127:(CFS) analysis and immunological test. Since only the CNS is affected by the pathology, there won't be any characteristic changes in organ systems other than the nervous system. Despite clinical examination methods, the specific diagnosis of NME depends on a postmortem, histopathological examination of the brain biopsy tissue or a necropsy.
213:
Even after several years of research, the complete pathogenesis of this disease is still not understood. Immunosuppressive and anticonvulsant drugs have extended the lives of several dogs for up to 7 months after the outbreak of the symptoms, although a complete recovery is not yet possible.
176:
Additionally, temporal lobes with dense mononuclear cells can be observed infiltrating the meninges, and cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum, which leads to neurological symptoms like continuous circling or stroke-like seizures. Attempts at proving a viral etiology have been
69:
Although the pattern of inflammation is similar to other neuropathological conditions, resembling CNS inflammatory diseases which produces lesions alike to those that occur in NME, a definitive diagnosis can be made solely based on by histopathological examination through a
201:
on the behalf that the cause of NME is autoimmune related. Corticosteroids inhibit T-and B-Cells and slow down the production of cytokines, which restrain the immune system from attacking its own cells but also enfeeble its natural protection – the immune answer.
86:
and the reluctance to walk. Behavioral changes and an abnormal mentation might occur. After a short amount of time vestibulo-cerebellar symptoms will rapidly progress, leaving the animal in a state of depressed consciousness having
336:
Park ES, Uchida K, Nakayama H (July 2012). "Comprehensive immunohistochemical studies on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)".
151:
and the cerebrocortical area. The meninges itself is focally thickened by dense aggregations of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages infiltrating due to the reinforced immune answer (perivascular cuffing).
114:
An antemortem diagnosis is often intricate considering the similarities of general neuro diagnostic profiles. To achieve a presumptive diagnosis on the live animal a multimodal approach is needed. Including the
205:
However, since the etiopathogenesis is still not totally understood, the inflammatory reactions are only partly reacting to the corticosteroids, such as the malacic or granulomatous changes.
42:
is nowadays mostly associated with, occurring essentially in small breed dogs ranging from six months to seven years of age. It causes intense necrotizing inflammatory lesions in the
419:
Greer KA, Schatzberg SJ, Porter BF, Jones KA, Famula TR, Murphy KE (June 2009). "Heritability and transmission analysis of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in the Pug".
102:
Despite seizures being a promoting factor of necrosis in primary inflammation diseases, it's not proven that the necrosis is extending to the white matter due to these
609:
Higgins RJ, Dickinson PJ, Kube SA, Moore PF, Couto SS, Vernau KM, Sturges BK, Lecouteur RA (May 2008). "Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in five
Chihuahua dogs".
159:
between white and grey matter, exposing an asymmetrical ventricular enlargement. These lesions are selective with a predilection for the cerebral hemisphere.
467:"Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotising inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: a review and future perspectives"
54:
that triggers the disease and contributes to its development has not yet been identified. It is presumed to have a multifactorial,
242:
Barber RM, Schatzberg SJ, Corneveaux JJ, Allen AN, Porter BF, Pruzin JJ, Platt SR, Kent M, Huentelman MJ (1 September 2011).
290:"A comparative pathological study on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis"
116:
38:
of the neuro cortex. It was originally identified and recorded in the 1960s in pure breed pugs, with which this
124:
27:
697:
513:"A canine case of necrotizing meningoencephalitis for long-term observation: clinical and MRI findings"
156:
139:) inflammation of both the meninges and encephalitis have characteristic histopathologic changes of
120:
35:
542:
63:
560:
Cooper JJ, Schatzberg SJ, Vernau KM, Summers BA, Porter BF, Siso S, Young BD, Levine JM (2014).
674:
626:
591:
534:
488:
436:
394:
354:
311:
261:
186:
562:"Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in atypical dog breeds: a case series and literature review"
288:
Suzuki M, Uchida K, Morozumi M, Hasegawa T, Yanai T, Nakayama H, Tateyama S (November 2003).
664:
618:
581:
573:
524:
478:
428:
386:
346:
301:
251:
653:"Necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier: a case report and literature review"
669:
652:
586:
561:
144:
155:
Several multifocal encephalic lesions in corona radiata are erasing the border in the
691:
483:
466:
198:
546:
135:
When examining the transversal sections, the non-suppurative (lymphoplasmacytic and
377:
Cordy DR, Holliday TA (May 1989). "A necrotizing meningoencephalitis of pug dogs".
194:
30:(CNS) disorder in dogs, where an extensive cerebral necrosis is associated with a
140:
136:
651:
Kuwamura M, Adachi T, Yamate J, Kotani T, Ohashi F, Summers BA (October 2002).
