1274:. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
1640:
1874:
1088:, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the
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1259:. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the
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that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. Even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.
2064:. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by
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38:
1479:, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and
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With 100 W/m2 as a demonstrated passive cooling effect, a surface coverage of 0.3% would then be needed, or 1% of Earth's land mass surface. If half of it would be installed in urban, built areas which cover roughly 3% of the Earth's land mass, a 17% coverage would be needed there, with the remainder
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The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1064 nm. A continuous 1064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence
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appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide),
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Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than
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In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction
Coefficient (k) can be determined via
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can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may
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operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision
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The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer
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Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (𝜌¯solar) (λ ~ 0.3–2.5 μm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from
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Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at
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The "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive image of objects only slightly higher in temperature than room temperature – for example, the human body – based on thermal emissions only and requiring no illumination such as the sun or moon or an infrared illuminator.
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equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4
472:
On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation
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Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species. Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation. NIR sensation in
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These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea.
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using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a
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from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects
481:
In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is
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by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices. Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of
2011:. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.
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detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it
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which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in
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have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a
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Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow
2306:, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment. Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms.
1949:
In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into
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through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements.
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The term "thermograph" is coined on p. 51: " ... I have discovered a process by which the calorific rays in the solar spectrum are made to leave their impress on a surface properly prepared for the purpose, so as to form what may be called a thermograph of the spectrum, ...
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can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and do not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low clouds can be distinguished, producing a
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A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's
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Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating.
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Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global
246:. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components. Military and civilian applications include
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was translated into
English as "infrared" in 1874, in a translation of an article by Vignaud Dupuy de Saint-Florent (1830–1907), an engineer in the French army, who attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and who pursued photography as a pastime.
221:
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected.
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By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the
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possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).
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Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.
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Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist. Notable examples are
290:
There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a
4935:
Desmet KD, Paz DA, Corry JJ, Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, Henry MM, Buchmann EV, Connelly MP, Dovi JV, Liang HL, Henshel DS, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Lim J, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT (May 2006).
1831:) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH
1524:. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as
1410:. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs.
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Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of
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If only 1%–2% of the Earth's surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would
1965:
is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.
1405:
Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed
1751:, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive
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are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low clouds such as stratus or
1080:'s sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available.
2007:
The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected
3874:
1263:). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.
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to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or
992:
These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space.
5675:
Sitzungsberichte der
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe (Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Philosophy : Mathematical-scientific Class)
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676:
In guided missile technology the 3–5 μm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the seekers of passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the
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or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called
4462:
Gorbunov, V.; Fuchigami, N.; Stone, M.; Grace, M.; Tsukruk, V. V. (2002). "Biological
Thermal Detection: Micromechanical and Microthermal Properties of Biological Infrared Receptors".
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such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.
999:
according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to
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concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see
1104:, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors:
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A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.
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phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.
486:. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed.
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that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study
1270:
is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a
636:
Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see
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1865:. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.
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5324:"On chemical action of rays of solar spectrum on preparation of silver and other substances both metallic and nonmetallic and on some photographic processes"
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has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.
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processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.
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2000:. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid
5391:
Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Philosophy in Berlin)
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longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room
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1835:) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in
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of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.
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299:. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz).
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satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.
804:
120:). IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the
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4278:
3854:
3228:
Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). "Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation".
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1929:
The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere.
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6105:
4892:
Hargate, G (2006). "A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis".
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Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the
179:
discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a
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5780:
2022:
before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as
1809:
4845:
Shcherbakov, Denis; Knörzer, Alexandra; Hilbig, Reinhard; Haas, Ulrich; Blum, Martin (2012). "Near-infrared orientation of
Mozambique tilapia
1991:
with its planet Beta
Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.
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wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from
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solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "
3207:
2026:
can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)
2018:
of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect
5937:
Arons, A. B.; Peppard, M. B. (1965). "Einstein's proposal of the photon concept—a translation of the
Annalen der Physik paper of 1905".
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1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.
2271:, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (
2100:
Infrared reflectography can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's
574:
5186:
4680:
Meuthen, Denis; Rick, Ingolf P.; Thünken, Timo; Baldauf, Sebastian A. (2012). "Visual prey detection by near-infrared cues in a fish".
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1808:
IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the
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NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared".
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will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.
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2355:. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century. An
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5213:. Oxford studies in philosophy of science (1. issued as paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167.
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262:, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include
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453:(5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At
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broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm, is the spectroscopic
1359:. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.
5988:
3182:
2117:, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting.
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2788:
Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of
1690:(PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial
4797:
Matsumoto, Taro; Kawamura, Gunzo (2005). "The eyes of the common carp and Nile tilapia are sensitive to near-infrared".
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191:
in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's
3008:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays"
1984:
1663:. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them.
1535:
Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.
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2049:
1027:
Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon).
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5166:
From p. 176: "As to the infra-red rays, they may be absorbed by means of a weak solution of sulphate of copper, ..."
4110:
the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state.
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on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials.
1208:
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3622:
Griffin, Donald R.; Hubbard, Ruth; Wald, George (1947). "The
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Infra-Red Radiation".
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LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The
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6316:, in Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Sackler NAS Colloquium, 2005
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Techniques and
Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective
5411:"Ueber das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht"
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per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is
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4601:
4441:
4380:"International Dunhuang Project An Introduction to digital infrared photography and its application within IDP"
2568:"Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications.
2470:, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.
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of the target aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume. This region is also known as thermal infrared.
296:
104:), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750
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1713:. When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse
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4766:"Sensitivity of tilapia to infrared light measured using a rotating striped drum differs between two strains"
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Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window).
210:, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry.
207:
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4622:
Brook, P. J. (26 April 1969). "Stimulation of Ascospore Release in Venturia inaequalis by Far Red Light".
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1979:
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measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a
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range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the
271:
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2137:, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today.
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when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the
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5413:[On the relation between bodies' emission capacity and absorption capacity for heat and light].
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Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the
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showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat. In 1800 the astronomer Sir
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demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.
1717:, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes.
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Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and
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3771:"Infrared (IR) basics for digital photographers-capturing the unseen (Sidebar: Black Body Radiation)"
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1375:, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (
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5458:"On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat"
4227:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach"
4124:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach"
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1194:. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed.
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covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled
279:
125:
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2606:
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published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in
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fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight and in turbid surface waters.
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IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and
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6027:. University of California Libraries. Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington.
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5267:"Recherches sur plusieurs phénomènes calorifiques entreprises au moyen du thermo-multiplicateur"
3419:
2245:) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle,
1748:
5903:"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt"
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radiation. Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm.
4995:
3665:
Ramaswami, Rajiv (May 2002). "Optical Fiber Communication: From Transmission to Networking".
