1313:
564:
1019:
458:
665:
1376:. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa, and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, can be used in a descriptive sense.
1418:. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara).
48:
1245:... in India, in Central Asia, and in all the regions adjacent to the Near East, he still boldly remains a conqueror in possession of vast stretches of valuable territory; a conqueror who has no intention of lightly surrendering his conquests, and who indeed sees in every attempt to modify the old order of things a most hateful and unjustifiable revolt which must at all costs be repressed. This is so absolutely true that no candid person will be inclined to dispute it.
2386:(CIA) is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The combined range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource,
5553:
812:. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for the Balkans, the region matches the later Middle East. It differs from the Ottoman Empire of the times in including Greece and Iran. Hogarth gives no evidence of being familiar with the contemporaneous initial concept of the Middle East.
1447:
242:
1049:
frontiers of the Arabic language, yet the genius of the Near East overrides linguistic barriers, and encroaches on the
Arabicspeaking world on the one side as well as on the German-speaking world on the other. Syria is essentially a Near Eastern country, and a physical geographer would undoubtedly carry the Near Eastern frontiers up to the desert belt of the Sahara, Nefud and Kevir.
3710:
682:
its policy the
British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to the
642:, 1821β1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the
884:, which Scribners planned to publish in 1897. Mrs. Norman, a writer herself, wrote glowing letters of the home and person of Mme. Zakki, "the wife of a Turkish cabinet minister," who, she said, was a cultivated woman living in a country home full of books. As for the natives of the Balkans, they were "a semi-civilized people".
1057:, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other changes, liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries. The demise of the political Near East now left a gap where it had been, into which stepped the Middle East.
1303:
Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is
1248:
The spirit of the
Crusaders may thus be said still to linger in those latitudes which, to give geographical and political cohesion, are here broadly named the Middle and Near East; and, to use a somewhat dangerous but illuminating figure of speech, it may be even be maintained that to-day, as of old,
887:
The planned book was never published, however Norman published the gist of the book, mixed with vituperation against the
Ottoman Empire, in an article in June 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbarians for their own good to something
2523:
have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the ancient Near East or
1355:
The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies each define as a matter of practice; often guided by their political leadership. In most cases, this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range in practical applications. This has resulted
1034:
There has been something pathological about the history of this Near
Eastern World. It has had an undue share of political misfortunes, and had lain for centuries in a kind of spiritual paralysis between East and Westβbelonging to neither, partaking paradoxically of both, and wholly unable to rally
979:
The plain fact is that it is as hard for an
Ottoman official to be honest as it is for a camel to enter through the eye of a needle. It is not so much the fault of the men as the fault of the system, which is thoroughly bad from top to bottom... Turkish administration is synonymous with corruption,
963:
If Norman was apparently attempting to change
British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864β1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately
581:, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to
2535:, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).
1135:
The middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its
Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Gulf. Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every
1110:
It may be assumed that the most sensitive part of our external policy in the Middle East is the preservation of the independence and integrity of Persia and
Afghanistan. Our active interest in Persia began with the present century, and was due to the belief that the invasion of India by a European
783:
texts. In defense of the Bible as history they said: "The primeval nations, that piled their glorious homes on the
Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Nile, are among us again with their archives in their hands; ..." They further defined the nations as "... the countries lying between the Caspian,
681:
brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking
984:
These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under
1048:
The limits of the Near East are not easy to define. On the north-west, Vienna is the most conspicuous boundary-mark, but one might almost equally well single out Trieste or Lvov or even Prag. Towards the southeast, the boundaries are even more shadowy. It is perhaps best to equate them with the
477:
and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans. They fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century. Both terms were used before then with local
1351:
The many and varied specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of complex international relations, evolved with the terms. Definitions from the present came to be not in concert with those of the past. Reconciling these terms and their definitions remains difficult due to
432:
was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia. In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of "the sick man of Europe" left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by
992:
It remains then to consider whether the Great Powers can solve the Eastern Question ... Foreigners find it extremely difficult to understand the foreign, and especially the Eastern policy of Great Britain, and we cannot wonder at their difficulty, for it seems a mass of contradictions to
803:
The Nearer East is a term of current fashion for a region which our grandfathers were content to call simply The East. Its area is generally understood to coincide with those classic lands, historically the most interesting on the surface of the globe, which lie about the eastern basin of the
993:
Englishmen themselves ... At one moment we are bringing about the independence of Greece by sending the Turkish fleet to the bottom of the bay of Navarino. Twenty-seven years later we are spending immense sums and wasting thousands of lives in order to protect the Turks against Russia.
676:
and Far East did not refer to any particular region. The Far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The
784:
the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean ..." The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Ancient Israel, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.
900:." Furthermore, "Greece shook off the turbaned destroyer of her people" and so on. The Russians were suddenly liberators of oppressed Balkan states. Having portrayed the Armenians as revolutionaries in the name of freedom with the expectation of being rescued by the intervention of
2420:
of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.
759:. They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became
1077:
as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term
227:." Later on in 2012, the FAO defined the Near East as a subregion of the Middle East. The Near East included Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, and TΓΌrkiye while the Middle East included the Arabian Peninsula, the Caucasus, and Iran.
2518:
Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the
2366:
recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The
618:
on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.
1269:, held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T. C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from
997:
If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the
778:
and others, defined themselves as making: "... an imperfect conspectus of the arrow-headed writings of the nearer east; writings which cover nearly the whole period of the postdiluvian Old Testament history ..." By arrow-headed writings they meant
1115:
The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on.
711:
To support the "sick man" in the Near East is an arduous and costly affair; let England, France and America too, beware how they create a "sick giant" in the Far East, for they may rest assured that, if Turkey is European necessity, China is a world
1348:, which could no longer be relied upon to be the actual Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced in the region with a number of republics with various affinities, regional and global.
737:
613:
as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former
968:, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East", by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played
724:
was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general public. They became immediately popular, supplanting "Levant" and "East Indies", which gradually receded to minor usages and then began to change meaning.
544:" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1,500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English translation of Latin
1039:
Having supposed that it was sick, he kills it off: "The Near East has never been more true to itself than in its lurid dissolution; past and present are fused together in the flare." To Toynbee the Near East was a spiritual being of a
504:
divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas". To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges". Asia began on the coast of
1097:
as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900
1030:, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms, he believed. If the Ottoman Empire had been a sick man, then:
653:, 1853β1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region.
2390:. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.
1136:
scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and, in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force, if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Gulf.
707:, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:
1312:
1010:. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies.
