29:
277:", but specified that the right of citizenship did "not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States". This Act was the only U.S. statute ever to use the term "natural born citizen", found in the U.S. Constitution concerning the prerequisites for a person to serve as president or vice president, and the
380:
of 1924, which gave them blanket citizenship whether they belonged to a federally recognized tribe, though by that date, two-thirds of Native
Americans had already become U.S. citizens by other means. The Act was not retroactive, so it did not cover citizens born before the effective date of the 1924
265:
There was a two-year residency requirement in the United States and one year in the state of residence before an alien would apply for citizenship by filing a
Petition for Naturalization with "any common law court of record" having jurisdiction over his residence. Once convinced of the applicant's
312:
With the adoption of the
Naturalization Law of 1804, women's access to citizenship was increasingly tied to their state of marriage. By the end of the 19th century, the overriding consideration to determine a woman's citizenship or ability to naturalize was her marital status. Starting in 1907, a
288:
into the United States legal system. Under this practice, the physical body of a married woman, and thus any rights to her person or property, was controlled by her husband. A woman's loyalty to her husband was considered above her obligation to the state. Jurisprudence on domestic relations held
384:
Further changes to racial eligibility for citizenship by naturalization were made after 1940 when
Congress extended eligibility to "descendants of races indigenous to the Western Hemisphere", "Filipino persons or persons of Filipino descent", "Chinese persons or persons of Chinese descent", and
289:
that infants, enslaved people, and women should be excluded from participation in public life and conducting business because they lacked discernment, the right to free will and property, and there was a need to prevent moral depravity and conflicts of loyalty.
1775:
1745:
500:
1760:
1549:
470:
230:. This eliminated ambiguity on how to treat newcomers, given that free black people had been allowed citizenship at the state level in many states. In reading the Naturalization Act, the courts also associated whiteness with
364:
of an
American-born child of Chinese parents who had a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, and who were there carrying on business, and were not employed in any diplomatic or official capacity under the
2114:
1245:
111:
270:. The applicant's children to the age of 21 would also be naturalized. The court clerk was to record these proceedings, and "thereupon such person shall be considered as a citizen of the United States".
1485:
1240:
2035:
1616:
950:
531:
301:
repealed and superseded the 1790 Act. The 1795 Act extended the residence requirement to five years and required that a prospective applicant give notice of three years of application. The
1663:
1311:
1255:
1047:
336:
1250:
816:
Coulson, Doug (2015). "British
Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited".
2109:
1980:
347:
extended "the naturalization laws" to "aliens of
African nativity and to persons of African descent" while also revoking the citizenship of naturalized Chinese Americans.
1455:
1688:
1398:
756:
373:
have been recognized, although the
Supreme Court has never directly made a ruling concerning children born to parents who are not legal residents in the United States.
1724:
1271:
565:
2144:
2124:
2134:
1985:
1601:
1213:
1208:
943:
1430:
1410:
1194:
1765:
1755:
744:
2129:
1960:
1621:
361:
1995:
1750:
1653:
1393:
1225:
255:
An Act for
Naturalizing such foreign Protestants and others therein mentioned, as are settled or shall settle in any of His Majesty's Colonies in America
936:
2119:
1975:
1693:
1435:
987:
339:
in 1868 granted citizenship to people born within the United States and subject to its jurisdiction, irrespective of race, but it excluded untaxed "
1465:
1203:
1199:
386:
1668:
1636:
1460:
1296:
227:
1843:
898:
873:
340:
207:
1673:
1838:
1173:
1509:
1336:
1276:
1450:
865:
351:
1611:
919:
788:
644:
617:
267:
1808:
1698:
1331:
1108:
959:
195:
1719:
1714:
1818:
1579:
1517:
1361:
1037:
440:
183:
103:
95:
410:
2139:
1970:
1533:
1475:
730:
317:
2104:
2020:
1904:
1770:
1626:
1493:
569:
356:
1470:
1403:
1281:
328:
to gain recognition as U.S. citizens, the first major non-European ethnic group to become entitled to U.S. citizenship.
215:
1351:
250:
2040:
2030:
2015:
1909:
1894:
1790:
1346:
1103:
1052:
1032:
1016:
1012:
890:
344:
306:
302:
298:
278:
170:
79:
56:
1780:
1373:
1148:
1143:
284:
Though the Act did not specifically preclude women from citizenship, courts absorbed the common law practice of
28:
2082:
2010:
1833:
1383:
1356:
1291:
1042:
1828:
1235:
1230:
1153:
1138:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1098:
1077:
1062:
273:
The Act also provided that children born abroad when both parents are U.S. citizens "shall be considered as
257:, and used its provisions concerning time, oath of allegiance, the process of swearing before a judge, etc.