2685:
2558:
2014:
The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark
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4733:"Postural control in tilapia under microgravity and the near infrared irradiated conditions"
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Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.
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is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by
550:
176:
133:
101:
6395:
4279:
Dangers of Overexposure to ultraviolet, infrared and high-energy visible light | 2013-01-03
3827:"How does thermal imaging work? A closer look at what is behind this remarkable technology"
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Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers
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2015:
2008:
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Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in
1545:
1504:
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devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.
1000:
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54:
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image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation
6022:
3450:
2507:
6142:
6005:
5950:
5918:
5905:[On heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light].
5861:
5548:
5426:
5339:
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4810:
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4421:
4242:
4189:
4139:
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3124:
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5269:[Investigations of several heat phenomena undertaken via a thermo-multiplier].
4095:
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2763:
2721:
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1951:
1768:
1714:
1656:
1555:
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1004:
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3204:"Blackbody Radiation | Astronomy 801: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe"
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6704:
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6589:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6150:
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4818:
4207:
4051:
3998:
3973:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications"
2870:
2704:
2692:
2536:
2390:
2127:
2109:
2030:
1988:
1905:
1901:
1812:
project. Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as
1797:
communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least
1794:
1744:
1710:
1508:
1054:
807:(CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands:
376:
172:
93:
85:
57:
image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12
6101:
5966:
5355:
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4921:
4826:
4491:
4406:"Thermal Modeling of Snake Infrared Reception: Evidence for Limited Detection Range"
3709:
3686:
1937:
1045:
Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by
6643:
4717:
4659:
4555:
3929:
3389:
2661:
2621:
2551:
2489:
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1400:
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1067:
Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon).
755:
721:
594:
321:
275:
255:
251:
6292:
5820:[On the theory of the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum].
4359:
3320:
2561:
predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.
2510:
and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.
2369:
266:
analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of
4383:
4250:
4147:
2732:
with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.
2653:
1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.
2477:
formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to
2255:
via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs.
482:
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with
6816:
6493:
6475:
6371:
6274:
4311:"IR Reflectography for Non-destructive Analysis of Underdrawings in Art Objects"
4198:
4173:
4042:
4017:
2352:
2149:
1962:
1726:
1578:
1287:
1223:
1089:
578:
466:
424:
360:
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42:
6010:. University of Michigan. Washington, D.C., Carnegie institution of Washington.
5710:[On the energy distribution in the emission spectrum of a black body].
4870:
4572:
Campbell, Angela L.; Naik, Rajesh R.; Sowards, Laura; Stone, Morley O. (2002).
4336:"The Mass of Saint Gregory: Examining a Painting Using Infrared Reflectography"
4086:
2814:"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications"
2331:, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the
1739:, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared
1371:
The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with
1023:
A third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors:
124:. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the
6797:
6465:
6460:
6414:
6391:
6275:
Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light
6093:
5752:
5125:] (in French). Paris, France: Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. pp. 141–145.
4701:
3958:
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2383:
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2182:
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1234:
1213:
458:
311:
113:
81:
58:
5927:
5870:
5512:
5435:
5389:[On the relation between emission and absorption of light and heat].
4651:
4314:
4071:"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling"
3800:
3178:
2837:
17:
6806:
6653:
6429:
6407:
6386:
6361:
4953:
2951:
2700:
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2082:
2019:
1945:
with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat
1699:
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2351:
part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a
780:
6306:
5708:"Ueber die Energieverteilung im Emissionsspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers"
4782:
4765:
4749:
4732:
3870:
Frost&Sullivan, Technical Insights, Aerospace&Defence (Feb 2011):
3525:
3259:
3029:
Article 1: General remarks on the temperature of the earth and outer space
2829:
1475:
Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a
6821:
2456:
2252:
2034:
1801:) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard
1660:
462:
446:
267:
243:
199:
141:
121:
5642:
5387:"Ueber den Zusammenhang von Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme"
3971:
Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).
3446:"Photoacoustic technique 'hears' the sound of dangerous chemical agents"
3323:[The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130].
3283:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
2033:, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high
6690:
6676:
5533:"Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current"
4731:
Endo, M.; Kobayashi R.; Ariga, K.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. (2002).
4069:
Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021).
3989:
3972:
3500:
2728:
the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides
2340:
2230:
2122:
2060:
to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished
1893:
1813:
1752:
1312: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1073:
995:
The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital
744:
709:
670:
630:
567:
192:
5958:
5241:[Description of a thermo-multiplier or electric thermoscope].
5048:
4938:"Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation"
4475:
2259:
on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such
2092:
1706:
to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR)
136:
is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries
6714:
6709:
6699:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6632:
6561:
5634:
5557:
4643:
4538:
4509:
3872:
World First Thermal Hyperspectral Camera for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
3012:
National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles
2713:
1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned,
2186:
2181:
Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family
2023:
2001:
1840:
1836:
1802:
1440:
1256:
1031:
739:
704:
665:
625:
586:
562:
454:
450:
235:
215:
161:
137:
6075:"Interview with Paul W. Kruse on the Early History of HgCdTe (1980)"
5848:[On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum].
5737:"On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body"
5023:"Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the Sun"
4573:
4405:
3321:"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130"
2547:
device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km).
5671:"Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur"
1900:, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as
37:
6556:
6452:
6366:
6129:
J Cooper (1962). "A fast-response pyroelectric thermal detector".
5818:"Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum"
5673:[On the relation between heat radiation and temperature].
5239:"Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope électrique"
2688:
develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there.
2368:
2165:
2075:
1983:
1936:
1872:
1786:
1758:, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an
1638:
1530:
1450:
1430:
1386:
1350:
1207:
1085:
1014:
544:
344:
316:
188:
117:
109:
48:
36:
5296:
Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications
2880:
6551:
6546:
3956:
White, Richard P. (2000) "Infrared deicing system for aircraft"
3125:"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors"
1772:
1743:(LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a
1391:
Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the
1379:) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.
1376:
1244:
1019:
Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region
168:
153:
6323:
3101:. NASA Infrared Astronomy and Processing Center. Archived from
2582:
1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by
1852:. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum.
934:
Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows:
187:
was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on
6571:
2725:
2373:
Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.
2348:
2344:
1910:
1771:
to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like
1572:
1550:
Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a
1480:
1456:
1281:
996:
581:
telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO
556:
537:
184:
97:
6257:
How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely
593:
are sensitive to this area of the spectrum; examples include
6394:
6241:, a standards organization for infrared data interconnection
6043:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2014. p. 406.
4764:
Kobayashi R.; Endo, M.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. (2002).
1747:
into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is
5299:(2nd ed.). Berlin, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–67.
