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268:"When anyone dies, then either by tolling, or by ringing of a Bell, or by bespeaking of a Grave of the Sexton, the same is known to the Searchers, corresponding with the said Sexton. The Searchers hereupon...examine by what Disease, or Casualty the corps died. Hereupon they make their Report to the Parish-Clerk, and he, every Tuesday night, carries in an Accompt of all the Burials, and Christnings, hapning that Week, to the Clerk of the Hall. On Wednesday the general Accompt is made up, and Printed, and on Thursdays published and dispersed to the several Families, who will pay for four shillings per Annum for them.”
301:. Graunt looked at two other causes of death--"Liver-grown" and "Spleen"—in addition to "Rickets," combining the three and comparing the frequency of deaths due to each cause between years. Graunt investigated if the sudden increase in deaths due to rickets in the Bills of Mortality was actually the result of misclassifying corpses who were said to have died from "Liver-grown" and "Spleen." Graunt concluded that "Rickets" as a cause of death was at a maximum for the first time.
245:
260:. The Bills of Mortality were documents offering information about the births, deaths, and causes of death in London parishes, printed and distributed weekly on Thursdays (in addition to an annual report released in December). The Bills of Mortality were said by Graunt to begin in 1592, and consistently released starting in 1603. Graunt describes how the data was collected for these Bills in his
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178:. King Charles II's recommendation was notable due to Graunt's status as a tradesman, as the King suggested to the Royal Society that it should accept "any more such Tradesman." Graunt was chosen as a member of the council of the Royal Society in November 1664 and represented the Society at various meetings.
373:
John Graunt's application of theory to data was one of the first instances of descriptive statistics. Some of Graunt's tables are the only resource for population data for certain periods of time, due to lost records in the Great Fire of London. After the publication of Graunt's work, France began to
293:
Graunt's work reached rudimentary conclusions about the mortality and morbidity of certain diseases. Graunt was highly skeptical of the number of deaths recorded in the Bills of
Mortality as due to the plague. Graunt speculated about the reasons for these misclassifications, one of which includes the
272:
Graunt's description of the method of data collection for the Bills of
Mortality also serves as an example of Graunt's use of scrutiny in appraising the data he was analyzing. Graunt critiqued the collectors ("Searchers") who determined cause of death of the corpses; this critique manifested in
128:
Born in London, John Graunt was the eldest of the seven or eight children of Henry and Mary Graunt. Graunt's father was a draper who had moved to London from
Hampshire. In February 1641, Graunt married Mary Scott, with whom he had one son (Henry) and three daughters. He became a freeman of the
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collect more descriptive and consistent censuses, though it is unknown if there was a direct connection between these two events. Graunt's work is still used today to study population trends and mortality, for example, studies on suicide. Tribute to Graunt's pioneering work was paid by Sir
870:
Sir
William Petty, The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, together with The Observations upon Bills of Mortality, more probably by Captain John Graunt, ed. Charles Henry Hull (Cambridge University Press, 1899), 2 vols. Retrieved 2/16/2020 from the World Wide Web:
235:
and using ratios obtained by comparing years in the Bills of
Mortality, was able to make estimates about the size of the population of London and England, birth rates and mortality rates of males and females, and the rise and spread of certain diseases.
313:, after which Graunt was accepted as a member. All successive editions list John Graunt as a member of the Royal Society. The final edition was printed in 1676, after Graunt's death, likely with the help of Sir William Petty.
189:. Because of this, Graunt encountered many financial problems that eventually led him to declare bankruptcy. One of his daughters became a nun in a Belgian convent and Graunt decided to convert to
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in 1650. He served in various ward offices in
Cornhill ward, becoming a common councilman about 1669–71, warden of the Drapers' Company in 1671 and a major in the trained band.
136:
Graunt worked in his father's shop until his father died in 1662, and Graunt became influential in the City. He was able to secure the post of professor of music for his friend
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174:. On 5 February 1661, Graunt presented fifty copies of his book to the Royal Society of London, to which he was subsequently elected a fellow in 1662 with the endorsement of
205:
reported that he was "a pleasant facetious companion and very hospitable" and noted that his death was "lamented by all good men that had the happinesse to knowe him."