2076:
1501:
377:
191:
1563:
1306:
1301:
1067:
909:
928:
1955:
1925:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1631:
1606:
274:
211:
1178:
1864:
1571:
1341:
1128:
992:
735:
508:
478:
448:
418:
246:
1869:
1658:
1440:
332:
731:""Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married...": Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802–1940"
2025:
2000:
1879:
1859:
1683:
1526:
1388:
915:
894:
884:
869:
825:
821:
784:
748:
640:
634:
613:
539:
154:
859:
778:
1990:
1965:
1641:
1072:
1057:
366:
223:
2005:
1930:
1158:
666:
309:
repealed the 1798 Act, restoring the residency and notice requirements of the 1795 Act.
305:
extended the residency requirement to 14 years and the notice period to five years. The
2055:
2045:
1813:
1541:
1168:
803:
390:
199:
636:
Encyclopedia of
Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans
583:
2098:
1935:
1556:
671:
Dara Lind and Jeff Stein. Vox Media. February 18, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
2060:
1823:
1163:
331:
Congress made significant changes in citizenship in the 19th century following the
231:
203:
780:
Forbidden Citizens: Chinese Exclusion and the U.S. Congress: A Legislative History
266:"good character", the court would administer an oath of allegiance to support the
1776:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
1286:
1220:
325:
88:
2050:
911:
No Constitutional Right to be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship
219:
752:
543:
1785:
1740:
1133:
1082:
566:"U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues: A Documentary History"
285:
1246:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
841:
Coming to America, A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life
376:
Native Americans were granted citizenship in a piecemeal manner until the
1678:
1646:
1378:
1368:
321:
889:. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK:
668:
Bad news for Ted Cruz: his eligibility for president is going to court
187:
107:
2036:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
1444:
1256:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
1251:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
235:
1241:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
313:
woman's nationality entirely depended on whether she was married.
818:
Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives
883:
Jefferson, Thomas (1999). Appleby, Joyce; Ball, Terence (eds.).
1312:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
932:
1272:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
369:. U.S. citizenship of persons born in the United States since
2115:
United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
381:
Act or outside of the United States as an indigenous person.
350:
Under the Fourteenth Amendment and despite the 1870 Act, the
320:, which the U.S. Congress ratified in 1831, allowed those
242:
recognized citizenship for a Saudi Muslim man in 1944.
47:
An Act to establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization.
1277:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
194:
that set the first uniform rules for the granting of
1981:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
2069:
1944:
1918:
1852:
1799:
1733:
1707:
1590:
1484:
1419:
1324:
1264:
1187:
1091:
1025:
1001:
980:
967:
914:(1st ed.). New York, New York: Hill and Wang.
164:
145:
Senate agreed to House of Representatives amendment
139:
House of Representatives agreed to Senate amendment
117:
94:
75:
70:
62:
51:
43:
35:
80:
745:U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
532:"America banned Muslims long before Donald Trump"
343:" (Native Americans living on reservations). The
1725:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
584:"Historical Timeline – Immigration – ProCon.org"
415:, House of Representatives, 1st Cong., 2nd sess"
141:on March 22, 1790 () with further amendment
564:Lemay, Michael; Barkan, Elliott Robert (1999).
238:immigrants from citizenship until the decision
1986:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
1664:List of people deported from the United States
1411:Trump administration family separation policy
944:
8:
1461:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
385:"persons of races indigenous to India". The
21:
2110:History of immigration to the United States
1961:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
253:(13 Geo. 2 c.7) that was officially titled
190:, enacted March 26, 1790) was a law of the
1996:Federation for American Immigration Reform
977:
951:
937:
929:
202:. The law limited naturalization to "free
1771:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
1766:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
1756:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
1699:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
1456:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1226:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
861:Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America
716:
1976:Center for Migration Studies of New York
1119:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
988:Nationality law in the American Colonies
704:
135:on March 19, 1790 () with amendment
1910:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
1466:Executive Office for Immigration Review
402:
387:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
206:... of good character", thus excluding
2145:White nationalism in the United States
2125:Acts of the 1st United States Congress
1926:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
692:
680:
530:Beydoun, Khaled A. (August 18, 2016).
