29:
251:. Schelling took Fichte's position as his starting-point, and in his earliest writings posited that nature must have reality for itself. In this light Fichte's doctrines appeared incomplete. On the one hand, they identified the ultimate ground of the universe of reason too closely with finite, individual Spirit. On the other, they threatened the reality of the world of nature by seeing it too much in the manner of
480:. The dynamic series of stages in nature, the forms in which the ideal structure of nature is realized, are matter, as the equilibrium of the fundamental expansive and contractive forces; light, with its subordinate processes (magnetism, electricity, and chemical action); organism, with its component phases of reproduction, irritability and sensibility. The continual change presented to us by
147:
552:
We are able to apprehend and represent nature to ourselves in the successive forms which its development assumes, since it is the same spirit of which we become aware in self-consciousness, though here unconsciously. The variety of its forms is not imposed on it externally, since there is no external
640:
if everything in nature is living, and if we ourselves are simply its most self-conscious representatives, the function of the artist is to delve within himself, and above all to delve within the dark and unconscious forces which move within him, and to bring these to consciousness by the most
475:
Schelling held that the divisions imposed on nature, by our ordinary perception and thought, do not have absolute validity. They should be interpreted as the outcome of the single formative energy which is the soul or inner aspect of nature. In other words he was a proponent of a variety of
417:
Despite the tentativeness of their titles, these monographs introduced radical interpretations of nature that would reverberate through the sciences, and particularly the biology, of the next century. They developed the fundamental doctrines of
499:, in the terms that a dogmatist cannot explain the organic; and that recourse to the idea of a cosmic creator is a feature of dogmatic systems imposed by the need to explain nature as purposive and unified. Fichte's system, called the
279:
is therefore one possible theory of the unity of nature. Nature as the sum of what is objective, and intelligence as the complex of all the activities making up self-consciousness, appear as equally real. The philosophy of nature and
87:, and subsequent developments from Schelling's position. Always controversial, some of Schelling's ideas in this direction are still considered of philosophical interest, even if the subsequent development of experimental
576:
has been widespread, over two centuries. Schelling's theories, however influential in terms of the general culture of the time, have not survived in scientific terms. Like other strands of speculation in the
669:
Schelling's
Absolute was left with no other function than that of removing all the differences which give form to thought. The criticisms of Fichte, and more particularly of Hegel (in the Preface to the
101:
attempted to comprehend nature in its totality and to outline its general theoretical structure, thus attempting to lay the foundations for the natural sciences. In developing their theories, the German
549:, and then in Schelling's approach became the senior partner. After that, it was hardly to be avoided that Schelling would become an opponent of Fichte, having been a close follower in the early 1790s.
129:
countries. Over the years, it has been subjected to continuing criticism. Since the 1960s, improved translations have appeared, and scholars have developed a better appreciation of the objectives of
452:
was a way in which he worked himself out of the tutelage of Fichte, with whom he quarrelled decisively towards the end of the 1790s. More than that, however, it brought him within the orbit of
437:) Schelling included ideas on matter and the organic in Part III. They form just part of a more ambitious work that takes up other themes, in particular aesthetics. From this point onwards
666:(The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy); a key publication in his own philosophical development, his first book, it was published in September 1801.
1156:
441:
was less of a research concern for him, as he reformulated his philosophy. However, it remained an influential aspect of his teaching. For a short while, he edited a journal, the
597:
Scientific criticism in the nineteenth century took hardly any notice of the distinctions between
Romantic, speculative and transcendental, scientific and aesthetic directions.
83:—though it has some clear precursors also. More particularly it is identified with some of the initial works of Schelling during the period 1797–9, in reaction to the views of
593:, a community including many physicians. Typically, the retrospective views of scientists of the 19th century on "Romantic science" in general erased distinctions:
676:), pointed to a defect in the conception of the Absolute as mere featureless identity. It was ridiculed by Hegel as "the night in which all cows are black."
