27:
1136:
the affair changed, with
Adenauer releasing a statement that the accused had been plotting to seize power within the next few years and that they not only were in contact with foreign Nazi elements in Spain and South America, but that they were receiving foreign financial assistance from supporters in Britain, France and Belgium. The government announced its intention to prosecute the accused on the basis of "forming a secret alliance endangering the security of the State and being members of an unconstitutional association". The German government released from
1186:, and was briefly arrested for violating the ban in Hamburg. Then, on 23 August, just two weeks before the election, the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia, acting as a denazification tribunal, classified him as a Category II offender. As such, he was prohibited from belonging to any political party, engaging in any political activity, holding any political office, or working as an author, journalist or broadcaster for a period of five years. His nascent political career was thus effectively derailed.
1190:
support charges against the other six members of the group. Just over five months later, on 3 December 1954, the criminal court in
Karlsruhe found that the evidence did not support the charge of "ringleadership in an anti-constitutional organization" and the criminal proceedings were dismissed. The court concluded that although the two defendants had espoused National Socialist and anti-constitutional ideas, their organization had no political effectiveness and the evidence did not demonstrate any results.
1019:. Eight served as parliamentary faction leaders and two became ministers in the state government. The proportion of former Nazis in the post-war years was particularly high in the FDP, with more than one in five FDP members of the state parliament having a Nazi past. Between 1955 and 1975, the FDP parliamentary faction was led by six former Nazis, including three SS men.
1199:
however, his expulsion from the Party sought by Dehler was not approved. North Rhine-Westphalia State
Chairman Middelhauve retained his position, though his personal secretary, Diwerge, and two other officials lost their posts. There was no massive purge, and the great majority of former Nazi adherents who had infiltrated the organization were left in place.
853:
could supplant the established democratic parties. In addition, they sought to place adherents into leadership roles in the parties themselves, to enable them to influence and seize control of the parties from within. Naumann set about developing a plan to infiltrate existing political parties, with the main target being the
1135:
The
British authorities concluded their investigation and, though they released Kaufmann on grounds of ill health, on 1 April they turned over the remaining detainees to the German government for possible trial. After reviewing the documentary evidence that had been seized, the German attitude toward
290:
Naumann soon began making contact with other former Nazi functionaries. It has been estimated that he developed a very wide network of contacts numbering perhaps as many as 1,000; his address book alone contained over 700 names. He set about organizing these contacts into an underground organization.
1189:
Investigations continued and, on 29 June 1954, the German prosecutors determined that there was sufficient evidence to proceed with a prosecution of
Naumann and Bornemann on charges of leading an unconstitutional organization. At the same time, they concluded that there was insufficient evidence to
291:
His correspondence stressed the need for secrecy, and the organization made use of personal couriers, false addresses and code names. A series of regular monthly meetings began in
February 1952. Naumann's contacts were not limited to Germany, but also included many Nazis who had fled abroad via the
1198:
The FDP formed its own internal three-person investigative commission headed by
Justice Minister Dehler, which focused on the state association of North Rhine-Westphalia. At the end of April 1953, the national leadership forced Achenbach to step down as head of the FDP Committee on Foreign Policy;
982:
in
November 1952 but it was not adopted at the federal level, in order to forestall a split in the party. Nevertheless, Middelhauve emerged from the party conference strengthened when he was elected as one of two deputy party leaders. In the municipal elections of November 1952, some fifty former
852:
The primary aim of the organization was to work in the background to place a few hundred trusted men into key positions in military veterans associations, in organizations of farmers and small businessmen and in local administrations, and to turn them into a strong, unified force that eventually
1123:(Vice-Chancellor and FDP Chairman) about what the surveillance had uncovered. There was indignation at the perceived encroachment on German national sovereignty in the public and the press. The initial reaction by the German government was skepticism and a degree of hostility. Interior Minister
900:
procedures. This resulted in those judged to be "offenders" either being jailed, paying fines or being banned from participation in electoral politics. However, the vast majority of Party members were determined to be "followers" or "exonerated" and never faced criminal prosecution or civil
1224:
On 23 September 1955, just over two years after the imposition of the 5-year political and civil prohibitions against
Naumann, they were lifted by the government of North Rhine-Westphalia, which determined that after the formal ending of the Allied occupation, the
1111:. They alleged that Naumann and his associates were engaged in a plot to overthrow the German government and, thereby, endangered the security of the Allied troops. The British High Commissioner informed the Adenauer government, including federal FDP politicians
1104:. Evidence seized in the raids included the manuscripts of two speeches that Naumann had delivered to his circle of intimates in November 1952, his diary going back to 1950, note books with appointments and a great deal of other correspondence.