601:
also means "land of the rising sun", but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The
1257:(compared to diplomatic and political issues in the Near East) was due to the fact that "there is no good work dealing with these problems as one whole, and much misunderstanding consequently exists."
1429:
to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under "North Africa". Details can be found in
486:
There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in
1241:
in the 19th century) to the "Problem of the Nearer East", which he rephrased around the issue of the future of European colonialism in the Near East, writing that in regards to "the white man":
2559:
in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the ancient Near East, although often
1344:
Archaeology on the international scene, though very much of intellectual interest to major universities, was overshadowed by international relations. The archaeologists' domain became the
1053:
From the death of the Near East, new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east.
1300:
continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.
1425:(WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the
1086:'s "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as the
200:
1352:
ongoing territorial disputes and non-free nuclear powers' territorial ambitions, putting any reconciliation of definitions out of scope of diplomatic corps in the classical sense.
563:
2428:
conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean β Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
904:, he states "but her hope was vain." England had "turned her back." Norman concluded his exhortation with "In the Balkans, one learns to hate the Turk." Norman made sure that
1249:
the white man and the Cross remain as blindly opposed to the brown man and Islamism, Hinduism and what these creeds postulate, as the most uncompromising bigot could desire.
2394:
1411:
3912:
1090:
because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.
972:, not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was, in effect (whatever his formal associations if any), a point man of British Near Eastern intelligence.
1407:. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.
4043:
3861:
1206:", explaining that the aforementioned regions were in actuality "politically one region β in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided."
2987:
747:
remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates:
3505:
1337:
continued to be used, but evolved in their meaning and scope. This increased confusion, the resolution of which became the study of experts in the new field of
3479:
2755:
824:
acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the religiously motivated
1082:
to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East", derived ultimately from
2547:
began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words
1018:
606:(Originally charted as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies") was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies.
892:, which were being conducted even as the couple traveled the Balkans. According to Norman now, the empire had been established by "the Moslem horde" from
5317:
5176:
1304:
but little basis except for history and convention to lump together peoples of multiple, often unrelated languages, governments, loyalties and customs.
1026:
By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question",
1365:
1422:
274:
2354:
formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined.
3583:
649:
In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the
336:
on the explicit grounds that they were non-Muslim peoples and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they lived. The
5310:
5196:
5590:
5305:
5239:
2375:
to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.
5300:
5264:
5203:
3905:
3391:
5293:
5288:
5234:
1415:
5162:
4036:
3744:
2665:
2515:, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.
2368:
420:
Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the
5503:
5244:
3990:
3300:
2837:
1494:
1388:
911:
Throughout this article, Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the
457:
3417:
533:) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.
5259:
5249:
5191:
5169:
5152:
5147:
5066:
1396:
1173:
771:
449:. There is, in short, no universally-understood fixed inventory of nations, languages or historical assets defined to be in it.
5269:
5098:
4964:
4878:
4828:
3898:
2417:
3466:"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings"
348:
targeting Assyrians and Armenians aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States, the then aging
5600:
5213:
4010:
1472:
1384:
664:
3740:
5523:
5508:
4029:
3980:
3930:
849:
610:
720:. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the
5556:
5208:
4838:
4565:
4270:
2730:
808:
Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is
623:
2884:
880:. As the book was a big success, he was off to the Balkan states with his wife in 1896 to develop detail for a sequel,
409:, or government. Europeans could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the
4695:
3950:
2991:
2763:
2383:
2379:
353:
135:
3513:
1457:
360:. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the "
3483:
4873:
4858:
4156:
4141:
3985:
3935:
2767:
1468:
3342:
1476:
1461:
988:
Miller's final pronouncements on the topic could not be ignored by either the British or the Ottoman governments:
367:
It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the nineteenth century,
5254:
5186:
5157:
5142:
4883:
4808:
4005:
3975:
2531:
One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at
639:
2857:
5595:
4843:
4760:
4343:
4056:
4000:
2675:
2445:
2409:. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term
3557:
1054:
494:. Usually these terms were given with reference to a geographic feature, such as a mountain range or a river.
1325:
In the 20th century, subsequent to major warfare and decades of intense political turmoil, the terms such as
5490:
5181:
5088:
4765:
4475:
4470:
3995:
3965:
3945:
3940:
2914:
2043:
1410:
Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the
905:
286:
181:
1372:
The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the
490:, the oldest known script of Europe, referring to the near province and the far province of the kingdom of
5467:
5274:
4868:
4671:
3970:
3960:
3955:
2670:
1218:
1003:
578:
345:
317:
5605:
5560:
5424:
5344:
4987:
4888:
4497:
3605:
3240:
2608:
1178:
1169:
262:
3714:
1253:
According to Simpson, the reason why the "Problem of the Nearer East" remained so misunderstood in the
5434:
4410:
4128:
3827:
3254:
2267:
1140:
Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term
1099:
788:
760:
5083:
4748:
4685:
4661:
4492:
4353:
4299:
4240:
4211:
4151:
4146:
3725:
3199:
Gordon, Thomas Edward (JanuaryβJune 1900). Knowles, James (ed.). "The Problem of the Middle East".
2603:
2576:
1120:
775:
290:
249:
controlled territory in the Near East and North Africa, as well as Central and Southeastern Europe.
47:
4021:
3258:
3185:
1364:
5585:
5371:
4992:
4955:
4833:
4279:
4201:
4161:
4136:
3788:
3399:. Policy Focus #65. Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from
2862:
2496:
2429:
936:
928:
889:
825:
717:
635:
603:
337:
313:
302:
298:
64:
30:
This article is about the geographical term. For the geopolitical region that it applies to, see
703:. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the
3400:
848:
The change is evident in the reports of influential British travelers to the Balkans. In 1894,
5452:
5071:
4898:
4863:
4724:
4719:
4700:
4509:
4336:
4096:
3808:
3296:
2598:
2572:
2532:
2452:
2425:
2358:
recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the
1345:
1338:
1195:
1027:
631:
627:
571:
442:
282:
278:
149:
39:
4373:
3443:
3292:
3274:
Travels in the Middle East: Being Impressions by the Way In Turkish Arabia, Syria, and Persia
3221:
5533:
5528:
5518:
5447:
5124:
5078:
5021:
4950:
4813:
4707:
4656:
4634:
4487:
4434:
3721:
2680:
2613:
2469:
1234:
1214:
908:
read the article. Prince Nicolas of Montenegro wrote a letter thanking him for his article.
901:
615:
361:
236:
80:
3465:
1168:
co-existed, but they were not always seen as distinct in the eyes of Western commentators.