1294:
125:
came to distrust its developments as speculative and overly metaphysical. For most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was poorly understood in
1103:
32:
693:, a follower of Schelling, later broke with him. He came to the view that the Absolute in nature and mind is beyond the intellect and reason.
1160:
1050:
759:
1087:
537:: the thesis that "everything is explicable according to the laws of nature, including the rationality of the transcendental subject".
76:
517:: the thesis that "nature exists independent of all consciousness, even that of the transcendental subject" (in Kantian terminology (
1060:
230:
164:
28:
705:
469:
503:, had begun with a fundamental distinction between dogmatism (fatalistic) and criticism (free), as his formulation of idealism.
589:. But critics were initially not scientists (a term not used until later); rather they came largely from within philosophy and
384:
315:
211:
456:, both intellectually and (as a direct consequence of Goethe's sympathetic attitude) by a relocation; and it broke with basic
183:
168:
1077:
658:. In that debate, Hegel then intervened, largely supporting his student friend Schelling, with the work usually called his
754:
80:
485:
190:
1299:
690:
453:
1174:
197:
157:
557:
in nature. Nature is a self-forming whole, within which only natural explanations can be sought. The function of
413:). As criticism of scientific procedure, these writings retain a relevance. Historically, according to Richards:
1289:
715:
528:
734:
856:
179:
749:
724:
672:
519:
433:
331:
296:
281:
295:
translated into
English would mean "philosophy of nature", and its scope began to be taken in a broad way.
685:
590:
244:
84:
484:, taken together with the thought of unity in productive force of nature, leads to the conception of the
739:
719:
1107:
773:
614:
269:
68:
718:, an influence on Schelling's thinking, he was a founder rather than a follower, and a proponent of
1260:
1242:
969:
796:
585:, they retreated in the face of experiment, and then were written out of the history of science as
461:
252:
111:
307:
Herder's dynamic view of nature was developed by Goethe and
Schelling and led to the tradition of
1251:
1207:
814:
248:
107:
72:
20:
1269:
836:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
819:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
904:
247:
had attempted to show that the whole structure of reality follows necessarily from the fact of
1232:, Vol. VI, pp. 433–692 – a detailed discussion by a 19th-century historian of philosophy.
1136:
1120:
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to a crux in the theory of matter, and identifies the origins of the line they took with the
335:
561:
is to exhibit the ideal as springing from the real, not to deduce the real from the ideal.
985:
744:
468:
Schelling's postkantian confrontation with nature itself begins with the overthrow of the
323:
88:
56:
875:
Jena
Romanticism and Its Appropriation of Jakob Böhme: Theosophy, Hagiography, Literature
360:
319:
122:
391:
Ideen zu einer
Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft
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1032:
1016:
629:
578:
300:
264:
1225:
887:
586:
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Frederick Beiser, 'The
Enlightenment and Idealism', pp. 21–42, esp. pp. 32–33, in
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610:
372:
146:
91:
had a destructive impact on the credibility of the theories of his followers in
965:
481:
477:
256:
126:
52:
51:") is a term used in English-language philosophy to identify a current in the
395:
Ideas for a
Philosophy of Nature as Introduction to the Study of this Science
1256:
The
Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe
554:
496:
260:
318:
theorised about a particular German strand in philosophy of nature, citing
582:
348:
284:
would be the two complementary portions making up philosophy as a whole.
1178:
457:
343:
171: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
369:
System der gesamten
Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie insbesondere
255:. Fichte, in this view, had not managed to unite his system with the
60:
664:
Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie
1274:
The Indivisible Remainder: Essays on Schelling and Related Matters
1049:
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich; (tr.), A. V. Miller (1998-01-01).
63:
in the earlier 19th century. German speakers use the clearer term
27:
650:
Fichte was very critical of the opposition set up in Schelling's
75:. It is particularly associated with the philosophical work of
488:
through which nature expresses itself in its varied products.
