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regeneration and wastewater treatment. In 2021 DAC cost from $ 250 to $ 600 per ton, compared to $ 100 for biochar and less than $ 50 for nature-based solutions, such as reforestation and afforestation. The fact that biochar commands a higher price in the carbon removal market than nature-based solutions reflects the fact that it is a more durable sink with carbon being sequestered for hundreds or even thousands of years while nature-based solutions represent a more volatile form of storage, which risks related to forest fires, pests, economic pressures and changing political priorities. The Oxford
Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting states that to be compatible with the Paris Agreement: "...organizations must commit to gradually increase the percentage of carbon removal offsets they procure with the view of exclusively sourcing carbon removals by mid-century." These initiatives along with the development of new industry standards for engineered carbon removal, such as the Puro Standard, will help to support the growth of the carbon removal market.
1410:
1333:
1568:, which in April 2022 revealed a nearly $ 1 billion fund to reward companies able to permanently capture & store carbon. According to senior Stripe employee Nan Ransohoff, the fund was "roughly 30 times the carbon-removal market that existed in 2021. But it's still 1,000 times short of the market we need by 2050." The predominance of private sector funding has raised concerns as historically, voluntary markets have proved "orders of magnitude" smaller than those brought about by government policy. As of 2023 however, various governments have increased their support for CDR; these include Sweden, Switzerland, and the US. Recent activity from the US government includes the June 2022 Notice of Intent to fund the
1396:, the capture or hold of carbon. It is created using a process called pyrolysis, which is basically the act of high temperature heating biomass in an environment with low oxygen levels. What remains is a material known as char, similar to charcoal but is made through a sustainable process, thus the use of biomass. Biomass is organic matter produced by living organisms or recently living organisms, most commonly plants or plant based material. A study done by the UK Biochar Research Center has stated that, on a conservative level, biochar can store 1 gigaton of carbon per year. With greater effort in marketing and acceptance of biochar, the benefit of
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increasing deep ocean acidity. A 2021 report on CDR indicates that there is medium-high confidence that the technique could be efficient and scalable at low cost, with medium environmental risks. Ocean fertilization is estimated to be able to sequester 0.1 to 1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide per year at a cost of USD $ 8 to $ 80 per tonne.
1760:". Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256,
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Depending on the species, the trees will reach maturity after around 20 to 100 years, after which they store carbon but do not actively remove it from the atmosphere. Carbon can be stored in forests indefinitely, but the storage can also be much more short-lived as trees are vulnerable to being cut,
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The CDR methods with the greatest potential to contribute to climate change mitigation efforts as per illustrative mitigation pathways are the land-based biological CDR methods (primarily afforestation/reforestation (A/R)) and/or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Some of the pathways
1501:
involves grinding, dispersing, and dissolving minerals such as olivine, limestone, silicates, or calcium hydroxide to precipitate carbonate sequestered as deposits on the ocean floor. The removal potential of alkalinity enhancement is uncertain, and estimated at between 0.1 to 1 gigatonnes of carbon
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CDR is meant to complement efforts in hard-to-abate sectors rather than replace mitigation. Limiting climate change to 1.5°C and achieving net-zero emissions would entail substantial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere by the mid-century, but how much CDR is needed at country level over
987:
Experts also highlight social and ecological limits for carbon dioxide removal, such as the land area required. For example, the combined land requirements of removal plans as per the global
Nationally Determined Contributions in 2023 amounted to 1.2 billion hectares, which is equal to the combined
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per year. This is equivalent to about 4% of the greenhouse gases emitted per year by human activities. There is potential to remove and sequester up to 10 gigatons of carbon dioxide per year by using those CDR methods which can be safely and economically deployed now. However, quantifying the exact
980:, as it could lead to a reduction in near-term efforts to mitigate climate change. However, the 2019 NASEM report concludes: "Any argument to delay mitigation efforts because NETs will provide a backstop drastically misrepresents their current capacities and the likely pace of research progress."
