:Hypsiglena
1195:Haitiophis
1188:Gomesophis
1174:Galvarinus
1139:Enuliophis
1111:Dryophylax
1041:Coronelaps
1006:Chlorosoma
978:Carphophis
957:Caaeteboia
936:Baliodryas
901:Apographon
859:Adelphicos
833:Dipsadidae
828:Dipsadinae
743:Thamnophis
729:Smithophis
715:Rhabdophis
540:Afronatrix
502:Natricidae
497:Natricinae
488:Sibynophis
428:colubroids
369:Rhabdophis
220:Colubridae
205:Colubridae
181:Suborder:
24:Colubridae
4662:Colubrids
4299:Viperidae
4194:Aniliidae
4151:Kingdom:
4087:713096859
3917:: 19–31.
3804:135378126
3702:Calamaria
3376:(1): 93.
3335:cite book
3171:Evolution
2974:: 32–40.
2833:Citations
2666:Grayiinae
2549:Mionatrix
2465:Elapoidis
2421:Wallophis
2358:Sympholis
2351:Symphimus
2274:Salvadora
2218:Platyceps
2211:Pituophis
2197:Phrynonax
2131:Opheodrys
2054:Liopeltis
2047:Leptophis
2026:Hierophis
1998:Gyalopion
1991:Gonyosoma
1942:Drymobius
1886:Coronella
1858:Chironius
1844:Cemophora
1776:colubrine
1727:Ahaetulla
1666:Calamaria
1639:Grayiinae
1630:Zonateres
1455:Rhadinaea
1434:Psomophis
1413:Pseudoboa
1385:Phimophis
1371:Phalotris
1342:Oxyrhopus
1328:Nothopsis
1314:Mussurana
1300:Manolepis
1258:Imantodes
1209:Heterodon
1097:Ditaxodon
1069:Diadophis
992:Cercophis
844:dipsadine
793:Neonatrix
659:Limnophis
652:Isanophis
589:Clonophis
547:Amphiesma
525:natricine
383:squamates
360:boomslang
265:colubrids
185:Serpentes
141:Kingdom:
135:Eukaryota
4386:Wikidata
4234:Elapidae
4171:Squamata
4165:Reptilia
4159:Chordata
4157:Phylum:
4153:Animalia
4141:families
3898:83574417
3851:89495030
3758:86000331
3621:Archived
3595:Archived
3593:. EMBL.
3572:26475614
3528:21074626
3469:27603205
3429:PLOS ONE
3410:23627680
3345:missing
3302:19457354
3267:16172004
3191:33904594
3149:22446061
3098:18668106
3005:. 2011.
2976:Archived
2913:(eds.).
2905:(1998).
2876:Archived
2764:Thailand
2712:Pareidae
2393:Thrasops
2365:Tantilla
2323:Spilotes
2302:Simophis
2152:Oxybelis
2117:Oligodon
2096:Meizodon
1879:Conopsis
1602:Urotheca
1595:Uromacer
1511:Synophis
1286:Lygophis
1265:Incaspis
1202:Helicops
1167:Farancia
1062:Cubophis
1055:Cryophis
1027:Conophis
985:Cenaspis
929:Atractus
922:Arrhyton
873:Alsophis
778:Virginia
736:Storeria
722:Rhabdops
666:Liodytes
617:Helophis
575:Atretium
568:Aspidura
436:viperids
342:venomous
201:Family:
175:Squamata
165:Reptilia
155:Chordata
151:Phylum:
145:Animalia
131:Domain:
33:—present
4392:Q182751
4169:Order:
4163:Class:
4050:Bibcode
4021:Bibcode
4013:Geobios
3868:Bibcode
3821:Bibcode
3784:Bibcode
3552:Bibcode
3508:Bibcode
3460:5014348
3437:Bibcode
3401:3682911
3378:Bibcode
3247:Bibcode
3129:Bibcode
3121:Toxicon
3106:4362616
3078:Bibcode
2782:Blancan
2774:Georgia
2442:Zamenis
2061:Lycodon
1984:Geagras
1977:Ficimia
1956:Eirenis
1872:Coluber
1816:Arizona
1708:Rabdion
1609:Xenodon
1560:Tomodon
1307:Mesotes
1251:Ialtris
1230:Hydrops
1181:Geophis
1146:Enulius
971:Caraiba
943:Boiruna
687:Nerodia
582:Blythia
432:elapids
420:elapids
391:elapids
350:mammals
313:coluber
307:, from
171:Order:
161:Class:
4639:342637
4626:215814
4623:uBio:
4603:764400
4564:174121
4551:114226
4486:1COLBF
4209:Boidae
4085:
3962:
3896:
3849:
3802:
3756:
3700:, and
3698:Pareas
3601:13 May
3570:
3526:
3467:
3457:
3408:
3398:
3323:
3300:
3265:
3220:
3189:
3147:
3104:
3096:
3070:Nature
3017:
2921:
2309:Sonora
1963:Elaphe
1648:Grayia
1090:Dipsas
1034:Contia
1013:Clelia
708:Regina
680:Natrix
610:Hebius
603:Haldea
596:Fowlea
387:vipers
325:genera
321:snakes
317:family
212:, 1811
4634:WoRMS
4616:38127
4546:IRMNG
4538:26504
4499:15575
4138:Snake
3894:S2CID
3847:S2CID
3800:S2CID
3754:S2CID
3102:S2CID
2979:(PDF)
2964:(PDF)
2239:Ptyas
1837:Boiga
1490:Sibon
1321:Ninia
452:clade
438:, or
355:Boiga
346:venom
309:Latin
210:Oppel
4590:8578
4585:NCBI
4559:ITIS
4525:6172
4520:GBIF
4481:EPPO
4473:1722
4447:1072
4442:BOLD
4083:OCLC
3960:ISBN
3603:2018
3568:PMID
3524:PMID
3465:PMID
3406:PMID
3351:help
3321:ISBN
3298:PMID
3263:PMID
3218:ISBN
3187:PMID
3145:PMID
3094:PMID
3015:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2884:2018
2812:, a
2680:and
511:Two
389:and
362:and
38:PreꞒ
4572:NBN
4468:EoL
4460:8G9
4455:CoL
4429:AFD
4416:ADW
4058:doi
4029:doi
4000:doi
3943:doi
3919:doi
3884:hdl
3876:doi
3837:hdl
3829:doi
3792:doi
3746:doi
3560:doi
3516:doi
3455:PMC
3445:doi
3396:PMC
3386:doi
3290:doi
3255:doi
3210:doi
3179:doi
3137:doi
3086:doi
3074:454
3048:doi
3044:137
3007:doi
2806:,
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