3852:
Thermische Hyperspektralbildgebung im langwelligen Infrarot
3774:
1467:
A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous
286:
Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum
202:
when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites
5846:"Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum"
5801:"Ueber eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung"
5211:
Inventing temperature: measurement and scientific progress
3702:
Infrared Radiation. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
1735:. These devices usually conform to standards published by
5803:[On an improvement of Wien's spectral equation].
5328:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
5027:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3795:
3793:
3791:
3773:. Digital Photography For What It's Worth. Archived from
3477:. Instituts für Umform- und Hochleistungs. Archived from
2029:
Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of
6040:
Waste Energy Harvesting: Mechanical and Thermal Energies
5623:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3601:(Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992), and Miller and Friedman,
6231:
5822:
Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
5805:
Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
2152:. Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well.
3527:
ISO 20473:2007 – Optics and photonics – Spectral bands
1076:
detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while
4840:
4838:
4836:
3277:
Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001).
2977:"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics"
2812:
Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01).
2413:
1877:
IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the
1767:
adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for
96:
begins with waves that are just longer than those of
6024:
Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part V, VI, VII
6796:
6723:
6652:
6580:
6532:
6474:
6451:
6428:
6186:"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light"
4174:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling"
4018:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling"
3891:Mahulikar, S.P.; Sonawane, H.R.; Rao, G.A. (2007).
3179:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5"
2656:
1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (
2323:The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to
716:This region is also called the "thermal infrared".
3893:"Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles"
2628:missiles were developed using infrared technology.
2613:in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of
2440:
1793:Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for
1190:The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance
6007:Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part III, IV
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
652:; MidIR. Also called intermediate infrared (IIR)
183:. Slightly more than half of the energy from the
6293:Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings
6271:: detailed explanation of infrared light. (NASA)
5595:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society
5293:Vollmer, Michael; Möllmann, Klaus-Peter (2010).
4360:Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings
3499:CIE (International Commission on Illumination).
2225:). By detecting the heat that their prey emits,
1499:are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum.
1003:and appear, for instance, in the titles of many
5990:Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part I, II
2682:Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
3093:
3091:
2720:2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a
2639:demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective
1217:while in fact, they have the same temperature.
6335:
5501:Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers
4997:The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide
4404:Jones, B.S.; Lynn, W.F.; Stone, M.O. (2001).
4338:. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Archived from
3803:. American Technologies Network Corporation.
3049:Night Vision: Exploring the Infrared Universe
2749:Infrared non-destructive testing of materials
2710:1973: Common module program started by NVESD.
2550:1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in
2170:Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse
1762:. That electrical signal is passed through a
198:Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by
8:
5130:
5106:
4225:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018).
4122:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018).
3358:Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation
3265:of second harmonic generation in the retina.
3157:(92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 10.233.
2233:identify and capture their prey using their
1255:, thermal radiation can propagate through a
449:, at an effective temperature of 5,780
230:to penetrate dusty regions of space such as
206:modes in a molecule through a change in the
167:It was long known that fires emit invisible
5782:Bolometrisch onderzoek van absorptiespectra
3073:. Michigan State University. Archived from
2680:; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now
2393:produces the first thermal image, called a
1607:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6411:
6342:
6328:
6320:
3738:Passive Solar Heating & Cooling Manual
2290:require near-infrared light for ejection.
270:, remote temperature sensing, short-range
5926:
5869:
5556:
5434:
5038:
4781:
4748:
4574:"Biological infrared imaging and sensing"
4537:
4197:
4094:
4041:
3988:
3919:
3740:. Rodale Press, Inc. 1980. Archived from
3624:Journal of the Optical Society of America
3593:
3591:
3326:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences
3231:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2845:
2543:detector, which helped produce the first
2412:
1779:, are used to communicate with infrared.
1627:Learn how and when to remove this message
1328:Learn how and when to remove this message
1038:detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5
303:Position in the electromagnetic spectrum
6068:
6066:
5175:"Letter to the Editors: Infrared dating"
4503:
4501:
4313:. Sensors Unlimited, Inc. Archived from
3420:"Peaks of Blackbody Radiation Intensity"
1892:Clouds with high and cold tops, such as
1106:
936:
880:
809:
805:International Commission on Illumination
505:
301:
214:examines absorption and transmission of
6021:Coblentz, William Weber (August 1905).
2804:
2781:
2237:. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the
2148:, and the Silk Road texts found in the
1393:Space Shuttle thermal protection system
573:Goes up to the wavelength of the first
503:A commonly used subdivision scheme is:
5531:Smith, Willoughby (20 February 1873).
3018:from the original on 29 September 2019
2347:and detected the infrared, beyond the
1839:in the molecule then it will absorb a
1810:RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage)
878:20473 specifies the following scheme:
597:devices such as night vision goggles.
171:; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter
148:, and has properties corresponding to
6196:from the original on 17 February 2013
5993:. Carnegie institution of Washington.
4894:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
4567:
4565:
4264:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
3769:McCreary, Jeremy (October 30, 2004).
3501:"infrared radiation IR radiation IRR"
3155:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3051:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
2869:Morozhenko, Vasyl, ed. (2012-02-10).
1092:that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
997:letters to different spectral regions
7:
5156:from the original on 5 February 2021
5118:La Lumiere: Ses causes et ses effets
4161:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
3704:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007.
3337:from the original on 24 October 2013
2987:from the original on 11 October 2019
2650:demonstrated pyroelectric detection.
2455:discovered the photoconductivity of
2281:victims by sensing their body heat.
2219:), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (
1863:Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations
1605:adding citations to reliable sources
1310:adding citations to reliable sources
5565:from the original on 3 January 2021
5074:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light"
3006:Fleming, James R. (17 March 2008).
2975:Calel, Raphael (19 February 2014).
2530:Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra
1702:. PDRC surfaces maximize shortwave
242:objects from the early days of the
6219:Infrared: A Historical Perspective
5619:"The bolometer and radiant energy"
5322:Herschel, John F. W. (1840).
5140:de Saint-Florent (10 April 1874).
3426:from the original on 18 March 2011
3400:from the original on 1 August 2021
2818:Photonics & Lasers in Medicine
2668:'s landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by
1526:terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
1516:' imaging, which is imaging using
25:
6131:Journal of Scientific Instruments
5497:"The action of light on selenium"
3599:Principles of Infrared Technology
3123:Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07).
2207:), darkly pigmented butterflies (
1825:Infrared vibrational spectroscopy
1688:passive daytime radiative cooling
1677:Passive daytime radiative cooling
27:Form of electromagnetic radiation
6004:Coblentz, William Weber (1905).
5987:Coblentz, William Weber (1905).
5271:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
5142:"Photography in natural colours"
5000:. Allworth Press. pp. 33–.