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Global
Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
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deployment of CDR. It is not feasible to bring net emissions to zero without CDR as certain types of emissions are technically difficult to eliminate. Emissions that are difficult to eliminate include nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, aviation emissions, and some industrial emissions. In
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As of early 2023, financing has fell short of the sums required for high-tech CDR methods to contribute significantly to climate change mitigation. Though available funds have recently increased substantially. Most of this increase has been from voluntary private sector initiatives. Such as a
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to the upper ocean. While one of the more well-researched carbon dioxide removal approaches, ocean fertilization would only sequester carbon on a timescale of 10-100 years. While surface ocean acidity may decrease as a result of nutrient fertilization, sinking organic matter will remineralize,
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The cost of CDR differs substantially depending on the maturity of the technology employed as well as the economics of both voluntary carbon removal markets and the physical output; for example, the pyrolysis of biomass produces biochar that has various commercial applications, including soil
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can remove carbonate from seawater using electricity. While such techniques used in isolation are estimated to be able to remove 0.1 to 1 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide per year at a cost of USD $ 150 to $ 2,500 per tonne, these methods are much less expensive when performed in conjunction with
2258:
Jackson, Robert B.; Abernethy, Sam; Canadell, Josep G.; Cargnello, Matteo; Davis, Steven J.; Féron, Sarah; Fuss, Sabine; Heyer, Alexander J.; Hong, Chaopeng; Jones, Chris D.; Damon
Matthews, H.; O'Connor, Fiona M.; Pisciotta, Maxwell; Rhoda, Hannah M.; de Richter, Renaud (November 15, 2021).
1548:. As of end 2021 carbon prices for both these cap-and-trade schemes currently based on carbon reductions, as opposed to carbon removals, remained below $ 100. After the diffusion of net-zero targets, CDR plays a more important role in key emerging economies (e.g. Brazil, China, and India)
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Reliance on large-scale deployment of CDR was regarded in 2018 as a "major risk" to achieving the goal of less than 1.5 °C of warming, given the uncertainties in how quickly CDR can be deployed at scale. Strategies for mitigating climate change that rely less on CDR and more on
1216:. Afforestation and reforestation – sometimes referred to collectively as 'forestation' – facilitate this process of carbon removal by establishing or re-establishing forest areas. It takes forests approximately 10 years to ramp- up to the maximum sequestration rate.
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from the atmosphere and durably storing it in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. It includes existing and potential anthropogenic enhancement of biological or geochemical sinks and direct air capture and storage, but excludes natural
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concentrations, which could partially reverse the warming that has already occurred by that date. All emission pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 °C or 2 °C by the year 2100 assume the use of CDR in combination with emission reductions.
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could be the storage of 5–9 gigatons per year in soils. However, at the moment, biochar is restricted by the terrestrial carbon storage capacity, when the system reaches the state of equilibrium, and requires regulation because of threats of leakage.
1085:(TRL). The ones at the top have a high TRL of 8 to 9 (9 being the maximum possible value, meaning the technology is proven), the ones at the bottom have a low TRL of 1 to 2, meaning the technology is not proven or only validated at laboratory scale.
984:
time is unclear. Equitable allocations of CDR, in many cases, exceed implied land and carbon storage capacities. Many countries have either insufficient land to contribute an equitable share of global CDR or insufficient geological storage capacity.
1252:, crop roots, wood and leaves. The overall goal of carbon farming is to create a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere. This is done by increasing the rate at which carbon is sequestered into soil and plant material. One option is to increase the
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is the re-establishment of a forest that has been previously cleared. Forests are vital for human society, animals and plant species. This is because trees keep air clean, regulate the local climate and provide a habitat for numerous species.
1514:, where salt and carbonate are simultaneously removed. Preliminary estimates suggest that the cost of such carbon removal can be paid for in large part if not entirely from the sale of the desalinated water produced as a byproduct.
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per year, almost entirely by low-tech methods like reforestation and the creation of new forests. This is equivalent to 4% of the greenhouse gases emitted per year by human activities. A 2019 consensus study report by
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Some mitigation pathways propose achieving higher rates of CDR through massive deployment of one technology, however these pathways assume that hundreds of millions of hectares of cropland are converted to growing
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Schenuit, Felix; Gidden, Matthew J.; Boettcher, Miranda; Brutschin, Elina; Fyson, Claire; Gasser, Thomas; Geden, Oliver; Lamb, William F.; Mace, M. J.; Minx, Jan; Riahi, Keywan (October 3, 2023).