148:
denote the same territories and are "generally accepted as comprising the countries of the
5419:
4920:
4908:
4893:
4848:
4798:
4738:
4680:
4641:
4629:
4622:
4531:
4348:
4331:
4306:
3768:
2580:
2500:
1404:
1153:
877:
643:
553:
349:
333:
3179:
3013:
Meadows, Thomas Taylor (OctoberβDecember 1855). "Chinese Insurgents and British Policy".
2971:
2397:(USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the
804:
Mediterranean Sea; but few probably could say offhand where should be the limits and why.
312:
The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the "
119:(China and beyond), together known as the "three Easts"; it was a separate term from the
3535:
3244:
832:, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans. For a time,
716:
Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the
99:. The term was invented by modern Western geographers and was originally applied to the
5564:
5513:
5412:
5376:
5356:
5339:
5279:
5043:
4935:
4913:
4903:
4755:
4733:
4617:
4612:
4597:
4592:
4519:
4465:
4417:
4388:
4294:
4284:
3659:. Appletons' World Series: The Regions of the World. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
3421:
2842:
2643:
2618:
2504:
2472:; a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of
2468:
always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced
2351:
1238:
1182:
as "the Near and Middle East." According to Simpson, the combined region consisted of "
999:
952:
594:
582:
474:
341:
270:
266:
254:
246:
204:
100:
3393:
Islamist Terrorism in Northwestern Africa: A 'Thorn in the neck' of the United States?
1356:
is multiple definitions used differently by each major region, power, or institution.
985:
chilling circumstances: "... no final solution of the difficulty has yet been found."
428:-independent since the eighteenth century, formerly part of the empire at its apogee.
5579:
5538:
5407:
5399:
5366:
5103:
5053:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4780:
4743:
4651:
4646:
4548:
4453:
3368:
3250:
2398:
1254:
704:
590:
567:
437:. It is now generally used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of
421:
410:
406:
3215:
2456:
is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of
1285:. The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now "Turkish" and not Ottoman.
552:, "the land of the rising Sun", used since Roman times for "east". The world map of
5442:
5381:
5361:
5351:
5061:
5033:
4788:
4526:
4460:
4429:
4378:
4250:
4179:
4116:
4106:
3654:
2520:
2508:
2139:
1230:
1222:
1128:
1124:
76:
1221:. The work included a "color chart" of the world, dividing it into a spectrum of '
478:
British and American meanings: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.
690:, the East Indies. The two terms were now compound nouns often shown hyphenated.
5498:
5457:
5093:
4982:
4925:
4853:
4803:
4690:
4666:
4555:
4393:
4311:
4289:
4265:
4111:
4101:
3748:
2832:
2638:
2633:
2544:
2473:
2402:
1572:
1446:
1187:
1157:
1007:
969:
809:
678:
650:
646:
to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.
541:
306:
208:
193:
144:
108:
103:, but today has varying definitions within different academic circles. The term
92:
31:
3842:
3217:
Retrospect and Prospect: Studies in International Relations Naval and Political
5028:
4997:
4823:
4818:
4482:
4443:
4405:
4323:
4196:
4081:
4076:
1947:
1199:
1119:
A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles,
940:
3876:
3863:
2781:
2700:
1316:
Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Near East
5475:
5134:
5108:
5038:
5016:
5009:
4793:
4504:
4400:
4223:
4206:
4091:
4086:
4060:
2807:
2648:
2372:
1400:
1226:
780:
736:
695:
518:
514:
438:
390:
371:
came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term
357:
329:
241:
224:
68:
35:
3627:
852:, a journalist, traveled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called
3709:
5002:
4607:
4543:
4514:
4424:
4383:
4191:
4171:
3890:
3784:
2499:, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by
2075:
920:
506:
487:
373:
114:
88:
17:
3764:
3111:
Norman, Henry (June 1896). "In the Balkans β the Chessboard of Europe".
585:, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship
4974:
4712:
4602:
4560:
4448:
4260:
4255:
4184:
3804:
3346:
3316:
2628:
2513:
The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine
2359:
2203:
1979:
1883:
1636:
1604:
1540:
1270:
1083:
948:
944:
912:
897:
857:
829:
497:
414:
394:
325:
321:
294:
258:
216:
177:
72:
1022:
Australian troops, Gallipoli, 1915. The battle was an Ottoman victory.
5480:
4584:
4538:
4245:
4232:
2623:
2363:
2355:
2235:
1851:
1822:
1793:
1665:
1379:
Some of the most influential agencies in the United States still use
1191:
1123:, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the
932:
924:
916:
770:
of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by
598:
522:
510:
402:
293:. Up until 1912, the Ottomans retained a band of territory including
220:
189:
173:
169:
153:
84:
60:
3688:
Landmarks of Mapmaking: an Illustrated History of Maps and Mapmakers
3246:
The Conflict of Colour: The Threatened Upheaval Throughout the World
2858:"Met Museum to Renovate Its Ancient Near East and Cypriot Galleries"
1277:
just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of
1179:
The Conflict of Colour: The Threatened Upheaval Throughout the World
751:, reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of
3561:
5388:
5331:
5226:
4770:
4068:
4052:
2503:, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of
2299:
2171:
2107:
1915:
1697:
1363:
1311:
1274:
1203:
1183:
1041:
1017:
869:
865:
861:
735:
663:
562:
530:
526:
491:
456:
386:
382:
378:
212:
185:
157:
123:
during earlier times and official British usage. Today, the terms
96:
265:. But by 1914, the empire had lost all of its territories except
4365:
3823:
3289:
Is There a Middle East?: The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept
2653:
2011:
1761:
1729:
893:
873:
446:
429:
165:
161:
4025:
3894:
2436:. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.
1391:, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term
2579:. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the
2479:
Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the
1440:
1437:
Table of Near Eastern countries recognized by various agencies
1341:. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programmes.
556:
of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as
3681:(April and July 1861). London: Hamilton, Adams and Co.: 1β33.
3287:
Amanat, Abbas (2012). "Conceptual Origins of the Near East".
1172:, a journalist who served for a period as an officer for the
211:. The part of the region that is in Asia (ie., not including
975:
In Miller's view, the Ottoman officials were unfit to rule:
589:
transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the
473:
refer to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former
1403:
of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary
1213:, Simpson argued that what united these regions was their
3178:
Toynbee, Arnold J.; Great Britain Foreign Office (1916).
2493:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament
1006:(already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of
2731:"Are the Middle East and the Near East the Same Thing?"
560:, shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies.
131:
are used interchangeably to refer to the same region.
3722:"Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies (NEJS)"
2567:
without any implication of modern times. For example,
836:
often included the Balkans. Robert Hichens' 1913 book
570:, 1767, gateway to trade with the Levant. Painting by
3690:. England: Dorset Press (Marlboro Books Corporation).
3480:"The Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis"
34:. For another region that it roughly applies to, see
840:
is subtitled "Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople".
763:
attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology.
316:". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of
27:
Geographical term that roughly encompasses West Asia
5489:
5466:
5433:
5397:
5330:
5224:
5132:
5123:
5052:
4973:
4779:
4583:
4364:
4322:
4231:
4222:
4170:
4127:
4067:
3560:. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Archived from
3272:Fowle, Trenchard Craven William (1916). "Preface".
3184:. London, New York : Hodder and Stoughton. p.
540:of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the
324:, were primarily Christian, as was the majority of
3608:. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3317:"Near Eastern Affairs: Countries and Other Areas"
2724:
2722:
1412:Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies
1237:(a diplomatic issue concerning the waning of the
856:, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant
3586:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hellenic Republic
3181:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
2701:"Near East | Middle East, Levant & Anatolia"
2571:in the ancient sense includes such languages as
2401:for the purpose of determining and distributing
820:In the last years of the 19th century, the term
609:It has pleased western historians to write of a
207:defined the region similarly, but also included
3371:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
3235:
3233:
3231:
3119:(6). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: 653β69.
1281:. Instead, the entire region is considered the
1243:
1133:
1108:
990:
977:
801:
709:
693:In 1855, a reprint of a letter earlier sent to
461:Inhabitants of the Near East, late 19th century
364:", as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe.
328:. Starting in 1894, the Ottomans struck at the
253:At the beginning of the nineteenth century the
3220:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p.
2988:"East India Company, 1817-1827 - Archives Hub"
1368:Logotype of the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
4037:
3906:
3512:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
3482:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
3055:
3043:
3031:
2957:
2945:
2382:, one of four directorates into which the US
1360:Influential agencies represented in the table
1144:. It was, however, already there to be seen.
1044:-character", connected to both east and west:
401:applied to what had been mainly known as the
356:, leapt into the war of words and joined the
38:. For the ancient history of the region, see
8:
3673:Telford, John; Barber, Aquila. "Article I".
2976:. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. viii.
2543:A large percentage of experts on the modern
935:and needed, in his view, to be suppressed),
795:in 1902, in which he stated his view of the
3203:. London: Lowe, Marston & Company: 413.
2362:on the west and includes Iran on the east.
1475:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5129:
4228:
4044:
4030:
4022:
3913:
3899:
3891:
2487:. For example, a high point in the use of
1414:(NESA), an educational institution of the
915:. The countries and regions mentioned are
888:considerably less. The difference was the
626:under Turkish rule had become part of the
3805:"Netherlands Institute for the Near East"
1495:Learn how and when to remove this message
1423:Washington Institute for Near East Policy
417:without permits from the Ottoman Empire.
51:Topographic map of parts of the Near East
3686:Tooley, R. V.; Bricker, Charles (1989).
2885:"FAO - Regional Overview of Middle East"
1506:
964:enmeshed all the others as well. In the
882:The People and Politics of the Near East
854:The Peoples and Politics of the Far East
638:, 1804β1833. created modern Serbia. The
240:
46:
3092:"Literary Chat: Two Traveled Authors".
3079:
3067:
2973:Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant
2692:
2424:The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
2395:US Agency for International Development
1383:as a working concept. For example, the
1176:, combined both terms in his 1910 work
509:("land of the rising Sun"). Beyond the
482:Ideas of the East up to the Crimean War
405:, which was in the jurisdiction of the
245:At the height of its power (1683), the
3843:"The History of the Ancient Near East"
3291:. Stanford University Press. pp.
3276:. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company.
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
2464:may acquire varying meanings, but the
1217:and the fact that they were all under
955:domain is demoted to just "the East".
593:(government of the Ottoman Empire) at
3468:. United Nations Statistics Division.
1035:itself decidedly to one or the other.
7:
3741:"Department of Near Eastern Studies"
3666:Travel and Politics in the Near East
1473:adding citations to reliable sources
1292:in diplomatic and military circles,
1069:Origin of the concept of Middle East
966:Travel and Politics in the Near East
277:, which saw the independence of the
261:, north to the southern edge of the
2990:. 21 September 2019. Archived from
2528:in the sense of ancient Near East.
1416:United States Department of Defense
1288:Subsequently, with the disgrace of
1233:' races. Simpson also modified the
844:Sir Henry Norman and his first wife
729:Original archaeological concept of
377:appeared contemporaneously meaning
3791:Department of Near Eastern Studies
3745:University of California, Berkeley
2856:Small, Zachary (9 February 2022).
2666:Genetic history of the Middle East
2369:United Nations Statistics Division
223:) is "now commonly referred to as
79:; it also includes the historical
25:
3824:"Program in Near Eastern Studies"
3785:"Near Eastern Studies at Cornell"
2838:Food and Agriculture Organization
1389:United States Department of State
896:, which was stopped by "intrepid
275:rise of nationalist Balkan states
201:Food and Agriculture Organization
107:was used in conjunction with the
5552:
5551:
4884:West South Central United States
3708:
1445:
1174:Chinese Maritime Customs Service
5099:Latin America and the Caribbean
4965:Latin America and the Caribbean
2970:Bent, J. Theodore, ed. (1893).
2418:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
657:Original diplomatic concept of
3653:Hogarth, David George (1902).
3418:"Middle East and North Africa"
2491:for Biblical scholars was the
1385:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
1104:The Problem of the Middle East
686:, the Ottoman Empire, and the
1:
3536:"USAID Middle East Countries"
3390:Hunt, Emily (February 2007).
3214:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1902).
1399:, it implements the official
1261:One presumed region, one name
850:Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet
611:decline of the Ottoman Empire
536:By the time of John Seller's
305:, which were lost in the two
5591:Geography of the Middle East
4566:Middle East and North Africa
4271:Middle East and North Africa
2911:Oxford Dictionary of English
672:Until about 1855, the terms
668:British troops, Crimea, 1855
3056:Telford & Barber (1861)
3044:Telford & Barber (1861)
3032:Telford & Barber (1861)
2958:Tooley & Bricker (1989)
2946:Tooley & Bricker (1989)
2764:National Geographic Society
2432:also does not use the term
2384:Central Intelligence Agency
2380:Directorate of Intelligence
1202:, and last, but not least,
1111:Power was a probable event.