1002:
stated that the FDP was on the way to transforming itself into a "nationalist and reactionary movement of the extreme right". The FDP, along with the DP, was viewed as part of an "extremist" bloc in an analysis by US intelligence officials.
1209:, the FDP won 9.5% of the vote, down from 11.9% in 1949 and they lost four seats. The DP won 3.25%, down from 4.0% and they lost two seats. The All-German Bloc, which was formed after the 1949 election, won 5.9% of the vote and entered the
1076:. Numerous former Nazi officials were active in both these parties as well as in the All German Bloc. All three parties also employed as organizers or candidates many former functionaries of the recently-dissolved Socialist Reich Party.
228:
by arresting
Naumann and several of his associates in early 1953. Handed over to West German authorities, the accused were investigated but the charges ultimately were dismissed by the criminal court due to insufficient evidence.
1140:
five of the lesser-known participants: Scharping and Haselmeyer on 2 April, Siepen on 25 April and Scheel and Zimmermann on 16 June. That left in custody only Naumann and Karl Friedrich Bornemann (who had been at large in the
950:
member, together with Werner Best, coordinated a campaign to advocate for a general amnesty for war criminals. He and Middelhauve envisioned creating a unified organization of all the right wing parties along the lines of the
1010:
deputies in North Rhine-Westphalia who had been at least 18 years old at the end of the war. His findings revealed 41 men with past Nazi Party membership, among whom were full-time Party officials and members of the
315:
reported that, although his plans had not yet progressed to the point that he could direct their activities, he could expect their support whenever he decided to openly enter into political activities.
287:. The amnesty law was estimated to apply to some 800,000 individuals and it even applied to those Nazi officials and SS members who had assumed a false identity in 1945 in order to avoid prosecution.
862:
167:
529:
1229:
directives that had vested the denazification authority in the state government were now deprived of effect. Despite this, Naumann never stood for election again, and he died in 1982.
978:
to return to their home territories, and also voiced objections to the Allies judgments of former soldiers. Middelhauve presented the program at the FDP federal party conference at
1127:
stated that the group was well known to the government, that it was numerically small and that that it did not appear to the German authorities that intervention was called for.
217:
907:
members at the end of 1950 voted in favor of ending the denazification process altogether, thus attracting additional support from former Nazis. At their party conference in
505:
975:
1858:
473:
26:
1863:
685:
521:
1853:
1299:
1873:
1868:
944:, enthusiastically welcomed ex-servicemen and former Nazi Party members in order to expand its voter base to the right. Ernst Achenbach, as a state
1790:
1096:
and arrested Naumann and six other members of the organization (Haselmeyer, Kaufmann, Scharping, Scheel, Siepen and Zimmermann) in Düsseldorf and
340:(SS) officers, some of whom had been convicted of war crimes. The following is a partial list of the most prominent known members and associates:
262:
1834:
1770:
1739:
1720:
831:
1413:
1153:
determined that the last two detainees could be set free, as it was unlikely that they would be able to conceal their identity or escape.