1995:
Rackley, Steve; Andrews, Graham; Clery, Diarmaid; De
Richter, Renaud; Dowson, George; Knops, Pol; Li, We; Mccord, Stephen; Ming, Tingzhen; Sewel, Adrienne; Styring, Peter; Tyka, Michael (2023).
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Use of CDR reduces the overall rate at which humans are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The Earth's surface temperature will stabilize only after global emissions have been reduced to
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in safe long-term storage (called direct air carbon capture and sequestration (DACCS)), the overall process will achieve carbon dioxide removal and be a "negative emissions technology" (NET).
2614:
Yang, Pu; Mi, Zhifu; Wei, Yi-Ming; Hanssen, Steef V; Liu, Lan-Cui; Coffman, D'Maris; Sun, Xinlu; Liao, Hua; Yao, Yun-Fei; Kang, Jia-Ning; Wang, Peng-Tao; Davis, Steven J (November 6, 2023).
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Deprez, Alexandra; Leadley, Paul; Dooley, Kate; Williamson, Phil; Cramer, Wolfgang; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Rankovic, Aleksandar; Carlson, Eliot L.; Creutzig, Felix (February 2, 2024).
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Biomass, such as trees, can be directly stored into the Earth's subsurface. Furthermore carbon dioxide that has been removed from the atmosphere can be stored in the Earth's crust by
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formulated it like this in 2023 "We must stop talking about deploying CDR as a solution today, when emissions remain high—as if it somehow replaces radical, immediate emission cuts.
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salts. This is because they are removing carbon from the atmosphere and sequestering it indefinitely and presumably for a considerable duration (thousands to millions of years).
65:) is removed from the atmosphere by deliberate human activities and durably stored in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reservoirs, or in products. This process is also known as
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or utilized. When used to sequester the carbon from a gas-fired power plant, CCS reduces emissions from continued use of the point source, but does not reduce the amount of
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Schenuit, Felix; Brutschin, Elina; Geden, Oliver; Guo, Fei; Mohan, Aniruddh; Oliveira
Fiorini, Ana Carolina; Saluja, Sonakshi; Schaeffer, Roberto; Riahi, Keywan (2024).
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Rogelj, J., D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca, R. Séférian, and M.V.Vilariño, 2018:
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burned, or killed by disease or drought. Once mature, forest products can be harvested and the biomass stored in long-lived wood products, or used for bioenergy or
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4720:
2329:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1983:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1000:, and other forms of plant life absorb carbon dioxide from the air as they grow, and bind it into biomass. However, these biological stores are considered volatile
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Risks to deployment of new forest include the availability of land, competition with other land uses, and the comparatively long time from planting to maturity.
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3201:
2824:
1758:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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97:). In the future, CDR may be able to counterbalance emissions that are technically difficult to eliminate, such as some agricultural and industrial emissions.
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greenhouse gases such as methane from the atmosphere, but only carbon dioxide is currently feasible to remove at scale. Therefore, in most contexts,
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approaches. A detailed analysis needs to be performed to assess how much negative emissions a particular process achieves. This analysis includes
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1996:
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Schenuit, Felix; Colvin, Rebecca; Fridahl, Mathias; McMullin, Barry; Reisinger, Andy; Sanchez, Daniel L.; Smith, Stephen M.; Torvanger, Asbjørn;
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or disease, economic pressures and changing political priorities can result in the sequestered carbon being released back into the atmosphere.
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European
Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation; European Commission's Group of Chief Scientific Advisors (2018).
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that could be deployed safely and economically using current technologies, and estimated that they could remove up to 10 gigatons of CO
30:
This article is about removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. For technologies that remove carbon dioxide from point sources, see
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5482:
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1756:". Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.). In "
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5241:
4434:
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management in coastal wetlands (restoration of vegetated coastal ecosystems; an ocean-based biological CDR method which encompasses
3701:
3633:"Electrodialysis process for carbon dioxide capture coupled with salinity reduction: A statistical and quantitative investigation"
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5419:
5399:
5346:
5298:
4350:
4073:
2592:
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Critics point out that CDR must not be regarded as a substitute for the required cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Oceanographer
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will require first and foremost deep and sustained cuts in emissions, and then—in addition—the use of CDR ("CDR is what puts the
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Keller, David P.; Lenton, Andrew; Littleton, Emma W.; Oschlies, Andreas; Scott, Vivian; Vaughan, Naomi E. (September 1, 2018).