354:Battle Hymn of the Republic
5622:
4859:Northeastern United States
3668:. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
3558:"Travel Advice by Country"
2443:
787:The British archaeologist
234:
29:
5547:
3926:
3765:"Near Eastern Collection"
3628:"Egypt and the Near East"
2927:Book VI, Chapters 14, 15.
640:Greek War of Independence
5340:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4344:Transantarctic Mountains
3664:Miller, William (1898).
3420:. unicef. Archived from
3323:. US Department of State
3100:(1): 121β22. April 1896.
2936:Book VII, chapters 1, 2.
2756:"Middle East, Near East"
2676:Near Eastern archaeology
2483:from the inroads of the
2460:to ancient history. The
2446:Near Eastern archaeology
2405:, does not use the term
1515:Agriculture Organization
980:inefficiency, and sloth.
597:. Compared to Anatolia,
5089:Caribbean South America
2915:Oxford University Press
2497:James Bennett Pritchard
2044:Palestinian territories
465:The geographical terms
287:Danubian Principalities
182:Palestinian territories
4869:Southern United States
4672:Scandinavian Peninsula
3921:CIA activities in Asia
3345:. NESA. Archived from
3241:Simpson, Bertram Lenox
3201:The Nineteenth Century
2671:Middle Eastern studies
2569:Near Eastern languages
2346:Other regional systems
1369:
1317:
1251:
1219:European colonial rule
1211:The Conflict of Colour
1138:
1113:
1102:published an article,
1051:
1037:
1023:
995:
982:
806:
741:
714:
669:
579:Elizabeth I of England
575:
462:
346:Massacres of Badr Khan
250:
67:encompassing parts of
59:is a transcontinental
52:
5601:Eastern Mediterranean
5345:Antarctic Convergence
4889:Western United States
3584:"Bilateral Relations"
2609:Eastern Mediterranean
2444:Further information:
1535:for Near East Policy
1367:
1315:
1170:Bertram Lenox Simpson
1148:Single region concept
1131:, commented in 1902:
1046:
1032:
1021:
739:
667:
566:
460:
263:Great Hungarian Plain
244:
50:
4411:Greater Central Asia
3828:Princeton University
3717:at Wikimedia Commons
3349:on 30 September 2011
3255:Macmillan Publishers
3015:Littell's Living Age
2994:on 21 September 2019
2268:United Arab Emirates
1533:Washington Institute
1469:improve this section
1387:, a division of the
1296:prevailed. However,
1267:Near and Middle East
1100:Thomas Edward Gordon
1093:The use of the term
761:biblical archaeology
701:Littell's Living Age
616:eastern Roman Empire
257:included all of the
5557:Continents of Earth
5084:Brazilian Highlands
4493:Indian subcontinent
4354:Antarctic Peninsula
4152:Southern Hemisphere
4147:Northern Hemisphere
3873: /
3726:Brandeis University
3516:on 27 November 2020
3321:Diplomacy in Action
3144:, pp. 391β392.
3113:Scribner's Magazine
2948:, pp. 135β136.
2788:. 29 September 2023
2770:on 2 November 2023.
2604:Intermediate Region
1530:Department of State
1121:Alfred Thayer Mahan
291:Kingdom of Bulgaria
136:National Geographic
5372:Great Barrier Reef
4993:Mainland Australia
4701:Apennine Peninsula
4162:Western Hemisphere
4137:Eastern Hemisphere
3789:Cornell University
3510:The World Factbook
3406:on 27 August 2008.
2863:The New York Times
2782:"Country Profiles"
2707:. 23 December 2023
2563:is abbreviated to
2430:Republic of Turkey
2388:The World Factbook
1397:Secretary of State
1370:
1318:
1024:
951:. The rest of the
929:Bosnia-Herzegovina
890:Hamidian Massacres
826:Hamidian Massacres
789:D. G. Hogarth
742:
718:Duke of Wellington
670:
636:Serbian Revolution
604:East India Company
576:
463:
445:to (or including)
338:Hamidian Massacres
314:sick man of Europe
303:Adrianople Vilayet
251:
65:East Mediterranean
53:
5573:
5572:
5453:Mediterranean Rim
5326:
5325:
5265:Mediterranean Sea
5119:
5118:
5072:Amazon Rainforest
4899:Canadian Prairies
4864:Pacific Northwest
4725:Iberian Peninsula
4510:Arabian Peninsula
4337:Antarctic Plateau
4097:Three/Four Worlds
4019:
4018:
3877:32.800Β°N 35.600Β°E
3809:Leiden University
3713:Media related to
3675:The London Review
3506:"The Middle East"
3424:on 19 August 2016
3094:Munsey's Magazine
2729:Grannan, Cydney.
2599:Ancient Near East
2561:ancient Near East
2555:. The meaning of
2533:Oxford University
2489:ancient Near East
2481:ancient Near East
2466:ancient Near East
2453:ancient Near East
2426:Hellenic Republic
2330:
2329:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1346:ancient Near East
1339:political science
1028:Arnold J. Toynbee
768:The London Review
632:Great Turkish War
628:Habsburg monarchy
572:Antoine de Favray
283:Kingdom of Serbia
279:Kingdom of Greece
150:Arabian Peninsula
40:Ancient Near East
16:(Redirected from
5613:
5555:
5554:
5534:Global Southwest
5529:Global Southeast
5519:Global Northwest
5514:Global Northeast
5504:Global Heartland
5448:Indian Ocean Rim
5130:
5022:Island Melanesia
4713:Balkan Peninsula
4488:Himalayan states
4435:Russian Far East
4229:
4157:Water Hemisphere
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3747:. Archived from
3736:
3734:
3732:
3712:
3691:
3682:
3669:
3660:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3369:"Research Areas"
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2913:(2nd ed.).
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2766:. Archived from
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2681:Oriental studies
2660:Academic studies
2614:Fertile Crescent
2581:Arabic languages
2470:Fertile Crescent
2341:
2337:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1449:
1441:
1431:Policy Focus #65
1235:Eastern Question
902:Christian Europe
816:Balkan confusion
630:by 1688. in the
558:India Orientalis
362:Eastern question
352:, author of the
237:Eastern question
231:Eastern question
196:often included.
