17:
217:. The higher levels of these nutrients compared to the natural soil nearby is due to the presence of human remains. The organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrients are transferred into the soil as human remains decompose. Phosphorus is the most important soil indicator for classifying Necrosols, because it is least susceptible to change and
129:
of the original soil, and alter its physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil properties or formation will vary depending on the properties of the natural soil and what the burial process is, including burial depth, number of remains buried and proximity of remains to each other. These
95:
Necrosols are compared to a “background” or “reference” soil, which is a soil near the site but outside the burial location. This provides a reference for the type of soil that would naturally occur at the study area, without human disturbance.
176:
In some
Necrosols the natural soil horizons are absent due to disturbance as a result of the digging of graves in the soil profile. These natural horizons are mixed, and so the unique properties that characterize each horizon, like
380:
Madden, Charles; Pringle, Jamie K.; Jeffery, Adam J.; Wisniewski, Kristopher D.; Heaton, Vivienne; Oliver, Ian W.; Glanville, Helen; Stimpson, Ian G.; Dick, Henry C.; Eeley, Madeleine; Goodwin, Jonathan (2022-03-22).
699:
Vithanage, Meththika; Mayakaduwage, S. S.; Gunarathne, Viraj; Rajapaksha, Anushka
Upamali; Ahmad, Mahtab; Abduljabbar, Adel; Usman, Adel; Al-Wabel, Mohammad I.; Ippolito, James A.; Ok, Yong Sik (2021-12-22).
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are located in direct proximity to the burial site but have not undergone direct mechanical alteration from the burial, and therefore still have naturally occurring soil horizons.
71:
Necrosols are present across the globe, wherever humans have buried their dead. However, there is large variation in the natural soils which these soils developed on, based on
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Necrosol characteristics are also dependent on burial practices involving how the human remains are treated before deposited in the soil. For example, the deposit of
245:
Depending on the burial procedure, human remains and artifacts may bring the addition of certain chemicals to the soil. This includes higher concentrations of
574:. Jaroslava Sobocká, Výskumný Ústav Pôdoznalectva a Ochrany Pôdy. Bratislava: Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute. pp. 107–113.
44:
in the soil. The term necrosol was first introduced by Graf during his study of flora and vegetation at a cemetery in Berlin, Germany, in 1986.
59:
proposed by
Burghardt in 1994, but are present in both urban and rural environments. Future research on Necrosols can support the field of
185:, will be dispersed throughout the different profiles. This feature is unique to, and what characterizes, the burial necrosols sub-group.
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237:
indicated that bones from the war, high in phosphorus, were taken from the site and ground up to use as fertilizer back in
England.
453:"Selected Chemical Properties of Necrosols from the Abandoned Cemeteries SĹ‚abowo and Szymonka (Great Mazurian Lakes District)"
383:"Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis of heavy metal contamination in church graveyards with contrasting soil types"
197:, which are materials in the soil that are created by humans such as materials from coffins, clothes or other belongings.
168:
Despite this variability, Necrosols have several shared diagnostic features that differentiate it from other soil types.
47:
Necrosols form during the interaction of the soil with human remains and other materials included in the burial, such as
16:
834:
221:. High phosphorus concentrations come from the addition of human remains to the soil. This occurs through
218:
194:
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on artifacts like coffins. Additionally, chemicals used on human remains during burial processes, like
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655:
526:
515:"Geochemical assessment of soils in the German Nazi concentration camp in Stutthof (Northern Poland)"
394:
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conditions are based on specific regulatory or cultural requirements, or major death events such as
182:
56:
806:
681:
644:"Celebrating the 350th Anniversary of Phosphorus Discovery: A Conundrum of Deficiency and Excess"
571:
Soil anthropization : 8 ; Bratislava, Slovakia
September 28-30, 2004 ; proceedings
550:
492:
234:
513:
Charzyński, Przemysław; Markiewicz, Maciej; Majorek, Magdalena; Bednarek, Renata (2015-07-10).
312:"Understanding Necrosol pedogenetical processes in post-Roman burials developed on dunes sands"
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processes in soil compared to a process like traditional burial. Other burial procedures, like
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Charzyński, Przemysław; Bednarek, Renata; Świtoniak, Marcin; Żołnowska, Beata (2011-10-01).
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Necrosols are divided into two sub-groups: burial
Necrosol and non-disturbed Necrosol.