1825:
1142:
784:
970:
the so-called "German Program", which had been formulated largely with input from Naumann, Best, Fritzsche and Six. The text included
865:
were also to be penetrated. Naumann targeted the FDP and the DP in particular because, as mainstream parties and participants in the
1878:
1217:. The DRP, the most right-wing entity and banned from participating in three of the nine states (Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, and
1203:
1730:
Frei, Norbert (2004). "Coping with the Burdens of the Past: German Politics and Society in the 1950s". In Geppert, Dominick (ed.).
1617:"German Decision on Dr. Naumann: Political Activity Prohibited". No. 52709. The Times (London). 25 August 1953. p. 6.
854:
221:
157:
876:, they could prove to be viable vehicles for advancing his viewpoints and policies. This contrasted with the overtly neo-Nazi
608:
348:, managing director of the Adolf Hitler Donation Fund and head of the political department at the German embassy in occupied
1681:"Civil Disabilities of Dr. Naumann: Restriction Lifted". No. 53334. The Times (London). 24 September 1955. p. 5.
275:
in the closing days of the war, he went underground with an assumed name and worked as a farm worker, later completing an
224:(FDP) and two smaller parties to lay the groundwork for a possible return to power. British security forces disrupted the
1146:
881:
586:
932:
members, in order to advance the integration of former Nazi forces into the political system. In particular, the very
1695:
1331:
1275:
1145:, and surrendered himself to German authorities in April). Finally on 28 July, after six hours of deliberations, the
1084:
On the night of 14-15 January 1953, British security forces who had been surveilling the Naumann Circle and secretly
775:
1448:
1400:
705:
395:
1046:
912:
802:
1562:"Arrest Warrants for Former Nazis: Two Released". No. 52587. The Times (London). 4 April 1953. p. 3.
410:
917:
1540:"Naumann and Four Others Handed Over to Bonn". The New York Herald Tribune (Paris). 2 April 1953. p. 3.
1214:
992:
characterized the events at the party conference as the "intra-party January 30th of the FDP", referring to
911:
in 1951 the FDP demanded the release of all "so-called war criminals" and welcomed the establishment of the
818:
796:
292:
201:
1156:
On 5 August 1953, barely a week after his release, Naumann declared his intention to run for a seat in the
237:
Werner Naumann (1909–1982), studied law and political science and earned a doctorate in 1936. A member the
1226:
937:
866:
699:
539:
429:
126:
510:
324:
In addition to Naumann, the circle included many individuals who had held positions of responsibility in
1529:"British Arrest Seven Nazi Ringleaders". No. 52521. The Times (London). 16 January 1953. p. 6.
1162:
988:
941:
877:
870:
649:
600:
481:, head of the Press Office and, later, the Radio Office in the Ministry of Propaganda; acquitted in the
376:
1461:
1218:
1050:
839:
740:
666:, Government Councilor and Hans Fritzsche's deputy in the Radio Department of the Propaganda Ministry
404:
656:
1137:
1031:
858:
857:(FDP), a secular, free-market oriented, centrist party. Two smaller more conservative parties, the
714:
669:
623:
616:
365:
162:
1779:
1244:
720:
1108:
933:
780:
681:
495:
359:
637:
354:
515:
1830:
1766:
1749:
1735:
1716:
1639:"Naumann Neo-Nazi Case Ended". No. 53106. The Times (London). 4 December 1954. p. 5.
1390:"A German Party Moves Right". No. 52477. The Times (London). 24 November 1952. p. 5.
1313:
1167:
1093:
1089:
1073:
725:
568:
451:
437:
423:
308:
1628:"Dr. Naumann to be Prosecuted". No. 52971. The Times (London). 30 June 1954. p. 6.
1595:"Dr. Naumann to be Prosecuted". No. 52971. The Times (London). 30 June 1954. p. 6.