81:Fertile Crescent
21:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5596:Regions of Asia
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5543:
5485:
5462:
5429:
5393:
5322:
5311:South China Sea
5220:
5163:Central America
5115:
5048:
4969:
4921:Northern Mexico
4909:Northern Canada
4894:Atlantic Canada
4849:Mountain states
4775:
4630:European Russia
4623:Southern Russia
4579:
4532:Iranian Plateau
4360:
4349:West Antarctica
4332:East Antarctica
4318:
4218:
4166:
4142:Land Hemisphere
4123:
4063:
4050:
4020:
4015:
3922:
3919:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3845:. Mark McDonald
3841:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3769:Yale University
3763:
3754:
3752:
3739:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3685:
3672:
3663:
3656:The Nearer East
3652:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3564:on 22 June 2011
3556:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3486:on 12 June 2007
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3239:
3238:
3229:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3082:, Frontispiece.
3078:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2833:"The Near East"
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2808:"The Near East"
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2589:
2541:
2501:Leonard Woolley
2448:
2442:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1466:
1450:
1439:
1405:Hillary Clinton
1362:
1323:
1310:
1308:Current meaning
1263:
1158:First World War
1154:interwar period
1150:
1106:, which began:
1071:
1066:
1016:
1004:Triple Alliance
961:
846:
818:
793:The Nearer East
749:the Nearer East
734:
662:
644:Barbary pirates
624:Hungarian lands
587:The Great Susan
554:Jodocus Hondius
517:(including the
484:
455:
350:Julia Ward Howe
342:Adana Massacres
239:
233:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5619:
5617:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5578:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5565:Physical Earth
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5404:
5402:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5377:Mariana Trench
5374:
5364:
5359:
5357:Atlantic Ocean
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5318:Southern Ocean
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5306:East China Sea
5298:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5240:Atlantic Ocean
5237:
5231:
5229:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5044:Remote Oceania
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4914:Western Canada
4911:
4906:
4904:Eastern Canada
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4618:South Caucasus
4615:
4613:North Caucasus
4605:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4520:South Caucasus
4512:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4389:Aralkum Desert
4386:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4180:Africa-Eurasia
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3882:32.800; 35.600
3856:
3855:
3839:
3820:
3801:
3781:
3761:
3751:on 7 June 2011
3737:
3718:
3705:
3703:
3702:External links
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3683:
3670:
3661:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3619:
3597:
3575:
3549:
3527:
3497:
3471:
3457:
3435:
3409:
3382:
3360:
3334:
3308:
3301:
3279:
3264:
3227:
3206:
3191:
3170:
3168:, p. 489.
3158:
3156:, p. 479.
3146:
3134:
3122:
3103:
3084:
3080:Hogarth (1902)
3072:
3068:Hogarth (1902)
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3005:
2979:
2962:
2960:, p. 133.
2950:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2901:
2876:
2848:
2843:United Nations
2824:
2799:
2773:
2747:
2718:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:South Caucasus
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Syria (region)
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2540:
2537:
2505:T. E. Lawrence
2441:
2440:Archaeological
2438:
2352:United Nations
2347:
2344:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1361:
1358:
1322:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1262:
1259:
1239:Ottoman Empire
1156:following the
1149:
1146:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1015:
1014:Arnold Toynbee
1012:
1000:Triple Entente
960:
959:William Miller
957:
845:
842:
817:
814:
733:
727:
661:
655:
595:Constantinople
583:Levant Company
538:Atlas Maritima
483:
480:
475:British Empire
454:
451:
271:Eastern Thrace
267:Constantinople
255:Ottoman Empire
247:Ottoman Empire
235:Main article:
232:
229:
205:United Nations
101:Ottoman Empire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5618:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:Pacific Ocean
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:Pacific Ocean
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:Caribbean Sea
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:by population
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5170:South America
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:North America
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5104:Southern Cone
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:Andean States
5077:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5054:South America
5051:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4781:North America
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Low Countries
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:South-western
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:South-eastern
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4696:South-central
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Mediterranean
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:British Isles
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4549:Levantine Sea
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Mediterranean
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3844:
3840:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3444:"Arab States"
3439:
3436:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3343:"NESA Region"
3338:
3335:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3302:9780804775274
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:New York City
3248:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3166:Miller (1898)
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:Miller (1898)
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:Miller (1898)
3138:
3135:
3132:, p. ix.
3131:
3130:Miller (1898)
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3034:, p. 14.
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2909:"Near East".
2905:
2902:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:Marshall Plan
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:United States
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:This section
1452:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:Western world
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:', 'brown', '
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1055:Mustafa Kemal
1050:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
986:
981:
976:
973:
971:
967:
958:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
839:
838:The Near East
835:
831:
828:of Christian
827:
823:
815:
813:
811:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
782:
777:
773:
769:
766:For example,
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
732:
728:
726:
723:
719:
713:
708:
706:
705:Oriental Club
702:
698:
697:
691:
689:
685:
680:
675:
666:
660:
656:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
617:
612:
607:
605:
600:
596:
592:
591:Ottoman Porte
588:
584:
580:
573:
569:
568:Ottoman Porte
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
529:(sections of
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
481:
479:
476:
472:
468:
459:
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:Mediterranean
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
422:Barbary Coast
418:
416:
412:
411:Gulf of Sidra
408:
407:Ottoman Porte
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
243:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:(FAO) of the
202:
199:In 1997, the
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
134:According to
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:
112:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5606:Eurocentrism
5563: /
5561:List of seas
5559: /
5524:Global South
5509:Global North
5443:Atlantic Rim
5382:Ring of Fire
5362:Indian Ocean
5352:Arctic Ocean
5294:Persian Gulf
5289:Indian Ocean
5270:Adriatic Sea
5235:Arctic Ocean
5067:Amazon Basin
5062:Amazon Plain
5034:Near Oceania
4839:Mid-Atlantic
4789:Aridoamerica
4749:Northwestern
4662:Northwestern
4635:Southeastern
4570:
4527:Greater Iran
4466:Southeastern
4461:Pacific Asia
4430:Pacific Asia
4418:Northeastern
4374:AsiaβPacific
4117:Fourth World
4107:Second World
3858:
3847:. Retrieved
3831:. Retrieved
3812:. Retrieved
3793:. Retrieved
3773:. Retrieved
3753:. Retrieved
3749:the original
3729:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3655:
3646:Bibliography
3632:. Retrieved
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:the original
3509:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3474:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3412:
3401:the original
3392:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3347:the original
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3288:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3245:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3194:
3180:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3075:
3070:, p. 1.
3063:
3058:, p. 7.
3051:
3046:, p. 6.