432:
390:
218:
190:
103:
59:
47:
31:
350:
244:"Identification of risk loci for necrotizing meningoencephalitis in Pug dogs"
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243:
92:
55:
678:
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83:
51:
622:
577:
71:
39:
96:
511:
Kitagawa M, Okada M, Kanayama K, Sato T, Sakai T (November 2007).
43:
172:
Chronic – increase of perivascular cuffing, extensive necrosis
62:
etiology. The process is rapidly progressive, culminating in
82:
First signs of this immune dysregulation can show through
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640:
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8:
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331:
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166:Acute - mild inflammatory cell infiltration
185:In several studies the animals were given
668:
585:
528:
517:The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
482:
465:Talarico LR, Schatzberg SJ (March 2010).
305:
294:The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
255:
169:Subacute – intense inflammatory reactions
162:They can be divided into three phases:
566:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
229:
7:
657:The Journal of Small Animal Practice
471:The Journal of Small Animal Practice
670:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00014.x
217:The disease remains fatal, making
50:. The cause is still unclear. The
14:
484:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00823.x
66:and ending fatally for the dog.
20:Necrotizing meningoencephalitis
421:Research in Veterinary Science
1:
714:
433:10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.10.002
391:10.1177/030098588902600301
250:. 102 Suppl 1 (1): S40–6.
131:Histopathological features
117:magnetic resonance imaging
26:) is a fatal inflammatory
221:an invariable necessity.
351:10.1177/0300985811429311
248:The Journal of Heredity
28:central nervous system
257:10.1093/jhered/esr048
611:Veterinary Pathology
530:10.1292/jvms.69.1195
379:Veterinary Pathology
339:Veterinary Pathology
307:10.1292/jvms.65.1233
157:cerebral hemispheres
147:(white matter), the
125:cerebrospinal liquid
623:10.1354/vp.45-3-336
121:computer tomography
36:meningoencephalitis
578:10.1111/jvim.12233
78:Signs and symptoms
64:status epilepticus
34:, non-suppurative
187:immunosuppressive
705:
683:
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672:
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635:
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189:drugs, such as
183:
133:
112:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
711:
709:
701:
700:
690:
689:
685:
684:
663:(10): 459–63.
636:
601:
572:(1): 198–203.
552:
523:(11): 1195–8.
498:
446:
404:
364:
321:
300:(11): 1233–9.
271:
228:
226:
223:
210:
207:
182:
179:
177:unsuccessful.
174:
173:
170:
167:
145:corona radiata
143:nature in the
132:
129:
111:
108:
79:
76:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
710:
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680:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
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645:
643:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:(3): 336–46.
616:
612:
605:
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588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
553:
548:
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536:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
505:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
480:
477:(3): 138–49.
476:
472:
468:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:(3): 438–42.
426:
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400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:(4): 682–92.
344:
340:
332:
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249:
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199:dexamethasone
196:
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67:
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49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
698:Dog diseases
660:
656:
614:
610:
604:
569:
565:
555:
520:
516:
474:
470:
424:
420:
385:(3): 191–4.
382:
378:
342:
338:
297:
293:
247:
216:
212:
204:
195:prednisolone
184:
175:
161:
154:
134:
113:
101:
81:
68:
23:
19:
18:
141:necrotizing
137:histiocytic
110:Diagnostics
104:convulsions
16:Dog disease
225:References
219:euthanasia
191:cytarabine
60:autoimmune
48:Cerebellum
32:multifocal
209:Prognosis
181:Treatment
93:amaurosis
56:heritable
46:stem and
692:Category
679:12400645
631:18487490
596:24428322
547:33004172
539:18057839
493:19814766
441:19014875
359:22262353
316:14665754
266:21846746
149:thalamus
89:seizures
84:lethargy
72:necropsy
52:pathogen
587:4895549
399:2763409
119:(MRI),
40:disease
677:
629:
594:
584:
545:
537:
491:
439:
397:
357:
314:
264:
123:(CT),
97:ataxia
543:S2CID
44:brain
675:PMID
627:PMID
592:PMID
535:PMID
489:PMID
437:PMID
395:PMID
355:PMID
312:PMID
262:PMID
197:and
95:and
665:doi
619:doi
582:PMC
574:doi
525:doi
479:doi
429:doi
387:doi
347:doi
302:doi
252:doi
24:NME
694::
673:.
661:43
659:.
655:.
639:^
625:.
615:45
613:.
590:.
580:.
570:28
568:.
564:.
541:.
533:.
521:69
519:.
515:.
501:^
487:.
475:51
473:.
469:.
449:^
435:.
425:86
423:.
407:^
393:.
383:26
381:.
367:^
353:.
343:49
341:.
324:^
310:.
298:65
296:.
292:.
274:^
260:.
246:.
232:^
193:,
106:.
99:.
91:,
74:.
58:,
681:.
667::
633:.
621::
598:.
576::
549:.
527::
495:.
481::
443:.
431::
401:.
389::
361:.
349::
318:.
304::
268:.
254::
22:(
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