1462:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Germany and Austria, Volume VII, Part 1"
1120:
767:
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643:
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612:
594:
482:
304:
300:
243:
205:
901:
penalties. These individuals joined various political parties, including the FDP. The FDP
880:
that, because of its extreme views, was found to be unconstitutional and was banned by the
1732:
The Postwar Challenge: Cultural, Social, and Political Change in Western Europe, 1945-1958
983:
Nazi officials in North Rhine Westphalia were elected to office as candidates of the FDP.
952:
873:
750:
582:
500:
399:
345:
258:
248:
213:
181:
271:
1551:"Bonn to Try 7 Nazis on Security Charge". The New York Times. 2 April 1953. p. 14.
1055:
956:
897:
771:
487:
478:
441:
276:
253:
209:
89:
37:
1847:
1116:
1112:
1012:
929:
884:
on 23 October 1952 on the basis of being a successor organization to the Nazi Party.
810:
661:
559:
545:
418:
336:
334:, a number of his former colleagues in the Propaganda Ministry and many high-ranking
296:
284:
68:
196:
Circle or the Naumann Affair, was an organization of former German adherents of the
1042:
1036:
1023:
993:
893:
755:
534:
528:
and a physician who published works advocating sterilization of persons considered
381:
371:
325:
111:
1700:
1474:
1124:
1101:
1085:
1068:
1062:
694:
573:
387:
748:, head of Amt VII (Ideological Research) in the Reich Security Main Office, an
971:
966:
In the summer of 1952, Middelhauve presented to the state party conference in
238:
197:
47:
1755:
1606:"Naumann Freed". No. 52686. The Times (London). 29 July 1953. p. 5.
1319:
1150:
1016:
967:
924:
903:
788:
745:
550:
464:
330:
283:
law had taken effect, and became the manager of an import-export company in
220:. Between 1951 and early 1953, the organization attempted to infiltrate the
191:
1213:
for the first time. All three parties joined the center-right coalition of
764:; sentenced to 20 years in prison for mass murder, released in October 1952
311:
in Argentina. He maintained frequent contact with these émigrés and the US
1170:. Because of his incendiary rhetoric, Naumann was banned from speaking in
1171:
998:
730:
709:
86:
1584:"Two Naumann Aides Freed". The New York Times. 17 June 1953. p. 10.
1022:
The outlook was similar in the FDP party organizations in the states of
1183:
1097:
979:
946:
735:
697:, Ministerial Director and Press Chief in the Foreign Office and an SS-
525:
391:
280:
1783:
1248:
1763:
NATO and Germany: a Study in the Sociology of Supernational Relations
1175:
908:
822:
459:
1573:"Court Frees Ex-Nazi". The New York Times. 26 April 1953. p. 5.
1302:
The Naumann Circle: The Study of a Technique in Political Subversion
1179:
1107:
The British acted on the basis of their reserved powers under the
1027:
349:
225:
1006:
A study by Michael Klepsch in 2009 examined a total of 451 state
554:
986:
Many observers were alarmed by the FDP's rightward shift. The
312:
1088:
its telephone communications, acted on the orders of British
1041:, a former employee of the Propaganda Ministry and once the
774:
department in the Ministry of Propaganda and a judge at the
1464:. United States: Office of the Historian, State Department.
426:, Ministerial Councilor in the Reich Ministry of Propaganda
922:(German Soldiers' Association), an organization of former
1823:
Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .
1049:. In Hesse, from December 1952 the DP state chairman was
1803:
Beyond Eagle and Swastika: German Nationalism Since 1945
896:
in May 1945, former members of the Nazi Party underwent
1361:
1359:
589:, State Secretary in the Foreign Ministry, and an SS-
357:, journalist, chief editor of the weekly SS newspaper
1818:. Springer: American Jewish Committee: 238–243. 1954.
1352:. Springer: American Jewish Committee: 241–242. 1954.