20:
2135:Race legislation in the United States
1174:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
7:
1895:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
1200:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
1581:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
1551:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1436:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1038:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
759:from the original on April 29, 2020
127:Passed the House of Representatives
2130:Repealed United States legislation
1669:Mexico–United States border crisis
1451:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
866:University of North Carolina Press
85:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
1890:"Streamline" (2005–present)
1612:Central American migrant caravans
1159:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
268:Constitution of the United States
1674:Mexico–United States border wall
1149:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
960:Immigration to the United States
729:Smith, Marian L. (Summer 1998).
245:Congress modeled the Act on the
27:
2120:Presidency of George Washington
1431:Department of Homeland Security
864:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
324:Indians who chose to remain in
1971:Center for Immigration Studies
1900:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
1885:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
1535:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
1476:Office of Refugee Resettlement
1231:American Homecoming Act (1989)
568:. pp. 6–9. Archived from
445:, Senate, 1st Cong., 2nd sess"
318:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1:
2021:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
1865:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
1627:Eugenics in the United States
886:Jefferson: Political Writings
804:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
610:A History of Women in America
357:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1689:Illegal immigrant population
1471:Board of Immigration Appeals
1307:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
1302:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
1195:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
1109:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
633:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002).
505:. 1790. 1st Cong., 2nd sess"
475:. 1790. 1st Cong., 2nd sess"
1905:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
1880:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
1751:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
1741:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
1720:Canada–United States border
1715:Mexico–United States border
1282:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
1144:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
639:. Oryx Press. p. 284.
608:Hymowitz; Weissman (1975).
362:U.S. birthright citizenship
180:Naturalization Act of 1790
2161:
2041:Negative Population Growth
2031:National Immigration Forum
2016:Migration Policy Institute
1791:US Citizenship Act of 2021
1347:Temporary protected status
1129:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
891:Cambridge University Press
345:Naturalization Act of 1870
307:Naturalization Law of 1802
303:Naturalization Act of 1798
299:Naturalization Act of 1795
279:Naturalization Act of 1795
171:Naturalization Act of 1795
57:1st United States Congress
22:Naturalization Act of 1790
1374:Security Advisory Opinion
908:Kerber, Linda K. (1998).
389:prohibits racial and sex
196:United States citizenship
169:
147:on March 25, 1790 ()
122:
26:
16:United States federal law
2083:Missing in Brooks County
2011:Mexicans Without Borders
1511:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
1384:National Origins Formula
1068:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
1043:Civil Rights Act of 1866
858:Isenberg, Nancy (1998).
129:on March 4, 1790 ()
1362:Central American Minors
1292:Secure Fence Act (2006)
1154:Nationality Act of 1940
1104:Naturalization Act 1906
1078:Immigration Act of 1891
1063:Immigration Act of 1882
1053:Naturalization Act 1870
1033:Naturalization Law 1802
1009:Naturalization Act 1790
743:(2). Washington, D.C.:
2077:Borderland (TV series)
1931:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
1404:Unaccompanied children
1179:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
969:Relevant colonial era,
806:, 169 U.S. 649 (1898).
378:Indian Citizenship Act
192:United States Congress
2140:Asian-American issues
1654:Immigration reduction
1565:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
1169:War Brides Act (1945)
1048:14th Amendment (1868)
275:natural born citizens
2105:1790 in American law
1956:Arizona Border Recon
1936:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
1800:Immigration stations
1734:Proposed legislation
1632:Guest worker program
1607:Brooks County, Texas
1519:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
1236:Immigration Act 1990
1139:Immigration Act 1924
1124:Immigration Act 1918
1114:Immigration Act 1907
1099:Immigration Act 1903
421:. 1790. p. 1463
337:Fourteenth Amendment
1875:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
1802:and points of entry
1694:Reverse immigration
1573:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
1486:Supreme Court cases
1342:Visa Waiver Program
1337:Permanent residence
1164:Magnuson Act (1943)
993:Plantation Act 1740
783:. The Capitol Net.
719:, pp. 219–220.
509:Library of Congress
479:Library of Congress
451:. 1790. p. 992
449:Library of Congress
419:Library of Congress
393:in naturalization.
247:Plantation Act 1740
212:indentured servants
118:Legislative history
23:
1659:Immigration reform
1495:US v. Wong Kim Ark
1441:U.S. Border Patrol
1357:Green Card Lottery
1325:Visas and policies
1287:Real ID Act (2005)
1221:Refugee Act (1980)
973:international laws
962:and related topics
572:on August 5, 2020.
443:Annals of Congress
413:Annals of Congress
360:(1898) recognized
333:American Civil War
281:removed the term.