4906:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02191.x
4819:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00971.x
4288:. ISHN. Retrieved on 2017-04-26.
3297:from the original on 29 May 2024
3153:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
2950:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
2948:Infrared and terahertz detectors
2916:"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary"
1783:Free space optical communication
1577:
1286:
779:
768:
499:Commonly used subdivision scheme
100:light (the longest waves in the
6111:from the original on 2020-07-30
6082:Journal of Electronic Materials
5878:from the original on 2021-02-06
5832:from the original on 2021-02-25
5759:from the original on 2021-02-05
5722:from the original on 2021-02-24
5685:from the original on 2019-04-02
5649:from the original on 2021-02-05
5605:from the original on 2021-02-05
5519:from the original on 2021-01-03
5472:from the original on 2021-02-05
5443:from the original on 2020-09-01
5397:from the original on 2020-09-25
5362:from the original on 2021-02-05
5281:from the original on 2021-02-05
5253:from the original on 2021-02-24
5189:from the original on 2018-04-15
5055:from the original on 2021-02-04
4976:from the original on 2020-03-16
4942:Photomedicine and Laser Surgery
4604:from the original on 2020-03-17
4444:from the original on 2020-03-17
4267:being installed in rural areas.
4257:from the original on 2022-10-12
4154:from the original on 2022-10-12
3939:from the original on 2021-03-04
3807:from the original on 2015-08-24
3710:10.1002/0471743984.vse4181.pub2
3577:from the original on 2024-03-28
3210:from the original on 2019-05-01
3185:from the original on 2019-05-12
3135:from the original on 2020-07-11
3047:Michael Rowan-Robinson (2013).
2897:from the original on 2020-10-26
2366:Other important dates include:
1552:passive missile guidance system
1463:as recorded by a digital camera
1435:Hyperspectral thermal infrared
1297:needs additional citations for
1011:Sensor response division scheme
601:is another common application.
6165:"History of Army Night Vision"
4410:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3930:10.1016/j.paerosci.2007.06.002
3900:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
3734:"Introduction to Solar Energy"
2435:
2423:
1507:. Cheaper digital cameras and
1072:technical reasons (the common
419:1.24 meV – 1.24 μeV
1:
5779:Julius, Willem Henri (1892).
5712:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
5415:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
5123:Light: Its causes and effects
4590:10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5
3319:Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933).
2672:; phenomenology pioneered by
2072:Art conservation and analysis
6638:
6616:
6611:
5617:Langley, S. P. (1881).
5589:Langley, S. P. (1880).
4251:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084
4148:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084
3667:IEEE Communications Magazine
3567:"Near, Mid and Far-Infrared"
3542:"Near, Mid and Far-Infrared"
3454:. August 14, 2012. rdmag.com
3360:. Springer. pp. 21–22.
2517:developed the theory of the
2080:An infrared reflectogram of
2050:motion picture film scanners
2048:is a technique used by some
743:(−80.15 – −270.15
403:1.7 eV – 1.24 meV
234:, to detect objects such as
6443:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
6280:The thermographic's library
5939:American Journal of Physics
5078:Coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu
4382:. Idp.bl.uk. Archived from
4199:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010
4043:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010
3825:Bryant, Lynn (2007-06-11).
3544:. NASA IPAC. Archived from
3475:"Wavelength considerations"
2268:Troides rhadamantus plateni
2216:Troides rhadamantus plateni
1733:personal digital assistants
1192:telecommunications networks
1053:, HgCdTe, and partially by
577:band, and commonly used in
416:300 MHz – 300 GHz
400:300 GHz – 430 THz
384:430 THz – 750 THz
355:124 keV – 124 eV
6864:
6438:Very-high-energy gamma ray
6289:, collection of thermogram
6151:10.1088/0950-7671/39/9/308
5909:. 4th series (in German).
5852:. 4th series (in German).
5714:. 3rd series (in German).
5495:Smith, Willoughby (1873).
5273:. 2nd series (in French).
5115:Becquerel, Edmond (1867).
5101:In 1867, French physicist
5021:Herschel, William (1800).
4871:10.1016/j.zool.2012.01.005
4087:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7
2769:Index of infrared articles
2496:and infrared catastrophe".
2357:earlier experiment in 1790
2162:Infrared sensing in snakes
2159:
1973:
1829:near-infrared spectroscopy
1724:
1674:
1566:
1543:
1424:
1398:
1344:
1201:
976:
963:
950:
916:
905:
894:
606:Short-wavelength infrared
599:Near-infrared spectroscopy
387:3.3 eV – 1.7 eV
371:124 eV – 3.3 eV
368:750 THz – 30 PHz
53:This pseudocolor infrared
29:
6357:
6232:Infrared Data Association
6094:10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1
5753:10.1080/14786449708620983
5237:Nobili, Leopoldo (1830).
4702:10.1007/s00114-012-0980-7
3679:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1006983
3394:RP Photonics Encyclopedia
3280:Color and Light in Nature
2946:Rogalski, Antoni (2019).
2637:Honeywell Research Center
2615:Mercury cadmium telluride
2611:Royal Radar Establishment
2545:infrared search and track
2144:, the Roman works in the
1694:to outer space with zero
1051:mercury cadmium telluride
930:Astronomy division scheme
685:Long-wavelength infrared
381:400 nm – 700 nm
352:30 PHz – 30 EHz
78:electromagnetic radiation
32:Infrared (disambiguation)
6848:Electromagnetic spectrum
6351:Electromagnetic spectrum
6073:Marion B. Reine (2015).
5928:10.1002/andp.19053220607
5871:10.1002/andp.19013090310
5513:10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023
5436:10.1002/andp.18601850205
5265:Nobili; Melloni (1831).
5243:Bibliothèque Universelle
5173:Rosenberg, Gary (2012).
4994:Rosso, Monona l (2001).
3801:"How Night Vision Works"
3099:"IR Astronomy: Overview"
3069:Reusch, William (1999).
2981:The Public Domain Review
2441:{\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}
2302:Near-infrared light, or
2262:Pachliopta aristolochiae
2210:Pachliopta aristolochiae
1455:Infrared light from the
645:Mid-wavelength infrared
435:1.24 μeV and below
413:1 mm – 1 meter
365:10 nm – 400 nm
297:electromagnetic spectrum
4954:10.1089/pho.2006.24.121
4847:Oreochromis mossambicus
4770:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi
4737:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi
4510:"Infrared receptors in
4172:Munday, Jeremy (2019).
4016:Munday, Jeremy (2019).
3850:Holma, H., (May 2011),
3603:Photonic Rules of Thumb
3071:"Infrared Spectroscopy"
2790:Wien's displacement law
2643:for infrared detection.