3039:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2982:
2972:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2861:
2851:
2836:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:TeachMideast
2785:
2776:
2768:the original
2759:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:Near Eastern
2552:
2548:
2542:
2530:
2525:
2521:liberal arts
2517:
2512:
2509:Arthur Evans
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2433:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2349:
2332:
2331:
2140:Saudi Arabia
1518:Encyclopædia
1491:
1485:January 2021
1482:
1467:Please help
1455:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1409:
1395:. Under the
1392:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1266:
1264:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1210:
1208:
1177:
1165:
1161:
1160:, the terms
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1129:Indian Ocean
1125:Persian Gulf
1118:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1061:Rise of the
1052:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1025:
996:
991:
987:
983:
978:
974:
965:
962:
910:
886:
881:
853:
847:
837:
833:
821:
819:
810:geopolitical
807:
802:
796:
792:
786:
767:
765:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
730:
721:
715:
710:
700:
699:appeared in
694:
692:
687:
683:
673:
671:
658:
648:
621:
608:
586:
577:
557:
549:
545:
537:
535:
501:
496:
485:
470:
466:
464:
434:
425:
419:
398:
372:
368:
366:
311:
309:of 1912β13.
252:
198:
143:
139:
138:, the terms
133:
128:
124:
120:
115:
109:
104:
77:North Africa
56:
54:
44:
5539:Global West
5499:Global East
5458:Pacific Rim
5400:waterbodies
5389:World Ocean
5214:New Zealand
5094:The Guianas
4983:Australasia
4926:West Indies
4854:New England
4834:Great Lakes
4804:Mesoamerica
4691:Middle East
4667:Scandinavia
4556:Middle East
4394:Caspian Sea
4300:Great Lakes
4280:Sub-Saharan
4266:Middle East
4129:Hemispheres
4112:Third World
4102:First World
4055:'s primary
3991:Philippines
3981:North Korea
3931:Afghanistan
3880: /
3257:. pp.
2889:www.fao.org
2869:10 February
2817:12 December
2812:www.fao.org
2792:12 December
2760:Style Guide
2639:Middle East
2634:Mesopotamia
2545:Middle East
2485:Middle East
2474:Mesopotamia
2403:foreign aid
1573:Afghanistan
1513:UN Food and
1335:Middle East
1294:Middle East
1283:Middle East
1188:Afghanistan
1166:Middle East
1142:Middle East
1095:Middle East
1075:Middle East
1063:Middle East
1008:World War I
931:(which was
731:Nearer East
679:Crimean War
651:Crimean War
542:East Indies
307:Balkan Wars
209:Afghanistan
194:Afghanistan
145:Middle East
129:Middle East
121:Middle East
110:Middle East
93:East Thrace
63:around the
32:Middle East
5580:Categories
5280:Ionian Sea
5275:Aegean Sea
5245:Baltic Sea
5177:Antarctica
5029:Micronesia
4998:New Guinea
4956:Portuguese
4879:West Coast
4829:East Coast
4824:Bible Belt
4819:Appalachia
4498:Subregions
4406:Inner Asia
4324:Antarctica
4224:Continents
4197:Antarctica
4172:Landmasses
4082:Down Under
4077:Arab World
4061:subregions
3021:: 356β359.
2735:Britannica
2711:20 January
2705:Britannica
2688:References
2338:included;
1948:Mauritania
1525:Geographic
1520:Britannica
1321:Diplomatic
1215:skin color
1200:Asia Minor
1152:Until the
941:Montenegro
791:published
712:necessity.
550:Orientalis
453:Background
289:, and the
5586:Near East
5476:Antarctic
5260:Irish Sea
5250:Black Sea
5209:Australia
5158:Caribbean
5135:continent
5109:Patagonia
5039:Polynesia
5017:Melanesia
5010:Zealandia
4988:Australia
4874:Southwest
4794:Caribbean
4571:Near East
4212:submerged
4207:Zealandia
4202:Australia
4092:Old World
4087:New World
3951:Indonesia
3715:Near East
3606:"Regions"
2894:10 August
2740:2 January
2649:West Asia
2565:Near East
2557:Near East
2549:Near East
2526:Near East
2462:Near East
2458:Near East
2434:Near East
2411:Near East
2407:Near East
2373:West Asia
2342:excluded
1456:does not
1427:Near East
1401:diplomacy
1393:Near East
1381:Near East
1374:Near East
1327:Near East
1298:Near East
1290:Near East
1279:Near East
1265:The term
1196:Arabistan
1162:Near East
1088:Near East
1080:Near East
1073:The term
937:Macedonia
906:Gladstone
834:Near East
830:Armenians
822:Near East
797:Near East
781:cuneiform
772:Rawlinson
745:Near East
740:Rawlinson
696:The Times
684:Near East
674:Near East
659:Near East
519:Tien Shan
515:Himalayas
502:Geography
467:Near East
441:from the
439:West Asia
435:Near East
399:Near East
391:Indonesia
369:Near East
358:Red Cross
334:Assyrians
330:Armenians
299:Macedonia
225:West Asia
140:Near East
125:Near East
105:Near East
69:West Asia
57:Near East
36:West Asia
18:Near east
5003:Tasmania
4951:Hispanic
4814:Northern
4761:Germanic
4739:Atlantic
4681:Southern
4642:Northern
4608:Caucasus
4544:Dead Sea
4515:Caucasus
4483:Southern
4476:Maritime
4471:Mainland
4444:Northern
4425:Far East
4384:Aral Sea
4307:Southern
4251:Northern
3986:Pakistan
3936:Cambodia
3446:. UNESCO
3243:(1910).
2998:24 April
2587:See also
2577:Akkadian
2573:Sumerian
2539:Academic
2371:defines
2076:Pakistan
1523:National
1331:Far East
1002:and the
921:Bulgaria
688:Far East
507:Anatolia
488:Linear B
471:Far East
426:de facto
374:Far East
301:and the
116:Far East
113:and the
89:Anatolia
5204:Oceania
5192:by area
5148:America
5125:Islands
4975:Oceania
4844:Midwest
4799:Central
4766:Romance
4734:Western
4603:Balkans
4598:Eastern
4593:Central
4561:Mashriq
4505:Western
4449:Siberia
4401:Eastern
4379:Central
4312:Western
4285:Central
4261:Mashriq
4256:Maghreb
4246:Saharan
4192:America
4185:Eurasia
4057:regions
4006:Vietnam
3976:Myanmar
3868:35Β°36β²E
3865:32Β°48β²N
3849:9 April
3833:29 June
3814:29 June
3795:30 June
3775:29 June
3771:Library
3755:29 June
3731:29 June
3634:24 June
3612:30 June
3590:29 June
3568:21 June
3542:20 June
3538:. USAID
3520:27 June
3490:27 June
3450:24 June
3428:24 June
3375:19 June
3353:30 June
3327:19 June
2917:. 2003.