251:British Parliament
234:and thus excluded
39:Naturalization Act
36:Other short titles
2092:
2091:
2026:Minuteman Project
2001:Improve The Dream
1919:State legislation
1870:"Babylift" (1975)
1844:Washington Avenue
1839:Sullivan's Island
1761:STRIVE Act (2007)
1684:March for America
1637:Human trafficking
1527:Zadvydas v. Davis
1389:Expedited removal
1320:
1319:
971:United States and
900:978-0-521-64841-7
875:978-0-8078-4746-6
736:Prologue Magazine
224:Pacific Islanders
176:
175:
157:on March 26, 1790
155:George Washington
133:Passed the Senate
97:Statutes at Large
2152:
1991:Community Change
1966:CASA of Maryland
1946:Non-governmental
1860:"Wetback" (1954)
1786:RAISE Act (2017)
1746:H.R. 4437 (2005)
1134:Cable Act (1922)
1083:Geary Act (1892)
1073:Scott Act (1888)
978:
953:
946:
939:
930:
925:
904:
879:
845:
844:
839:Daniels, Roger.
836:
830:
829:
813:
807:
801:
795:
794:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
695:, p. xxiii.
690:
684:
678:
672:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
630:
624:
623:
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
580:
574:
573:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
497:
491:
490:
488:
486:
467:
461:
460:
458:
456:
437:
431:
430:
428:
426:
407:
367:Emperor of China
240:Ex Parte Mohriez
226:, and non-White
208:Native Americans
165:Major amendments
98:
86:
82:
31:
24:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2065:
2006:Mexica Movement
1949:
1947:
1940:
1914:
1848:
1801:
1795:
1781:SAFE Act (2015)
1729:
1703:
1642:Human smuggling
1617:Economic impact
1595:
1593:
1586:
1480:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1316:
1260:
1188:1950–1999
1183:
1092:1900–1949
1087:
1058:Page Act (1875)
1021:
997:
974:
972:
970:
963:
957:
922:
907:
901:
882:
876:
857:
854:
849:
848:
838:
837:
833:
815:
814:
810:
802:
798:
791:
777:
776:
772:
762:
760:
728:
727:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
691:
687:
679:
675:
665:
661:
651:
649:
647:
632:
631:
627:
620:
607:
606:
602:
592:
590:
582:
581:
577:
563:
562:
558:
548:
546:
536:Washington Post
529:
528:
524:
514:
512:
499:
498:
494:
484:
482:
469:
468:
464:
454:
452:
439:
438:
434:
424:
422:
409:
408:
404:
399:
295:
263:
216:enslaved people
204:white person(s)
160:
151:Signed into law
96:
84:
52:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
2158:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2056:Save Our State
2053:
2048:
2046:No More Deaths
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Labor shortage
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:Related issues
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1547:
1543:Barton v. Barr
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1214:Section 287(g)
1211:
1209:Section 212(f)
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
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547:. Retrieved
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1503:Ozawa v. US
1332:Visa policy
1297:DACA (2012)
693:Kerber 1998
681:Kerber 1998
588:Immigration
326:Mississippi
2099:Categories
2051:NumbersUSA
1853:Operations
1834:San Ysidro
1594:and events
1421:Government
612:. Bantam.
397:References
261:Provisions
76:Public law
44:Long title
1829:Otay Mesa
1708:Geography
1394:Detention
753:0033-1031
652:March 25,
544:0190-8286
515:August 6,
485:August 6,
455:August 6,
425:August 6,
293:Afterward
286:coverture
71:Citations
63:Effective
1647:Coyotaje
1379:E-Verify
1369:US-VISIT
820:(7): 2.
763:July 18,
757:Archived
182:(1
1622:Effects
826:2610266
341:Indians
322:Choctaw
249:of the
112:chap. 3
102:1
81:Pub. L.
1575:(2021)
1567:(2021)
1560:(2020)
1545:(2020)
1537:(2011)
1530:(2001)
1521:(1975)
1513:(1923)
1505:(1922)
1497:(1898)
1445:BORTAC
1399:Family
1352:Asylum
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236:Muslim
228:Asians
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104:Stat.
1204:1965
1017:1798
1013:1795
916:ISBN
895:ISBN
870:ISBN
822:SSRN
785:ISBN
765:2020
749:ISSN
654:2010
641:ISBN
614:ISBN
595:2022
551:2022
540:ISSN
517:2021
487:2021
457:2021
427:2021
316:The
297:The
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198:by
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