2494:ultraviolet catastrophe
2464:Samuel Pierpont Langley
2333:Royal Society of London
2235:IR-sensitive pit organs
1239:Wien's displacement law
1096:Telecommunication bands
484:Wien's displacement law
457:, sunlight provides an
397:700 nm – 1 mm
349:10 pm – 10 nm
339:more than 124 keV
218:in the infrared range.
6399:
5785:(in Dutch). J. Müller.
5741:Philosophical Magazine
5462:Philosophical Magazine
5456:Kirchhoff, G. (1860).
5409:Kirchhoff, G. (1860).
5393:(in German): 783–787.
5348:10.1098/rstl.1840.0002
5131:
5107:
5040:10.1098/rstl.1800.0015
4430:10.1006/jtbi.2000.2256
3700:"Infrared Radiation".
3644:10.1364/JOSA.37.000546
3356:Byrnes, James (2009).
3252:10.1364/JOSA.66.000339
2635:and his colleagues at
2442:
2374:
2171:
2097:
2090:
1992:
1980:far-infrared astronomy
1946:
1882:
1652:
1536:
1464:
1448:
1396:
1360:
1218:
1212:Materials with higher
1102:optical communications
1020:
432:300 MHz and below
272:wireless communication
62:
46:
6398:
5935:English translation:
5901:Einstein, A. (1905).
5733:English translation:
5454:English translation:
5209:Chang, Hasok (2007).
5146:The Photographic News
4783:10.2331/suisan.68.646
4750:10.2331/suisan.68.887
4512:Melanophila acuminata
4075:Nature Communications
3959:U.S. patent 6,092,765
2830:10.1515/plm-2012-0034
2443:
2372:
2248:Melanophila acuminata
2204:Melanophila acuminata
2185:), some boas (family
2169:
2160:Further information:
2096:
2079:
1987:
1940:
1881:of the United States.
1876:
1741:light-emitting diodes
1725:Further information:
1642:
1534:
1454:
1434:
1427:Hyperspectral imaging
1421:Hyperspectral imaging
1414:Thermographic cameras
1390:
1354:
1211:
1181:Ultralong wavelength
1018:
429:1 meter and more
336:more than 30 EHz
238:, and to view highly
226:uses sensor-equipped
212:Infrared spectroscopy
52:
40:
6192:. 14 February 2013.
5844:Planck, Max (1901).
5735:Wien, Willy (1897).
5706:Wien, Willy (1896).
4508:Evans, W.G. (1966).
2759:Infrared thermometer
2754:Infrared solar cells
2744:Black-body radiation
2519:photoelectric effect
2475:Stefan–Boltzmann law
2411:
1601:improve this section
1493:infrared photography
1477:thermographic camera
1365:Night vision devices
1306:improve this article
1184:1,625–1,675 nm
1173:1,565–1,625 nm
1162:1,530–1,565 nm
1149:1,460–1,530 nm
1138:1,360–1,460 nm
1127:1,260–1,360 nm
708:(89 – −80
638:transmission windows
461:of just over 1
333:less than 10 pm
130:black-body radiation
84:longer than that of
30:For other uses, see
6484:Extreme ultraviolet
6228:(Omega Engineering)
6143:1962JScI...39..467C
5951:1965AmJPh..33..367A
5919:1905AnP...322..132E
5862:1901AnP...309..553P
5816:Planck, M. (1900).
5799:Planck, M. (1900).
5669:Stefan, J. (1879).
5549:1873Natur...7R.303.
5427:1860AnP...185..275K
5340:1840RSPT..130....1H
4863:2012Zool..115..233S
4811:2005FisSc..71..350M
4694:2012NW.....99.1063M
4682:Naturwissenschaften
4636:1969Natur.222..390B
4530:1964Natur.202..211E
4422:2001JThBi.209..201J
4243:2018Ene...152...27Z
4190:2019Joule...3.2057M
4140:2018Ene...152...27Z
4034:2019Joule...3.2057M
3912:2007PrAeS..43..218M
3636:1947JOSA...37..546G
3366:2009uodm.book.....B
3244:1976JOSA...66..339S
2361:Marc-Auguste Pictet
2287:Venturia inaequalis
2146:Villa of the Papyri
2009:atmospheric windows
1898:cumulonimbus clouds
1889:and IR5 channels).
1856:Thin film metrology
1522:terahertz radiation
1503:often use infrared
1001:atmospheric windows
799:CIE division scheme
521:Photon energy
509:Division name
304:
280:weather forecasting
126:terahertz radiation
72:; sometimes called
6489:Vacuum ultraviolet
6400:
6312:2015-12-22 at the
6298:2015-12-22 at the
6285:2013-06-11 at the
6262:2011-07-19 at the
6250:2011-10-13 at the
6237:2008-05-22 at the
6224:2007-08-07 at the
5907:Annalen der Physik
5850:Annalen der Physik
5385:Kirchhoff (1859).
5179:American Scientist
4365:2015-12-22 at the
4284:2016-08-16 at the
3990:10.1002/eom2.12153
3877:2012-03-10 at the
3857:2011-07-26 at the
3034:2023-06-08 at the
2872:Infrared Radiation
2596:Robert Clark Jones
2508:blackbody equation
2466:invents the first
2438:
2375:
2335:. Herschel used a
2319:Scientific history
2304:photobiomodulation
2298:Photobiomodulation
2274:Triatoma infestans
2239:Common Vampire Bat
2222:Triatoma infestans
2191:Common Vampire Bat
2172:
2156:Biological systems
2098:
2091:
1993:
1976:Infrared astronomy
1947:
1886:Weather satellites
1883:
1696:energy consumption
1653:
1537:
1512:technique called '
1465:
1449:
1397:
1361:
1253:thermal convection
1249:thermal conduction
1219:
1021:
752:far-infrared laser
678:infrared signature
591:Image intensifiers
566:(3,591–1,797
322:Photon energy (eV)
302:
264:thermal efficiency
248:target acquisition
224:Infrared astronomy
146:radiation pressure
132:from objects near
128:band. Almost all
63:
47:
6830:
6829:
6534:Visible (optical)
5959:10.1119/1.1971542
5220:978-0-19-533738-9
5007:978-1-58115-204-3
4799:Fisheries Science
4630:(5191): 390–392.
