89:
for the heads of government departments and agencies before it adopted a modern cabinet system. It was synonymous with inspector, supervisor or controller. In Egypt it may also be used for the directors or managers of commercial enterprises.
105:
was a traditional and usually hereditary
Sudanese title for the head of a tribal confederation. It was only infrequently recognised by the Anglo-Egyptian government, but it was used for lower-level salaried officials in the
63:
283:
288:
74:, from among the Muslims living in his land to oversee them. This was probably a common arrangement in the
159:
94:
164:
Palestinian
Peasants and Ottoman Officials: Rural Administration Around Sixteenth-century Jerusalem
101:
was used for the official in charge of a subdivision of a district. Usually he was a tribal head.
260:
210:
34:
155:
115:
107:
277:
190:
Shaykhs and
Followers: Political Struggle in the Rufaʿa al-Hoi Nazirate in the Sudan
264:
214:
255:
Jay
Spaulding (1979), "Farmers, Herdsmen and the State in Rainland Sinnār",
230:(Brill, 1994), pp. 155–57, for a list of such positions in the 15th century.
67:
17:
177:
Law in the Middle East, Vol. 1: Origin and
Development of Islamic Law
75:
24:
86:
79:
42:
47:
16:"Nazirate" redirects here. For the ancient Jewish devotee, see
51:(charitable endowment). The office or territory of a
70:
appointed a superintendent, which al-Qābisī calls a
66:, writing in the tenth century, the pagan ruler of
45:, it is the normal term for the administrator of a
267:. The language of these Funj titles is unknown.
175:Majid Khadduri and Herbert J. Liebesny (eds.),
130:'s duties was to administer uncultivated land (
41:) refers to an overseer in a general sense. In
201:Michael Brett (1983), "Islam and Trade in the
114:may be an Arabic rendering of the originally
8:
147:
244:A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan
238:
236:
179:(Middle East Institute, 1955), p. 204.
188:E.g., Abd al-Ghaffar Muhammad Ahmad,
7:
228:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World
166:(Cambridge University Press, 1994).
110:. As a traditional Sudanese title,
192:(Khartoum University Press, 1974).
14:
205:, Tenth–Eleventh Century A.D.",
257:The Journal of African History
207:The Journal of African History
134:) within the tribal homeland (
1:
246:(Frank Cass, 1967), p. xiii.
305:
15:
265:10.1017/s0021853700017345
215:10.1017/S0021853700027985
284:Arabic words and phrases
226:See Maya Shatzmiller,
85:The title was used in
38:
95:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
259:, 20 (3), 329–47
209:, 24 (4), 431–40
296:
289:Political titles
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242:Richard Hill,
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203:Bilād al-Sūdān
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99:nāẓir al-khuṭṭ
13:
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2:
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126:. One of the
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62:According to
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19:
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97:, the title
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84:
71:
61:
56:
52:
46:
29:
28:
22:
158:usage, see
103:Nāẓir ʿumūm
278:Categories
160:Amy Singer
142:References
82:regions.
64:al-Qābisī
68:Tadmakka
57:nazirate
18:Nazirite
156:Ottoman
124:manfona
118:titles
93:In the
35:Turkish
33:(ناظر,
120:mānjil
108:Jazīra
76:Sahara
27:title
25:Arabic
132:qifār
128:nāẓir
112:nāẓir
87:Egypt
80:Sahel
72:nāẓir
55:is a
53:nāẓir
43:Islam
39:nazır
30:nāẓir
154:For
122:and
116:Funj
78:and
48:waqf
23:The
261:doi
211:doi
138:).
136:dār
280::
235:^
162:,
59:.
37::
263::
217:.
213::
20:.
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