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of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press (In Press).
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Mulligan, James; Ellison, Gretchen; Levin, Kelly; Lebling, Katie; Rudee, Alex; Leslie-Bole, Haley (March 17, 2023).
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Lin, Brenda B.; Macfadyen, Sarina; Renwick, Anna R.; Cunningham, Saul A.; Schellhorn, Nancy A. (October 1, 2013).
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1303:. Carbon farming is not without its challenges or disadvantages. This is because some of its methods can affect
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4885:
4768:
4695:
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3979:"Taking stock of carbon dioxide removal policy in emerging economies: Developments in Brazil, China, and India"
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Mustafa, Jawad; Al-Marzouqi, Ali H.; Ghasem, Nayef; El-Naas, Muftah H.; Van der Bruggen, Bart (February 2023).
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combined with storage. There are also CDR methods that use oceans and other water bodies. Those are called
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3547:"Cloud spraying and hurricane slaying: how ocean geoengineering became the frontier of the climate crisis"
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1482:
There are several methods of sequestering carbon from the ocean, where dissolved carbonate in the form of
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47:
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way to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, however the effect may only be temporary in some cases.
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4449:
4019:
2037:"Toward Responsible and Informed Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal: Research and Governance Priorities"
1609:
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could potentially yield technological advancements that make higher rates of CDR economically feasible.
1065:
901:
779:
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715:
446:
3679:"How Finland's Puro.earth plans to scale up carbon removal to help the world reach net zero emissions"
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913:
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300:
205:
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Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5 °C in the Context of Sustainable Development
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CDR includes methods that are implemented on land or in aquatic systems. Land-based methods include
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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1985:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.
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Mustafa, Jawad; Mourad, Aya A. -H. I.; Al-Marzouqi, Ali H.; El-Naas, Muftah H. (June 1, 2020).
17:
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4324:
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3605:
3578:"Simultaneous treatment of reject brine and capture of carbon dioxide: A comprehensive review"
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2006:
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Timescale of storage (decades to centuries; centuries to millennia; thousand years or longer)
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3838:
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3422:
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3308:
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3143:
3102:
3091:"Maximizing the Environmental Benefits of Carbon Farming through Ecosystem Service Delivery"
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2645:
2627:
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2550:
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2413:
2296:
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1915:
1896:"Carbon dioxide removal is not a current climate solution — we need to change the narrative"
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1804:
1794:
1761:
1553:
1355:
567:
461:
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3398:
3050:"Forestry-based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: Potential benefits and challenges"
2369:"The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030. — IPCC"
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as the long-term sequestration cannot be guaranteed. For example, natural events, such as
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Jones, I.S.F. & Young, H.E. (1997). "Engineering a large sustainable world fishery".
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2035:
Lebling, Katie; Northrop, Eliza; McCormick, Colin; Bridgwater, Liz (November 15, 2022),
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CDR methods can be placed in different categories that are based on different criteria:
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1300:
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109:
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39:
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5163:
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3664:
3617:
3532:
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3049:
3034:
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2616:"The global mismatch between equitable carbon dioxide removal liability and capacity"
2211:
2059:
1943:
1783:"Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy in the Making: Assessing Developments in 9 OECD Cases"
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1623:
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would be a better subject for research due to its longer lifetime in the atmosphere.
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Almaraz, Maya; Wong, Michelle Y.; Geoghegan, Emily K.; Houlton, Benjamin Z. (2021).
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5000:
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4444:
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Lebling, Katie; McQueen, Noah; Pisciotta, Max; Wilcox, Jennifer (January 6, 2021).
1977:
M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022:
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2399:(2022). Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; Slade, R.; Al Khourdajie, A.; et al. (eds.).
1392:. Biochar is a charcoal that is used for agricultural purposes which also aids in
1200:
is the establishment of a forest in an area where there was previously no forest.
3827:"European Carbon Dioxide Removal Policy: Current Status and Future Opportunities"
2764:"Permanent wood sequestration: The Solution to the Global Carbon Dioxide Problem"
900:(CCS), a process in which carbon dioxide is collected from point-sources such as
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3656:
3601:
2932:
2907:
1308:
1292:
1213:
1155:
1001:
552:
525:
520:
515:
505:
475:
361:
220:
133:
4040:
3171:
2894:
2475:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 93-174.