140:
708:, engaged in controversy with Schelling from 1801, published
1247:
German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism 1781-1801
813:
Bowie, Andrew (September 14, 2020). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
801:
German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism 1781–1801
830:
Edgar, Scott (September 14, 2020). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
389:
In a short space of time Schelling produced three works:
636:
had a wide-ranging impact on views of art and artists:
363:, to whose thought he saw himself as approaching. The
375:in 1804, contain elements of Spinoza's philosophy.
411:First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature
367:, and the expanded treatment in the lectures on a
506:Beiser divides up the mature form of Schelling's
407:Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie
359:Subsequently Schelling identified himself with
342:as developed by Schelling, Hegel, Schlegel and
35:(1775–1854), considered the primary figure of
1055:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing. p. 9.
8:
19:For the historic branch of metaphysics, see
1218:Vol. III) – the most accessible account of
1175:"Hugh Dower || Haeckels Heckling"
121:has had a difficult reception. In Germany,
892:The Cambridge Companion to German Idealism
117:As an approach to philosophy and science,
1151:
1149:
905:"Neue Zeitschrift für speculative Physik"
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
71:developed at the time of the founding of
792:
790:
641:agonising and violent internal struggle.
833:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
816:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
786:
443:Neue Zeitschrift für speculative Physik
16:Current in 19th-century German idealism
1265:Philosophies of Nature after Schelling
956:
954:
428:System des transzendentalen Idealismus
299:, particularly taken in opposition to
33:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling
601:One outspoken critic was the chemist
7:
1157:"Caneva lecture - November 16, 2000"
1023:(Henry Hardy, editor) (2000), p. 98.
992:(1970), Introduction by Prawer p. 5.
169:adding citations to reliable sources
1006:. Leipzig: Veit. pp. 143, 258.
803:, Harvard university Press, p. 506.
760:Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann
613:. Another critic, the physiologist
1295:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
1230:Geschichte der neueren Philosophie
1082:(in German). Meiner Verlag. ¶ 13.
77:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
14:
1076:Hegel, Georg W. F. (2013-03-01).
928:Schelling and the End of Idealism
1212:Einleitung zu den Ersten Entwurf
706:Adam Karl August von Eschenmayer
352:theory of matter in the work of
303:, was a precursor of Schelling:
243:The German Idealist philosopher
145:
974:Romanticism in National Context
710:Grundriss der Natur-Philosophie
680:Other views in Romantic science
385:History of metaphysical realism
156:needs additional citations for
106:found their inspiration in the
1002:du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1912).
990:The Romantic Period in Germany
545:was first a counterbalance to
1:
755:Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus
81:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
59:, as applied to the study of
1104:"Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler"
65:Romantische Naturphilosophie
491:In the introduction to the
1316:
1079:Phänomenologie des Geistes
691:Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler
683:
632:summed up the reasons why
454:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
382:
365:Darstellung meines Systems
18:
960:Dietrich von Engelhardt,
654:to his own conception of
581:, in particular, such as
565:Influence and critics of
535:transcendental naturalism
1222:in Schelling's own work.
1021:The Roots of Romanticism
861:www.cosmosandhistory.org
716:Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer
529:condition of possibility
263:view of nature to which
1052:Phenomenology of Spirit
725:Johann Friedrich Meckel
673:Phenomenology of Spirit
646:Philosophical criticism
617:, frequently dismissed
520:Critique of Pure Reason
510:into the attitudes of:
434:Transcendental Idealism
332:Jan Baptist van Helmont
297:Johann Gottfried Herder
282:transcendental idealism
1141:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
1125:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
962:Romanticism in Germany
686:Romanticism in science
643:
599:
525:transcendental subject
515:transcendental realism
473:
424:
312:
245:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
39:
740:Johann Wilhelm Ritter
735:Hans Christian Ørsted
720:recapitulation theory
638:
595:
470:Copernican revolution
466:
445:(bound volume 1802).
415:
305:
110:of the Ancient Greek
31:
948:Beiser 2002, p. 483.
939:Beiser 2002, p. 261.