2629:Mashriq
2360:Red Sea
2333:Legend:
2204:Tunisia
1980:Morocco
1884:Lebanon
1637:Bahrain
1605:Algeria
1541:Armenia
1510:Country
1477:removed
1462:sources
1271:Karachi
1229:' and '
1084:Ptolemy
953:Ottoman
949:Romania
945:Albania
913:Balkans
898:Hungary
858:Siberia
757:farther
521:) were
498:Ptolemy
415:Albania
395:Vietnam
326:Lebanon
322:Albania
295:Albania
273:to the
259:Balkans
217:Balkans
192:" with
178:Lebanon
73:Balkans
5491:Global
5481:Arctic
5420:Rivers
5398:Other
5332:Oceans
5187:Europe
5143:Africa
4936:French
4809:Middle
4771:Slavic
4756:Celtic
4657:Nordic
4647:Baltic
4585:Europe
4539:Levant
4233:Africa
4069:Worlds
4001:Turkey
3630:. CSAD
3299:
2624:Levant
2593:Region
2511:, was
2364:UNESCO
2356:UNICEF
2236:Turkey
1852:Kuwait
1823:Jordan
1794:Israel
1666:Cyprus
1333:, and
1227:yellow
1192:Persia
933:Muslim
925:Serbia
917:Greece
878:Malaya
776:Layard
753:nearer
634:. The
599:Levant
546:Oriens
523:Serica
511:Ganges
403:Levant
318:Bosnia
285:, the
221:Thrace
219:, and
215:, the
190:Turkey
188:, and
174:Jordan
170:Israel
154:Cyprus
85:Levant
83:, the
75:, and
71:, the
61:region
5468:Polar
5413:lists
5408:Lakes
5227:ocean
4946:Ibero
4941:Latin
4931:Anglo
4053:Earth
4011:Yemen
3996:Syria
3966:Japan
3946:India
3941:China
3697:Notes
3404:(PDF)
3397:(PDF)
3293:18β28
3261:β187.
2300:Yemen
2172:Syria
2108:Qatar
1916:Libya
1698:Egypt
1275:Syria
1231:white
1223:black
1204:Egypt
1184:India
1042:Janus
970:Rugby
870:Korea
866:Japan
862:China
722:Times
531:China
527:Serae
492:Pylos
387:Korea
383:China
379:Japan
213:Egypt
186:Syria
158:Egypt
97:Egypt
5425:Seas
5182:Asia
4454:Ural
4366:Asia
4295:Horn
4290:East
4059:and
3971:Laos
3961:Iraq
3956:Iran
3851:2020
3835:2011
3816:2011
3797:2011
3777:2011
3757:2011
3733:2011
3636:2011
3614:2011
3592:2011
3570:2011
3544:2010
3522:2011
3492:2011
3452:2011
3430:2011
3377:2011
3355:2011
3329:2011
3297:ISBN
3000:2024
2896:2024
2871:2022
2819:2023
2794:2023
2742:2024
2713:2024
2654:MENA
2575:and
2507:and
2450:The
2416:The
2393:The
2378:The
2350:The
2012:Oman
1762:Iraq
1730:Iran
1460:any
1458:cite
1421:The
1164:and
1127:and
894:Asia
876:and
874:Siam
755:and
622:The
548:and
525:and
513:and
469:and
447:Iran
430:Iran
393:and
344:and
332:and
320:and
269:and
166:Iran
162:Iraq
142:and
127:and
95:and
55:The
5435:Rim
5225:By
5133:By
3679:XVI
3259:184
3222:237
3186:595
2551:or
2495:by
1471:by
1273:to
1209:In
500:'s
413:to
5582::
3826:.
3807:.
3787:.
3767:.
3743:.
3724:.
3677:.
3508:.
3319:.
3295:.
3253::
3249:.
3230:^
3117:19
3115:.
3098:XV
3096:.
3019:47
3017:.
2887:.
2860:.
2841:.
2835:.
2810:.
2784:.
2762:.
2758:.
2733:.
2721:^
2703:.
2583:.
2476:.
2413:.
1433:.
1329:,
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
947:,
943:,
939:,
927:,
923:,
919:,
872:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
799::
774:,
424:,
397:.
389:,
385:,
381:,
340:,
297:,
281:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
156:,
152:,
91:,
87:,
4045:e
4038:t
4031:v
3914:e
3907:t
3900:v
3853:.
3837:.
3818:.
3799:.
3779:.
3759:.
3735:.
3638:.
3616:.
3594:.
3572:.
3546:.
3524:.
3494:.
3454:.
3432:.
3379:.
3357:.
3331:.
3305:.
3224:.
3188:.
3002:.
2898:.
2873:.
2845:.
2821:.
2796:.
2744:.
2715:.
2340:β
2336:β
2325:β
2320:β
2315:β
2310:β
2305:β
2293:β
2288:β
2283:β
2278:β
2273:β
2261:β
2256:β
2251:β
2246:β
2241:β
2229:β
2224:β
2219:β
2214:β
2209:β
2197:β
2192:β
2187:β
2182:β
2177:β
2165:β
2160:β
2155:β
2150:β
2145:β
2133:β
2128:β
2123:β
2118:β
2113:β
2101:β
2096:β
2091:β
2086:β
2081:β
2069:β
2064:β
2059:β
2054:β
2049:β
2037:β
2032:β
2027:β
2022:β
2017:β
2005:β
2000:β
1995:β
1990:β
1985:β
1973:β
1968:β
1963:β
1958:β
1953:β
1941:β
1936:β
1931:β
1926:β
1921:β
1909:β
1904:β
1899:β
1894:β
1889:β
1877:β
1872:β
1867:β
1862:β
1857:β
1843:β
1838:β
1833:β
1828:β
1814:β
1809:β
1804:β
1799:β
1787:β
1782:β
1777:β
1772:β
1767:β
1755:β
1750:β
1745:β
1740:β
1735:β
1723:β
1718:β
1713:β
1708:β
1703:β
1691:β
1686:β
1681:β
1676:β
1671:β
1657:β
1652:β
1647:β
1642:β
1630:β
1625:β
1620:β
1615:β
1610:β
1598:β
1593:β
1588:β
1583:β
1578:β
1566:β
1561:β
1556:β
1551:β
1546:β
1498:)
1492:(
1487:)
1483:(
1479:.
1465:.
1040:"
574:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.