2098:
2073:
1919:
5628:
5005:
4632:
4150:
4125:
3843:
3826:
3473:
3296:
2883:
2480:
1799:
1782:
1765:
1599:
1261:
1163:
500:
4159:
3852:
3609:
3304:
3157:
3116:
3107:
3090:
3075:
3018:
2987:"A review of carbon farming impacts on nitrogen cycling, retention, and loss"
2963:
2941:
2707:
2641:
2572:
2342:
2331:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
2292:
2172:
Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda
2107:
2051:
1927:
1865:
1818:
976:
The possibility of large-scale future CDR deployment has been described as a
4573:
4185:
3498:
A Research Strategy for Ocean-based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Sequestration
3272:
3236:
while improving soils: A significant sustainable response to climate change"
3148:
3131:
2699:
2554:
2074:"Secure robust carbon dioxide removal policy through credible certification"
1381:
1351:
1337:
1295:, and changing the crop types. Methods used in forestry include for example
1212:
from the atmosphere and store it in living biomass, dead organic matter and
1107:
1103:
1016:
4058:
3524:
3322:
3026:
2795:
2787:
2715:
2659:
2580:
2310:
2284:
1935:
1833:
1698:"Examining the Viability of Planting Trees to Help Mitigate Climate Change"
1631:
1048:
that would prevent more than 1.5 °C of warming included CDR measures.
160:
amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere by CDR is difficult.
3702:"Direct Air Capture: Resource Considerations and Costs for Carbon Removal"
2632:
2417:
884:(land-based biological; ocean-based biological; geochemical; chemical); or
3426:
3132:"Removing Harmful Greenhouse Gases from the Air Using Energy from Plants"
2563:
2002:
1491:
1159:
1112:
1005:
997:
945:
929:
3898:"Greenhouse Gas Removals: Summary of Responses to the Call for Evidence"
1463:
1307:. For example, carbon farming could cause an increase of land clearing,
948:
emissions have been achieved, CDR could be used to reduce atmospheric CO
148:(CCS) are not regarded as CDR because CCS does not reduce the amount of
4551:
3868:"Setting the context for an EU policy framework for negative emissions"
3010:
2889:
2665:
1809:
1617:
1585:
1565:
1385:
1377:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1221:
1053:
583:
366:
2328:
1982:
1757:
856:) is sometimes used in the scientific literature for both CDR or SRM (
5564:
1857:
1561:
1540:
is preparing for carbon removal certification and considering carbon
745:
4191:
3923:"Spotlight: EU carbon price strengthens to record highs in November"
2906:
Nath, Arun Jyoti; Lal, Rattan; Das, Ashesh Kumar (January 1, 2015).
4181:
3506:
2126:"Guest post: The state of 'carbon dioxide removal' in seven charts"
1081:
The following is a list of known CDR methods in the order of their
4561:
3373:
1666: – Hypothetical representation of potential future conditions
1462:
1408:
1331:
1280:
740:
38:
4209:
3729:"New Biochar technology a game changer for carbon capture market"
1486:
is in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide. These include
1248:
is a set of agricultural methods that aim to store carbon in the
1196:
to absorb carbon dioxide and store the carbon in wood and soils.
932:, which will require both aggressive efforts to reduce emissions
3495:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (December 8, 2021).
2396:
2169:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (October 24, 2018).
1249:
5515:
5220:
4956:
4506:
4418:
4299:
4251:
4213:
1660: – Type of fuel which have no net greenhouse gas emissions
1654: – Device which absorbs carbon dioxide from circulated gas
4197:
3763:"The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting"
2908:"Managing woody bamboos for carbon farming and carbon trading"
2817:"Forest Protection & Climate Change: Why Is It Important?"
2731:"The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting"
1584:
Although some researchers have suggested methods for removing
1572:'s $ 3.5 billion CDR program, and the signing into law of the
1436:(DAC) is the use of chemical or physical processes to extract
1271:
Agricultural methods for carbon farming include adjusting how
155:
As of 2023, CDR is estimated to remove around 2 gigatons of CO
5478:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2893:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2669:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1998:
Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation
1678: – Competition for permanent removal of greenhouse gases
1027:
As of 2023, CDR is estimated to remove about 2 gigatons of CO
4192:
The Road to Ten Gigatons - Carbon Removal Scale Up Challenge
3130:
Sanchez, Daniel L.; Kammen, Daniel M. (September 24, 2015).