774:Dialectics of Nature
750:August Ludwig Hülsen
615:Emil du Bois-Reymond
270:Critique of Judgment
165:improve this article
69:philosophy of nature
1261:Iain Hamilton Grant
1243:Frederick C. Beiser
797:Frederick C. Beiser
531:of experience), and
462:Iain Hamilton Grant
253:subjective idealism
112:Ionian philosophers
1300:Natural philosophy
1252:Robert J. Richards
1208:F. W. J. Schelling
656:Wissenschaftslehre
625:Role in aesthetics
547:Wissenschaftslehre
501:Wissenschaftslehre
495:he argues against
316:Friedrich Schlegel
249:self-consciousness
180:"Naturphilosophie"
108:natural philosophy
73:German Romanticism
40:
21:Natural philosophy
1137:Stephen Jay Gould
1121:Stephen Jay Gould
917:Grant 2006, p. 6.
890:(editor) (2000),
603:Justus von Liebig
541:Beiser notes how
403:On the World Soul
399:Von der Weltseele
354:Gottfried Leibniz
334:as an edge case.
328:Georg Ernst Stahl
288:German philosophy
241:
240:
233:
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49:nature-philosophy
1307:
1276:, London: Verso.
1220:Naturphilosophie
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1177:. Archived from
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1159:. Archived from
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1111:
1106:. Archived from
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698:Naturphilosophen
660:Differenzschrift
652:Naturphilosophie
634:Naturphilosophie
619:Naturphilosophie
607:Naturphilosophie
591:Romantic science
574:Naturphilosophie
567:Naturphilosophie
559:Naturphilosophie
543:Naturphilosophie
508:Naturphilosophie
450:Naturphilosophie
439:Naturphilosophie
420:Naturphilosophie
340:Naturphilosophie
336:Frederick Beiser
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293:Naturphilosophie
277:Naturphilosophie
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119:Naturphilosophie
104:Naturphilosophen
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93:Naturphilosophie
44:Naturphilosophie
37:Naturphilosophie
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1290:German idealism
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1216:Sämtliche Werke
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1039:(2000), p. 109.
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986:Siegbert Prawer
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338:instead traces
324:Johannes Kepler
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89:natural science
57:German idealism
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1166:
1163:on 2002-01-07.
1145:
1143:(1977), p. 39.
1129:
1127:(1977), p. 45.
1113:
1110:on 1999-11-04.
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1089:978-3787324644
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930:(1996), p. 83.
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361:Baruch Spinoza
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857:"14_Gare_REV"
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47:(German for "
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22:
1273:
1270:Slavoj Žižek
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1237:Contemporary
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1202:19th century
1183:. Retrieved
1179:the original
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772:
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663:
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655:
651:
649:
639:
633:
628:
621:as "bogus".
618:
606:
600:
596:
587:Whig history
573:
571:
566:
558:
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546:
542:
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448:Schelling's
447:
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368:
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261:teleological
242:
227:
221:January 2022
218:
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187:
175:
163:Please help
158:verification
155:
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123:neo-Kantians
118:
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972:, editors,
964:p. 112, in
730:Lorenz Oken
611:Black Death
320:Jakob Böhme
257:aesthetical
137:Development
1284:Categories
1197:References
1185:2010-12-01
988:(editor),
966:Roy Porter
482:experience
478:organicism
432:System of
383:See also:
191:newspapers
127:Anglophone
609:with the
555:teleology
497:dogmatism
379:Schelling
371:given in
1272:(1996),
1263:(2006),
1254:(2002),
1245:(2002),
799:(2002),
767:See also
583:vitalism
464:writes:
460:tenets.
430:, 1800 (
409:, 1799 (
401:, 1798 (
393:, 1797 (
373:Würzburg
349:vis viva
976:(1988).
712:in 1832
527:is the
486:duality
458:Kantian
405:); and
344:Novalis
330:, with
205:scholar
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314:Later
207:
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1037:Hegel
1004:Reden
781:Notes
493:Ideen
212:JSTOR
198:books
1084:ISBN
1057:ISBN
968:and
326:and
259:and
184:news
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23:.
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