4476:10.1021/bm015591f
4464:Biomacromolecules
3611:978-0-442-01210-6
3571:www.icc.dur.ac.uk
3375:978-1-4020-9252-7
3290:978-0-521-77504-5
3164:978-1-4398-5511-9
2890:978-953-51-0060-7
2607:W. D. Lawson
2588:G. J. Zissis
2484:1880s and 1890s:
2406:blackbody theorem
2243:Desmodus rotundus
2195:Desmodus rotundus
2088:Leonardo da Vinci
2046:Infrared cleaning
1998:optical astronomy
1943:greenhouse effect
1845:organic compounds
1708:thermal radiation
1704:solar reflectance
1637:
1636:
1629:
1554:, which uses the
1338:
1337:
1330:
1204:Thermal radiation
1188:
1187:
1146:Short wavelength
1116:Wavelength range
1047:indium antimonide
990:
989:
927:
926:
923:50–1,000 μm
868:
867:
843:1400–3000 nm
762:
761:
729:15–1,000 μm
661:155–413 meV
621:413–886 meV
618:100–214 THz
561:3,864–2,070
439:
438:
88:but shorter than
16:(Redirected from
6855:
6421:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6321:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6110:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5984:
5978:
5970:
5932:
5930:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5812:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5747:(262): 214–220.
5730:
5728:
5727:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5635:10.2307/25138616
5613:
5611:
5610:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5560:
5558:10.1038/007303e0
5527:
5525:
5524:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5134:
5126:
5110:
5105:coined the term
5103:Edmond Becquerel
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5080:. Archived from
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5042:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4842:
4831:
4830:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4677:
4664:
4663:
4644:10.1038/222390a0
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4541:
4539:10.1038/202211a0
4505:
4496:
4495:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4376:
4370:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4201:
4184:(9): 2057–2060.
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4098:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4045:
4028:(9): 2057–2060.
4013:
4007:
4006:
3992:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3923:
3906:(7–8): 218–245.
3897:
3888:
3882:
3868:
3862:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3829:. Archived from
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3619:
3613:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3473:Henderson, Roy.
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3451:R&D Magazine
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3396:. RP Photonics.
3390:"Infrared Light"
3386:
3380:
3379:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2921:. Archived from
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2809:
2792:
2786:
2730:living creatures
2699:proposed CCD at
2678:A. T. Stair
2584:Fred Nicodemenus
2541:thallous sulfide
2526:William Coblentz
2453:Willoughby Smith
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2402:Gustav Kirchhoff
2325:William Herschel
2284:Some fungi like
2197:), a variety of
2142:Dead Sea Scrolls
2058:flatbed scanners
2016:molecular clouds
1954:, together with
1764:high-pass filter
1760:electric current
1632:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1581:
1573:
1569:Infrared heating
1497:infrared filters
1445:infrared spectra
1395:during re-entry.
1333:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1290:
1282:
1170:Long wavelength
1107:
1041:
986:
972:
959:
937:
881:
871:ISO 20473 scheme
864:
863:0.3–100 THz
859:
849:
848:100–215 THz
844:
834:
833:215–384 THz
829:
828:780–1400 nm
810:
783:
772:
735:1.2–83 meV
732:0.3–20 THz
700:83–155 meV
658:37–100 THz
629:(1,797–693
575:water absorption
527:Characteristics
506:
305:
232:molecular clouds
177:William Herschel
134:room temperature
102:visible spectrum
21:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6792:
6719:
6694:
6680:
6648:
6576:
6528:
6470:
6447:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6401:
6353:
6348:
6314:Wayback Machine
6300:Wayback Machine
6287:Wayback Machine
6264:Wayback Machine
6252:Wayback Machine
6239:Wayback Machine
6226:Wayback Machine
6215:
6210:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6170:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5973:Wayback Machine
5936:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5881:
5879:
5843:
5835:
5833:
5815:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5762:
5760:
5734:
5725:
5723:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5688:
5686:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5652:
5650:
5616:
5608:
5606:
5591:"The bolometer"
5588:
5584:
5580:
5568:
5566:
5530:
5522:
5520:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5475:
5473:
5455:
5446:
5444:
5408:
5400:
5398:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5365:
5363:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5307:
5292:
5284:
5282:
5264:
5256:
5254:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5192:
5190:
5172:
5159:
5157:
5139:
5114:
5100:
5096:
5087:
5085:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5008:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4977:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4844:
4843:
4834:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4367:Wayback Machine
4358:
4354:
4345:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4286:Wayback Machine
4277:
4273:
4260:
4258:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4155:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3921:10.1.1.456.9135
3895:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3879:Wayback Machine
3869:
3865:
3859:Wayback Machine
3849:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3046:
3042:
3036:Wayback Machine
3021:
3019:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:. p. 929.
2945:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2739:
2697:George E. Smith
2575:grew synthetic
2573:Heinrich Welker
2515:Albert Einstein
2409:
2408:
2404:formulated the
2382:made the first
2380:Leopoldo Nobili
2343:light from the
2321:
2312:
2300:
2277:) locate their
2257:Thermoreceptors
2164:
2158:
2074:
2043:
2031:active galaxies
1982:
1974:Main articles:
1972:
1956:solar radiation
1935:
1871:
1858:
1834:
1822:
1785:using infrared
1769:remote controls
1729:
1723:
1684:infrared window
1679:
1673:
1657:infrared saunas
1633:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1598:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1548:
1546:Infrared homing
1542:
1501:Digital cameras
1489:
1429:
1423:
1403:
1385:
1373:thermal imaging
1349:
1343:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1303:
1291:
1280:
1266:The concept of
1206:
1200:
1098:
1062:microbolometers
1039:
1013:
984:
970:
958:0.7–2.5 μm
957:
932:
901:0.78–3 μm
873:
862:
857:
847:
842:
832:
827:
801:
793:
792:
791:
790:
786:
785:
784:
775:
774:
773:
742:
707:
697:20–37 THz
668:
628:
624:2,070–966
584:
565:
555:886–1,653
501:
492:
479:
444:
288:
92:. The infrared
61:, respectively.
55:space telescope
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6861:
6859:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6803:
6801:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6614:
6609:
6586:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6305:Molly Faries,
6303:
6290:
6277:
6272:
6269:Infrared Waves
6266:
6254:
6245:SIRC Protocol
6242:
6229:
6214:
6213:External links
6211:
6208:
6207:
6177:
6167:. C5ISR Center
6156:
6137:(9): 467–472.
6121:
6062:
6049:
6030:
6013:
5996:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5945:(5): 367–374.
5933:
5913:(6): 132–148.
5890:
5888:
5887:
5856:(3): 553–563.
5841:
5813:
5788:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5743:. 5th series.
5731:
5695:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5614:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5528:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5464:. 4th series.
5452:
5421:(2): 275–301.
5406:
5374:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5290:
5262:
5226:
5219:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5168:
5167:
5128:
5127:
5094:
5065:
5013:
5006:
4986:
4927:
4884:
4857:(4): 233–238.
4832:
4805:(2): 350–355.
4789:
4776:(5): 646–651.
4756:
4743:(6): 887–892.
4723:
4688:(12): 1063–6.
4665:
4614:
4584:(2): 211–225.