2471:
1502:
dioxide per year at a cost of USD $ 100 to $ 150 per tonne.
1044:
per year if fully deployed worldwide. In 2018, all analyzed
941:
strategies, the use of CDR counterbalances those emissions.
27:
Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide through human activity
3273:"The Effects of Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Carbon Cycle"
1576:, which contains the 45Q tax to enhance the CDR market.
860:), if the techniques are used at a global scale. The terms
4177:
Factsheet about CDR by IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WG III
5654:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
4074:"We've Never Seen a Carbon-Removal Plan Like This Before"
108:, agricultural practices that sequester carbon in soils (
1895:
1724:"Planting trees doesn't always help with climate change"
2241:"6 Ways to Remove Carbon Pollution from the Atmosphere"
1748:
1746:
1744:
4126:"Practical constraints on atmospheric methane removal"
2895:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2671:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1648: – Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
1224:. Consequent forest regrowth then allows continuing CO
1036:
assessed the potential of all forms of CDR other than
5495:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3178:. University of Edinburgh Kings Buildings Edinburgh.
1188:
Afforestation, reforestation, and forestry management
1184:
also include direct air capture and storage (DACCS).
833:. Technologies have been proposed for removing non-CO
3337:"Direct Air Capture / A key technology for net zero"
1405:
Direct air capture with carbon sequestration (DACCS)
1077:
Overview listing based on technology readiness level
5672:
5557:
5526:
5455:
5390:
5312:
5234:
5185:
5102:
5059:
4969:
4876:
4729:
4676:
4519:
4343:
4312:
4100:"Why Big Tech is pouring money into carbon removal"
2446:
https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/08/09/ar6-wg1-20210809-pr/
1459:
Carbon sequestration § Sequestration in oceans
1319:
Bioenergy with carbon capture & storage (BECCS)
3399:"Enhancement of oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO
3048:Jindal, Rohit; Swallow, Brent; Kerr, John (2008).
1440:directly from the ambient air. If the extracted CO
1176:, ocean alkalinity enhancement that amplifies the
3366:Novel carbon capture and utilisation technologies
2402:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change
1268:is another tool that is used in carbon farming.
1256:content. This can also aid plant growth, improve
819:uptake not directly caused by human activities."
5695:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2261:"Atmospheric methane removal: a research agenda"
1358:and capturing and storing the carbon dioxide (CO
4004:
4002:
4000:
2684:"Sustainability limits needed for CO 2 removal"
806:Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is defined by the
140:and "monitoring, reporting, and verification" (
2124:Smith, Steve; et al. (January 19, 2023).
4430:History of climate change policy and politics
4225:
2529:Anderson, K.; Peters, G. (October 14, 2016).
787:
77:. CDR is more and more often integrated into
8:
4011:"Toward the effective and fair funding of CO
1388:, and is under investigation as a method of
4547:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2408:. Contribution of Working Group III to the
2341:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1544:. CDR might also in future be added to the
5776:
5764:
5523:
5512:
5231:
5217:
4966:
4953:
4516:
4503:
4415:
4309:
4296:
4248:
4232:
4218:
4210:
2991:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
794:
780:
167:
61:) is a process in which carbon dioxide (CO
5322:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
4455:United Nations Climate Change conferences
4149:
4048:
3842:
3312:
3147:
3106:
3065:
2956:"Carbon Farming | Carbon Cycle Institute"
2931:
2649:
2631:
2562:
2300:
2097:
1808:
1798:
1702:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
1348:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1326:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1144:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
810:as: "Anthropogenic activities removing CO
114:bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
5026:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3756:
3754:
1062:geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide
1056:crops. Further research in the areas of
918:carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
150:carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
5382:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5171:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3886:from the original on December 10, 2021.
3397:Matear, R. J. & B. Elliott (2004).
1688:
1490:, the purposeful introduction of plant
1235:Agricultural practices (carbon farming)
731:Territorialisation of carbon governance
175:
5031:Economics of climate change mitigation
4994:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4335:Scientific consensus on climate change
4188:. Info about carbon removal solutions.