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761:"A laboratory study of the pollution of formaldehyde in cemeteries (South Africa)"
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and other human-made materials. This soil was included under urban soils in a
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702:"Animal carcass burial management: implications for sustainable biochar use"
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150:
745:
677:
642:
Sharpley, Andrew; Jarvie, Helen; Flaten, Don; Kleinman, Peter (July 2018).
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van
Allemann, Sunette; Olivier, Jana; Dippenaar, Matthys A. (2018-01-13).
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33:
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165:, are designed to slow the body decomposition process of the remains.
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261:, may be present in the soils within the first 14 weeks of burial.
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Presence of toxics and heavy metals based on burial preparation
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as a result of excavating soil to make space for human remains.
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605:"Ekranic Technosols and Urbic Technosols of Toruń Necropolis"
201:
Higher organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations
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The addition of human remains and other materials change the
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and enhance our understanding of past burial practices.
106:
have undergone direct mechanical disturbance to the
280:
Flora und
Vegetation der Friedhöfe in Berlin (West)
451:Majgier, Leszek; Rahmonov, Oimahmad (2012-12-28).
457:Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series
342:Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde
193:These soils may also contain human remains and
189:Presence of human remains and burial artifacts
8:
387:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
338:"Soils in urban and industrial environments"
87:, leading to heterogeneity among necrosols.
40:, and is characterized by the presence of
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233:. In fact, the reports in 1815 from the
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20:Location of a necrosol: a graveyard
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648:Journal of Environmental Quality
519:Soil Science and Plant Nutrition
32:soil which is commonly found in
283:. Berliner botanischer Verein.
229:, or the addition of ash from
1:
539:10.1080/00380768.2014.1000232
153:remains will result in fewer
765:Environmental Earth Sciences
706:Applied Biological Chemistry
621:10.6001/geologija.v53i4.1905
336:Burghardt, Wolfgang (1994).
568:Sobocká, Jaroslava (2004).
225:of soft tissue and bone in
205:All Necrosols contain high
172:Mixed or disturbed horizons
851:
719:10.1186/s13765-021-00652-z
407:10.1007/s11356-022-19676-z
785:10.1007/s12665-017-7219-z
470:10.2478/v10250-012-0003-8
354:10.1002/jpln.19941570308
669:10.2134/jeq2018.05.0170
277:Graf, Annerose (1986).
114:Non-disturbed Necrosols
316:www.researchsquare.com
183:organic matter content
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127:soil horizon sequence
57:classification system
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142:which can result in
777:2018EES....77...20V
660:2018JEnvQ..47..774S
531:2015SSPN...61S..47C
399:2022ESPR...2955278M
393:(36): 55278–55292.
223:chemical weathering
480:20.500.12128/10495
235:Battle of Waterloo
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140:natural disasters
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348:(3): 205–214.
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463:(1): 43–55.
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320:. Retrieved
318:. 2022-03-16
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279:
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259:formaldehyde
247:heavy metals
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204:
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179:soil texture
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108:soil profile
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67:Distribution
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38:burial sites
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144:mass graves
121:Composition
824:Categories
794:2263/68587
322:2022-04-22
265:References
227:inhumation
207:phosphorus
85:vegetation
77:topography
61:archeology
34:cemeteries
811:135342336
803:1866-6299
771:(1): 20.
728:2468-0842
712:(1): 91.
629:2029-056X
609:Geologija
590:611900060
555:101901535
547:0038-0768
489:2080-7686
415:1614-7499
362:0044-3263
289:923266515
231:cremation
195:artifacts
159:embalming
36:or other
830:Pedology
746:34957350
686:51705885
678:30025053
497:54222696
433:35318600
219:leaching
211:nitrogen
151:cremated
136:genocide
79:, time,
53:textiles
26:necrosol
773:Bibcode
737:8693145
656:Bibcode
527:Bibcode
424:9356940
395:Bibcode
73:climate
49:coffins
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255:metals
251:paints
807:S2CID
682:S2CID
615:(4).
551:S2CID
493:S2CID
799:ISSN
742:PMID
724:ISSN
674:PMID
625:ISSN
586:OCLC
576:ISBN
543:ISSN
485:ISSN
429:PMID
411:ISSN
358:ISSN
285:OCLC
213:and
181:and
83:and
789:hdl
781:doi
732:PMC
714:doi
664:doi
617:doi
535:doi
475:hdl
465:doi
419:PMC
403:doi
350:doi
346:157
253:or
161:or
138:or
132:war
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