218:
Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
555:
Mutual Aid Association of Former Waffen-SS Members
261:in the Ministry in April 1944 and was named in the
241:
from 1928, he became a skilled propagandist and SS-
153:
145:
132:
120:
104:
96:
82:
74:
64:
53:
43:
33:
204:(West Germany) several years after the end of the
1791:Nazis und Nationale Sammlung: Pflicht nach rechts
1670:. Springer: American Jewish Committee: 239. 1954.
1518:. Springer: American Jewish Committee: 241. 1954.
1499:. Springer: American Jewish Committee: 240. 1954.
1449:Nazis und Nationale Sammlung: Pflicht nach rechts
1438:. Springer: American Jewish Committee: 240. 1954.
1401:Nazis und Nationale Sammlung: Pflicht nach rechts
1221:), won only 1.1% and lost all five of its seats.
506:Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France
1377:
1100:. They were held in captivity by the British at
974:ideas such as refusing to renounce the right of
279:as a mason. He reemerged in early 1950 after an
1805:. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press.
1765:. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
1030:. In Lower Saxony, the FDP state manager was
8:
585:, businessman and financier, founder of the
189:
19:
1166:(DRP) and he was supported by DRP Chairman
257:for Propaganda. Naumann rose to become the
593:; sentenced to ten years in prison in the
522:National Socialist German Students' League
25:
18:
1451:in Antifaschistisches Infoblatt 59 (2003)
1403:in Antifaschistisches Infoblatt 59 (2003)
390:, head of Amt I (Administration) of the
1696:Episode oder Gefahr? Die Naumann-Affäre
1332:Episode oder Gefahr? Die Naumann-Affäre
1276:Episode oder Gefahr? Die Naumann-Affäre
1237:
770:, Ministerial Director and head of the
263:Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler
1859:1953 disestablishments in West Germany
1287:
996:'s 1933 assumption of power; France's
795:; sentenced to 20 years in prison for
1365:
647:who would become the Chairman of the
328:, including seven of the forty-three
247:and, from 1938, worked directly with
188:), also sometimes referred to as the
7:
1864:Aftermath of World War II in Germany
1713:Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past
1649:
1262:
1854:1951 establishments in West Germany
1826:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1734:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14:
1874:Neo-Nazi organizations in Germany
1160:as a candidate of the right-wing
16:West German Neo-Nazi organization
1215:Adenauer's second administration
1869:Free Democratic Party (Germany)
1119:(Federal Justice Minister) and
1080:British actions of January 1953
787:, where he was involved in the
609:Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick
553:and the first chairman of the
1:
1780:Menges, Franz: Werner Naumann
1715:. Columbia University Press.
1245:Menges, Franz: Werner Naumann
799:but released in December 1951
712:to Joseph Goebbels and an SS-
597:but released in February 1951
138:
57:
1812:The American Jewish Yearbook
1664:The American Jewish Yearbook
1512:The American Jewish Yearbook
1493:The American Jewish Yearbook
1432:The American Jewish Yearbook
1414:Geheimaufstand der Gauleiter
1378:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997
1346:The American Jewish Yearbook
1207:election of 6 September 1953
1147:Federal Constitutional Court
959:, an effort they dubbed the
882:Federal Constitutional Court
587:Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft
208:. It was founded and led by
1829:. New York: Da Capo Press.
1761:Lyman, Stanford M. (1995).
1300:Declassified CIA Document:
783:, Reich Plenipotentiary in
1895:
1756:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung
1320:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung
940:, under the leadership of
913:Verband deutscher Soldaten
396:Reich Security Main Office
265:as Goebbels' successor as
1748:Loubichi, Stefan: (2014)
936:FDP state association of
24:
1879:Politics of West Germany
1801:Tauber, Kurt P. (1967).
1143:American Occupation Zone
1131:German legal proceedings
635:, Reich Chairman of the
411:Karl Friedrich Bornemann
963:(National Collective).
888:Infiltration of the FDP
867:first coalition cabinet
797:crimes against humanity
202:German Federal Republic
200:that was formed in the
1711:Frei, Norbert (2002).