4561:
4497:
4470:(1): 106–115.
4454:
4416:(2): 201–211.
4396:
4371:
4352:
4327:
4302:
4290:
4271:
4217:
4164:
4114:
4061:
4008:
3963:
3949:
3883:
3863:
3843:
3817:
3787:
3761:
3725:
3719:978-0471743989
3718:
3692:
3673:(5): 138–147.
3657:
3630:(7): 546–553.
3614:
3587:
3558:
3533:
3517:
3491:
3465:
3437:
3411:
3381:
3374:
3348:
3311:
3289:
3269:
3238:(4): 339–341.
3220:
3195:
3170:
3163:
3145:
3115:
3087:
3061:
3040:
2998:
2967:
2960:
2938:
2907:
2889:
2861:
2824:(4): 255–266.
2803:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2764:People counter
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2722:neural implant
2718:
2711:
2708:
2689:
2684:(NVESD)), and
2666:Richard Hudson
2654:
2651:
2644:
2629:
2618:
2603:
2580:
2569:
2566:Zielgerät 1229
2562:
2555:
2548:
2539:developed the
2533:
2522:
2511:
2506:published the
2500:
2497:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2449:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2398:
2387:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:Health hazards
2308:
2299:
2296:
2157:
2154:
2150:Dunhuang Caves
2073:
2070:
2042:
2039:
1971:
1968:
1952:global warming
1934:
1931:
1870:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1722:
1721:Communications
1719:
1715:global warming
1686:. This is how
1675:Main article:
1672:
1669:
1635:
1634:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1567:Main article:
1564:
1561:
1544:Main article:
1541:
1538:
1488:
1485:
1483:applications.
1461:remote control
1425:Main article:
1422:
1419:
1399:Main article:
1384:
1381:
1345:Main article:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1202:Main article:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1097:
1094:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1043:
1028:
1012:
1009:
988:
987:
981:
978:
974:
973:
968:
965:
961:
960:
955:
952:
951:Near-infrared
948:
947:
944:
941:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
914:
913:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
895:Near-infrared
892:
891:
888:
885:
872:
869:
866:
865:
860:
858:3–1000 μm
855:
851:
850:
845:
840:
836:
835:
830:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
800:
797:
788:
787:
778:
777:
776:
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:
760:
759:
748:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
718:
717:
713:
701:
698:
695:
692:
686:
682:
681:
674:
662:
659:
656:
653:
646:
642:
641:
634:
622:
619:
616:
615:1.4–3 μm
613:
607:
603:
602:
582:
571:
559:
553:
547:
543:0.75–1.4
541:
533:
532:Near-infrared
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
500:
497:
491:
488:
478:
475:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
366:
363:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
325:
324:
319:
317:Frequency (Hz)
314:
309:
287:
284:
122:solar spectrum
74:infrared light
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6860:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6122:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6052:
6050:9783642546341
6046:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5980:
5974:
5971:Available at
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5831:
5827:
5824:(in German).
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5807:(in German).
5806:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5775:
5772:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5684:
5680:
5677:(in German).
5676:
5672:
5665:
5662:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5417:(in German).
5416:
5412:
5407:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5315:
5308:
5306:9783527693290
5302:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5252:
5248:
5245:(in French).
5244:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5202:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5111:(infra-red):
5109:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5084:on 2012-02-25
5083:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4990:
4987:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4900:(5): 638–41.
4899:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4524:(4928): 211.
4523:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4386:on 2008-12-02
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4369:at ColourLex.
4368:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4342:on 2009-01-13
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4317:on 2008-12-08
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3833:on 2007-07-28
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3777:on 2008-12-18
3776:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3751:on 2009-03-18
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3548:on 2012-05-29
3547:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3521:
3518:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3481:on 2007-10-28
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3336:
3332:
3329:(in French).
3328:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3105:on 2006-12-08
3104:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3077:on 2007-10-27
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2961:9781315271330
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2928:on 2018-11-17
2924:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:picture phone
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:Willard Boyle
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:(now part of
2659:
2658:Barnes, Agema
2655:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:Theodore Case
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:Lord Rayleigh
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:John Herschel
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:jewel beetles
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:Woman Ironing
2124:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:prime version
2107:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:film scanners
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1989:Beta Pictoris
1986:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:stratocumulus
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:optical fiber
1791:
1790:not happen."
1788:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:heat transfer
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1617:November 2013
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1586:This section
1584:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:camera phones
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:Other imaging
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1321:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1295:This section
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:Conventional
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:lead selenide
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
982:
979:
977:Far-infrared
975:
969:
966:
964:Mid-infrared
962:
956:
953:
949:
945:
943:Abbreviation
942:
939:
938:
935:
929:
922:
919:
917:Far-infrared
915:
912:3–50 μm
911:
908:
906:Mid-infrared
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
887:Abbreviation
886:
883:
882:
879:
877:
870:
861:
856:
853:
852:
846:
841:
838:
837:
831:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
813:Abbreviation
812:
811:
808:
806:
798:
796:
782:
771:
757:
753:
749:
746:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
714:
711:
706:
703:362–193
702:
699:
696:
694:8–15 μm
693:
691:
687:
684:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:(693–89
667:
664:966–362
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
643:
639:
635:
632:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
612:
608:
605:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
580:
576:
572:
569:
564:
560:
558:
554:
552:
549:214–400
548:
546:
542:
540:
539:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
512:Abbreviation
511:
508:
507:
504:
498:
496:
490:Visible limit
489:
487:
485:
476:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
307:
306:
300:
298:
294:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
208:dipole moment
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Edme Mariotte
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:spectral band
91:
87:
86:visible light
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Near infrared
6581:
6402:
6381:
6302:at ColourLex
6198:. Retrieved
6189:
6180:
6169:. Retrieved
6159:
6134:
6130:
6124:
6113:. Retrieved
6085:
6081:
6054:. Retrieved
6039:
6033:
6023:
6016:
6006:
5999:
5989:
5982:
5942:
5938:
5910:
5906:
5893:
5880:. Retrieved
5853:
5849:
5834:. Retrieved
5825:
5821:
5808:
5804:
5791:
5781:
5774:
5761:. Retrieved
5744:
5740:
5724:. Retrieved
5715:
5711:
5698:
5687:. Retrieved
5678:
5674:
5664:
5651:. Retrieved
5626:
5622:
5607:. Retrieved
5598:
5594:
5581:
5567:. Retrieved
5543:(173): 303.
5540:
5536:
5521:. Retrieved
5507:(4): 31–33.