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did not include age at death, thus Graunt used his knowledge of mathematics to create such a table. Graunt is also considered as one of the first experts in
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193:
at a time when
Catholics and Protestants were struggling for control of England and Europe, leading to prosecutions for recusancy. John Graunt died of
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Graunt's work ran to five editions. The first edition lists John Graunt as a citizen. The first edition was printed and presented by Graunt to the
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Graunt's investigations into the effects on mortality of certain diseases, as Graunt suggested many causes of death were misrepresented.
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methods that provided a framework for modern demography. He is credited with producing and widely distributing the first
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Another example of Graunt's work in epidemiology is his investigation of the sudden surge in deaths in 1634 due to
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Glass, D.; Ogborn, M.; Sutherland, I. (1963). "John Graunt and His
Natural and Political Observations ".
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537:"John Graunt and his Natural and political observations - Some notes on the life of John Graunt"
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Bill of
Mortality from 1606, one of the earlier times which John Graunt looked at in his work.
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paid tribute to Graunt's pioneering work in 2012 on the tenth anniversary of the
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John Graunt, the law of decline and the origins of urban historical demography
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Graunt, along with Sir
William Petty, developed early human statistical and
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reliability of those reporting causes of death in the Bills of Mortality.
867:. Audio, word transcript - with references - and powerpoint presentation)
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Collection of Yearly Bills of Mortality, from 1657 to 1758 Inclusive
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96:(24 April 1620 – 18 April 1674) has been regarded as the founder of
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Natural and political observations made upon the bills of mortality
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Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality
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Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality
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Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality
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Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality
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Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality
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100:. Graunt was one of the first demographers, and perhaps the first
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Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Mortality of Man
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ff after what is erroneously called the sixth edition (1676) on
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Non-continuous from 1593. The essay of Graunt is reprinted on
30:"Graunt" redirects here. For another use of this surname, see
18:
Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality
637:
Sutherland, Ian (1963). "John Graunt: A Tercentury Tribute".
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Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)
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consisted of a compilation and an analysis of data from the
108:. He was bankrupted later in life by losses suffered during
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Graunt, John; Petty, William; Morris, Corbyn; J.P. (1759).
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159:, since his famous book was concerned mostly with
619:. Oxford, At the Clarendon Press. pp. 272–4.
502:Sutherland, Ian (15 July 2005). "Graunt, John".
393:, which portrays the bubonic plague in London.
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586:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
185:at which point he was a shareholder in the
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848:The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty
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378:in 2012 on the tenth anniversary of the
873:https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1677
583:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
576:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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691:Rothman, Kenneth J. (6 January 1996).
359:Observations on the Bills of Mortality
336:Observations on the Bills of Mortality
227:) compiled and analyzed data from the
680:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
572:Lewin, C. G. (2004). "Graunt, John".
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181:Graunt's house was destroyed in the
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477:"Encyclopedia of the Black Death"
672:Graunt, John; Wilcox, W (1939).
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166:The erudition of Graunt's book,
104:, though by profession he was a
231:. Graunt, calculating with the
535:Glass, D. V. (December 1963).
1:
997:Converts to Roman Catholicism
844:note on Graunt's Observations
709:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91562-7
504:Encyclopedia of Biostatistics
284:(5th edition, published 1676)
1017:Fellows of the Royal Society
600:UK public library membership
512:10.1002/0470011815.b2a17055
402:Public Health Observatories
380:Public Health Observatories
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693:"Lessons from John Graunt"
385:Graunt is the narrator of
252:John Graunt's analysis in
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803:"John Graunt (1620-1674)"
118:conversion to Catholicism
32:Edward Grant (headmaster)
814:Includes 1st edition of
861:Professor Richard Smith
850:, vol. 2, p. 318).
311:Royal Society of London
280:Table of Casualties in
116:he faced following his
863:(29 November 2012, at
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1007:English statisticians
613:Aubrey, John (1696).
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305:Editions of the book
183:Great Fire of London
170:, led Graunt to the
110:Great Fire of London
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27:British demographer
840:Charles Henry Hull
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258:Bills of Mortality
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240:Bills of Mortality
229:Bills of Mortality
201:at the age of 53.
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391:The Living
389:1993 play
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808:28 July
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810:2014
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