1227:Allied Control Council
938:North Rhine-Westphalia
530:"genetically diseased"
430:Friedrich Karl Florian
190:
185:
127:North Rhine-Westphalia
92:political organization
1694:Baldow, Beate (2012)
1330:Baldow, Beate (2012)
1274:Baldow, Beate (2012)
1163:Deutsche Reichspartei
1115:(Federal President),
989:Frankfurter Rundschau
942:Friedrich Middelhauve
878:Socialist Reich Party
855:Free Democratic Party
650:Deutsche Reichspartei
601:Hartmann Lauterbacher
402:in Denmark and an SS-
222:Free Democratic Party
158:Free Democratic Party
892:After the defeat of
840:SS and Police Leader
741:Reichsgau Wartheland
706:Günther Schwägermann
686:Reich Student Leader
572:(Reich Governor) of
269:. Escaping from the
1810:"Western Germany".
1785:Deutsche Biographie
1662:"Western Germany".
1510:"Western Germany".
1491:"Western Germany".
1430:"Western Germany".
1380:, pp. 189–190.
1344:"Western Germany".
1290:, pp. 133–135.
1250:Deutsche Biographie
1138:pre-trial detention
842:in the Soviet Union
700:Obersturmbannführer
670:Gustav Adolf Scheel
624:Baldur von Schirach
617:Province of Hanover
540:Oberstgruppenführer
511:Heinrich Haselmayer
21:
1109:Occupation Statute
961:Nationale Sammlung
781:Edmund Veesenmayer
682:Reichsgau Salzburg
621:Reichsjugendführer
496:Gau Cologne-Aachen
380:and leader of the
377:Reichsjugendführer
360:Das Schwarze Korps
1836:978-0-306-80793-0
1772:978-1-557-28389-4
1751:Der Naumann-Kreis
1741:978-0-199-26665-4
1722:978-0-231-11882-8
1315:Der Naumann-Kreis
1219:Baden-Württemberg
1168:Adolf von Thadden
1094:Ivone Kirkpatrick
1090:High Commissioner
1074:Offenbach am Main
1063:Oberbürgermeister
827:Obergruppenführer
754:commander in the
726:Ortsgruppenleiter
695:Paul Karl Schmidt
690:Obergruppenführer
678:Reichsstatthalter
653:from 1955 to 1960
628:Obergruppenführer
591:Obergruppenführer
578:Obergruppenführer
569:Reichsstatthalter
452:Alfred Frauenfeld
446:Obergruppenführer
424:Wolfgang Diewerge
417:(Area Leader) in
405:Obergruppenführer
384:from 1940 to 1945
309:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
174:
173:
1886:
1840:
1819:
1806:
1795:Antifa Infoblatt
1776:
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1705:Antifa Infoblatt
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1479:Antifa Infoblatt
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1420:15 January 2013.
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1266:
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1254:
1242:
1059:
1040:
976:expelled Germans
921:
815:Reichstatthalter
768:Eberhard Taubert
715:Hauptsturmführer
665:
633:Wilhelm Meinberg
619:, the Deputy to
595:Ministries Trial
520:, leader of the
519:
483:Nuremberg Trials
470:Generalkommissar
366:Standartenführer
305:Johann von Leers
301:Eberhard Fritsch
206:Second World War
195:
140:
59:
29:
22:
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1460:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1412:Peter Maxwill:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1196:
1133:
1082:
1066:and Nazi Party
1053:
1051:Helmuth Schranz
1034:
953:Weimar Republic
915:
890:
874:Konrad Adenauer
863:All-German Bloc
850:
845:
832:Paul Zimmermann
751:Einsatzkommando
723:, a Nazi Party
659:
638:Reichsnährstand
583:Wilhelm Keppler
513:
501:Reichskommissar
474:occupied Crimea
413:, Hitler Youth
400:Plenipotentiary
355:Gunter d'Alquen
346:Ernst Achenbach
322:
259:State Secretary
249:Joseph Goebbels
235:
214:State Secretary
168:All-German Bloc
166:
161:
135:
123:
116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1807:
1798:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1727:
1721:
1708:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1654:
1652:, p. 290.