5504:
5500:
5487:
5474:. Retrieved
5465:
5461:
5445:. Retrieved
5418:
5414:
5399:. Retrieved
5390:
5377:
5364:. Retrieved
5331:
5327:
5317:
5295:
5283:. Retrieved
5274:
5270:
5255:. Retrieved
5246:
5242:
5229:
5210:
5204:
5191:. Retrieved
5182:
5178:
5158:. Retrieved
5149:
5145:
5122:
5117:
5097:
5086:. Retrieved
5082:the original
5077:
5068:
5057:. Retrieved
5030:
5026:
5016:
4996:
4989:
4978:. Retrieved
4948:(2): 121–8.
4945:
4941:
4930:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4685:
4681:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4606:. Retrieved
4581:
4577:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4446:. Retrieved
4413:
4409:
4399:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:the original
4374:
4355:
4344:. Retrieved
4340:the original
4330:
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4305:
4293:
4274:
4265:
4259:. Retrieved
4234:
4230:
4220:
4211:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4156:. Retrieved
4131:
4127:
4117:
4108:
4081:(365): 365.
4078:
4074:
4064:
4055:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4002:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3952:
3941:. Retrieved
3903:
3899:
3886:
3866:
3846:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3820:
3809:. Retrieved
3779:. Retrieved
3775:the original
3764:
3753:. Retrieved
3742:the original
3737:
3728:
3701:
3695:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3602:
3598:
3579:. Retrieved
3570:
3561:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3536:
3526:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:
3494:
3483:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3468:
3458:September 8,
3456:. Retrieved
3449:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3393:
3384:
3357:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3330:
3324:
3314:
3306:
3299:. Retrieved
3279:
3272:
3263:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3198:
3187:. Retrieved
3173:
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3128:
3118:
3107:. Retrieved
3103:the original
3079:. Retrieved
3075:the original
3064:
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3043:
3020:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2991:16 September
2989:. Retrieved
2980:
2970:
2947:
2941:
2930:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2881:10.5772/2031
2871:
2864:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2784:
2674:Fred Simmons
2662:FLIR Systems
2599:
2552:World War II
2529:
2490:Wilhelm Wien
2478:
2386:IR detector.
2365:
2322:
2313:
2301:
2292:
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2283:
2279:warm-blooded
2272:
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2253:forest fires
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2115:carbon black
2102:underdrawing
2099:
2081:
2044:
2028:
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2006:
1994:
1960:
1948:
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1920:
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1879:Great Plains
1859:
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1820:Spectroscopy
1807:
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1781:
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1623:
1614:
1599:Please help
1587:
1549:
1518:far-infrared
1490:
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1466:
1412:
1404:
1401:Thermography
1383:Thermography
1370:
1362:
1347:Night vision
1341:Night vision
1324:
1315:
1304:Please help
1299:verification
1296:
1278:Applications
1265:
1261:solar corona
1243:
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1070:
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971:3–25 μm
940:Designation
933:
884:Designation
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756:far-infrared
722:Far-infrared
689:
655:3–8 μm
649:
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595:night vision
536:
524:Temperature
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276:spectroscopy
256:night vision
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6494:Lyman-alpha
6476:Ultraviolet
6415:wavelengths
6408:frequencies
6372:Ultraviolet
6200:14 February
5828:: 237–245.
5718:: 662–669.
5681:: 391–428.
5629:: 342–358.
5601:: 184–190.
5277:: 198–218.
5249:: 225–234.
5152:: 175–176.
5132:infra-rouge
5108:infra-rouge
5033:: 284–292.
4300:. kodak.com
4298:Digital ICE
2724:that gives
2524:1905–1908:
2353:thermometer
2231:boid snakes
1963:pyrgeometer
1933:Climatology
1869:Meteorology
1756:photodiodes
1727:Consumer IR
1649:hair salons
1318:August 2007
1224:temperature
1113:Descriptor
1090:Wood effect
1049:, InSb and
946:Wavelength
890:Wavelength
816:Wavelength
738:193–3
688:LWIR, IR-C
648:MWIR, IR-C
609:SWIR, IR-B
579:fiber optic
515:Wavelength
467:ultraviolet
361:Ultraviolet
240:red-shifted
204:vibrational
181:thermometer
152:those of a
82:wavelengths
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6837:Categories
6798:Wavelength
6654:Microwaves
6466:Hard X-ray
6461:Soft X-ray
6430:Gamma rays
6362:Gamma rays
6171:2020-01-07
6115:2020-01-07
6056:2020-01-07
5882:2018-04-10
5836:2018-04-10
5811:: 202–204.
5763:2018-04-10
5726:2018-04-10
5689:2018-04-11
5653:2018-04-09
5609:2018-04-09
5523:2018-04-09
5476:2018-04-11
5447:2018-04-10
5401:2018-04-10
5366:2018-04-09
5285:2018-04-12
5257:2018-04-12
5193:2018-04-15
5185:(5): 355.
5169:See also:
5088:2011-11-08
5059:2018-04-11
4980:2019-06-13
4608:2019-06-13
4578:Micrometre
4448:2019-09-06
4390:2011-11-08
4346:2009-02-20
4321:2009-02-20
4261:2022-10-13
4158:2022-10-13
3943:2013-04-12
3861:, Photonik
3837:2007-08-12
3811:2007-08-12
3781:2006-11-07
3755:2007-08-12
3581:2024-03-28
3552:2007-04-04
3510:18 October
3485:2007-10-18
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3301:12 October
3214:2019-02-12
3189:2009-11-12
3139:2020-07-11
3129:AZoSensors
3109:2006-10-30
3081:2006-10-27
3057:1107024765
3022:1 February
2932:2008-12-14
2901:2023-11-15
2875:. InTech.
2799:References
2633:Paul Kruse
2626:Sidewinder
2564:1945: The
2504:Max Planck
2395:thermogram
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2329:astronomer
2251:, locates
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2106:pentimenti
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1799:dispersion
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1645:hair dryer
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1268:emissivity
1235:black body
1214:emissivity
985:25 μm
819:Frequency
750:(see also
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535:NIR, IR-A
518:Frequency
459:irradiance
312:Wavelength
228:telescopes
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6387:Microwave
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4208:201590290
4052:201590290
3999:240331557
3916:CiteSeerX
3505:17-21-004
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2838:2193-0643
2701:Bell Labs
2648:J. Cooper
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2579:crystals.
2468:bolometer
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2134:Blue Room
2083:Mona Lisa
1970:Astronomy
1749:modulated
1700:pollution
1692:heat flow
1643:Infrared
1588:does not
1408:pyrometry
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1231:radiation
1135:Extended
1124:Original
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293:frequency
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6843:Infrared
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6582:Infrared
6382:Infrared
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6248:Archived
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6222:Archived
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6106:Archived
6102:95341284
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5876:Archived
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3575:Archived
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740:K
705:K
666:K
626:K
583:2
563:K
451:K
68:(
34:.
20:)
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