1642:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1502:
1483:
1467:
1453:
1441:
1422:
1405:
1393:
1382:
1370:
1368:, p. 123.
1355:
1336:
1323:
1306:
1292:
1280:
1267:
1255:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1195:
1192:
1132:
1129:
1081:
1078:
957:Harzburg Front
898:denazification
889:
886:
849:
846:
844:
843:
829:
800:
778:
776:People's Court
772:Anti-Komintern
765:
743:
718:
703:
692:
667:
657:Karl Scharping
654:
630:
598:
580:
557:
532:
508:
485:
479:Hans Fritzsche
476:
449:
438:Gau Düsseldorf
427:
421:
408:
385:
369:
352:
342:
321:
318:
277:apprenticeship
267:Reichsminister
254:Reichsminister
234:
231:
210:Werner Naumann
178:Naumann Circle
172:
171:
155:
151:
150:
149:Werner Naumann
147:
143:
142:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
121:
118:
117:
115:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
38:Werner Naumann
35:
31:
30:
20:Naumann Circle
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1891:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
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1852:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1832:
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1799:
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1792:
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1577:
1569:
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1525:
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1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
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1487:
1484:
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1476:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1457:
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1442:
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1433:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:pages 311–332
1333:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1265:, p. 30.
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1220:
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1200:
1193:
1191:
1187:
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1177:
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1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:Franz Blücher
1118:
1117:Thomas Dehler
1114:
1113:Theodor Heuss
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:, the former
1057:
1052:
1048:
1047:Upper Silesia
1044:
1038:
1033:
1032:Horst Huisgen
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
990:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
949:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:
919:
914:
910:
906:
905:
899:
895:
887:
885:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
861:(DP) and the
860:
856:
847:
841:
837:
836:Brigadeführer
833:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:Gau Weser-Ems
808:
804:
801:
798:
794:
793:Brigadeführer
790:
786:
782:
779:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:Brigadeführer
757:
753:
752:
747:
744:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
727:
722:
719:
717:
716:
711:
707:
704:
702:
701:
696:
693:
691:
687:
684:, the former
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:
663:
658:
655:
652:
651:
646:
645:
644:Gruppenführer
640:
639:
634:
631:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
613:Oberpräsident
610:
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
561:
560:Karl Kaufmann
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:
546:Generaloberst
542:
541:
536:
533:
531:
527:
523:
517:
512:
509:
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
486:
484:
480:
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
420:
416:
415:Gebietsführer
412:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
373:
370:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
353:
351:
347:
344:
343:
341:
339:
338:
337:Schutzstaffel
333:
332:
327:
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:in Spain and
298:
297:Otto Skorzeny
294:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
244:Brigadeführer
240:
232:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
193:
187:
186:Naumann-Kreis
183:
179:
169:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
131:
128:
125:
119:
113:
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
56:
52:
49:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1784:
1762:
1750:
1731:
1712:
1704:
1701:Braunes Erbe
1676:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1590:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1478:
1475:Braunes Erbe
1470:
1456:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1396:
1385:
1373:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1326:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1283:
1270:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1134:
1106:
1083:
1067:
1061:
1043:Hitler Youth
1024:Lower Saxony
1021:
1007:
1005:
997:
994:Adolf Hitler
987:
985:
965:
960:
945:
923:
902:
894:Nazi Germany
891:
859:German Party
851:
835:
826:
825:, and an SS-
814:
806:
803:Paul Wegener
792:
791:, and an SS-
759:
756:Soviet Union
749:
734:
724:
721:Heinz Siepen
713:
698:
689:
677:
673:
648:
642:
636:
627:
620:
604:
590:
577:
567:
563:
544:
538:
535:Paul Hausser
499:
491:
469:
468:and wartime
463:
455:
445:
433:
414:
403:
382:Hitler Youth
375:
372:Artur Axmann
364:
358:
335:
329:
326:Nazi Germany
323:
289:
272:Führerbunker
270:
266:
252:
242:
236:
177:
175:
163:German Party
154:Affiliations
134:Membership
112:West Germany
97:Legal status
1418:Der Spiegel
1288:Tauber 1967
1278:pages 84–86
1125:Robert Lehr
1102:Werl Prison
1086:wiretapping
1069:Kreisleiter
1054: [
1035: [
934:nationalist
916: [
660: [
574:Gau Hamburg
514: [
488:Josef Grohé
462:before the
454:, an early
388:Werner Best
212:, the last
90:underground
44:Predecessor
34:Named after
1848:Categories
1797:59, (2003)
1707:92, (2011)
1481:92, (2011)
1366:Lyman 1995
1253:pp.773–774
1233:References
1045:leader of
972:revanchist
871:Chancellor
758:and an SS-
688:and an SS-
641:and an SS-
626:and an SS-
576:and an SS-
419:Düsseldorf
363:and an SS-
295:, such as
285:Düsseldorf
239:Nazi Party
233:Background
198:Nazi Party
69:Düsseldorf
65:Founded at
48:Nazi Party
1650:Frei 2002
1263:Frei 2004
1211:Bundestag
1205:Bundestag
1194:Aftermath
1158:Bundestag
1151:Karlsruhe
1017:Waffen-SS
968:Bielefeld
925:Wehrmacht
904:Bundestag
819:Oldenburg
807:Gauleiter
789:Holocaust
746:Franz Six
674:Gauleiter
605:Gauleiter
564:Gauleiter
551:Waffen-SS
492:Gauleiter
465:Anschluss
456:Gauleiter
434:Gauleiter
331:Gauleiter
192:Gauleiter
141:700–1,000
75:Dissolved
54:Formation
1172:Dortmund
999:Le Monde
731:Solingen
710:adjutant
504:for the
398:, Reich
293:ratlines
170:(GB/BHE)
105:Location
87:Neo-Nazi
1782:in the
1689:Sources
1247:in the
1202:In the
1184:Hamburg
1098:Hamburg
1008:Landtag
980:Bad Ems
947:Landtag
838:and an
785:Hungary
736:Landrat
615:of the
549:of the
526:Hamburg
472:in the
440:and an
394:in the
392:Gestapo
320:Members
281:amnesty
216:of the
122:Region
100:Defunct
1833:
1769:
1738:
1719:
1176:Munich
909:Munich
823:Bremen
733:and a
460:Vienna
251:, the
182:German
146:Leader
1180:Hesse
1058:]
1039:]
1028:Hesse
955:-era
920:]
834:, SS-
664:]
537:, SS-
518:]
350:Paris
226:cabal
160:(FDP)
1831:ISBN
1793:In:
1767:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1703:In:
1477:In:
1182:and
1092:Sir
1026:and
928:and
848:Aims
821:and
809:of
676:and
566:and
498:and
307:and
176:The
165:(DP)
83:Type
78:1953
60:1951
1754:in
1416:in
1318:in
1149:at
1072:of
1015:or
869:of
817:of
739:in
729:in
680:of
607:of
524:in
494:of
458:of
436:of
313:CIA
1850::
1816:55
1814:.
1668:55
1666:.
1516:55
1514:.
1497:55
1495:.
1436:55
1434:.
1358:^
1350:55
1348:.
1178:,
1174:,
1056:de
1037:de
1013:SS
930:SS
918:de
813:,
805:,
708:,
672:,
662:de
611:,
603:,
562:,
543:,
516:de
490:,
442:SA
432:,
374:,
303:,
184::
139:c.
58:c.
1839:.
1775:.
1744:.
1725:.
448:.
444:-
180:(
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