3910:from the original on October 20, 2021.
3825:Tamme, Eve; Beck, Larissa Lee (2021).
3806:from the original on February 15, 2020
3768:. University of Oxford. Archived from
3739:from the original on February 21, 2021
2595:from the original on November 22, 2021
2510:from the original on December 20, 2019
2462:
2460:
2349:from the original on December 22, 2019
2189:from the original on November 22, 2021
2119:
2117:
2078:Communications Earth & Environment
1973:
1524:Economics of climate change mitigation
5690:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
3252:from the original on November 5, 2016
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2531:"The trouble with negative emissions"
2492:
2490:
2488:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2343:"Glossary — Global Warming of 1.5 °C"
2234:
2232:
2206:
2204:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1889:
1887:
1350:(BECCS) is the process of extracting
1138:Direct air carbon capture and storage
736:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
7:
5712:Representative Concentration Pathway
4653:Tipping points in the climate system
4329:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
3796:"Carbon markets get real on removal"
3353:from the original on April 10, 2022.
3182:from the original on October 1, 2019
2762:F. Scholz, U. Hasse (May 15, 2008).
2743:from the original on October 2, 2020
1453:Marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR)
868:are no longer used in IPCC reports.
5483:Nationally determined contributions
5193:Individual action on climate change
4398:World energy supply and consumption
4198:The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal
3921:Evans, Michael (December 8, 2021).
2774:(5). www.chemsuschem.org: 381–384.
2325:Chapter 1: Introduction and Framing
1532:Although CDR is not covered by the
1505:Electrochemical techniques such as
5622:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
3876:Centre for European Policy Studies
3727:Brown, James (February 21, 2021).
3689:from the original on July 1, 2021.
3557:from the original on June 23, 2021
3433:from the original on March 4, 2010
1722:Marshall, Michael (May 26, 2020).
892:Concepts using similar terminology
25:
5549:Satellite temperature measurement
5154:forestry for carbon sequestration
4435:History of climate change science
4072:Robinson Meyer (April 23, 2022).
3958:from the original on June 2, 2014
3708:from the original on May 13, 2021
3344:International Energy Agency (IEA)
3232:"Biochar reducing and removing CO
2827:from the original on June 3, 2021
1872:from the original on May 25, 2021
1781:; Geden, Oliver (March 4, 2021).
1580:Removal of other greenhouse gases
1556:with prominent members including
924:Role in climate change mitigation
5775:
5763:
5752:
5751:
5739:
5400:Climate Change Performance Index
4779:Destruction of cultural heritage
3866:Elkerbout, Milan; Bryhn, Julie.
3794:Giles, Jim (February 10, 2020).
3067:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00176.x
2888:
2664:
1672: – Climate-friendly economy
1630:
1616:
1602:
1426:This section is an excerpt from
1324:This section is an excerpt from
1013:injecting it into the subsurface
908:in a concentrated stream. The CO
761:
760:
183:
5539:Instrumental temperature record
5490:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4204:Land - the planet's carbon sink
4098:Katie Brigham (June 28, 2022).
3403:by macronutrient fertilization"
3208:. Direct.gov.uk. Archived from
2912:Global Ecology and Conservation
2729:Myles, Allen (September 2020).
1696:Buis, Alan (November 7, 2019).
1574:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
1552:private sector alliance led by
18:Negative emissions technologies
5607:Climate variability and change
4638:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3761:Myles, Allen (February 2020).
3277:Current Climate Change Reports
3245:. UK Biochar research Center.
1894:Ho, David T. (April 4, 2023).
1834:"An actionable climate target"
1015:, or in the form of insoluble
827:negative emissions technology,
696:Climate reconstruction proxies
1:
5717:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5252:Climate emergency declaration
3991:10.1080/14693062.2024.2353148
3704:. World Resources Institute.
1570:Bipartisan Infrastructure Law
1336:Example of BECCS: Diagram of
1266:Sustainable forest management
824:greenhouse gas removal (GGR),
5700:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
4926:Middle East and North Africa
2866:Royal Academy of Engineering
2473:efforts to eradicate poverty
2442:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2175:. National Academies Press.
1510:seawater processing such as
1499:Ocean alkalinity enhancement
1367:Biochar carbon removal (BCR)
1208:As trees grow they absorb CO
666:Carbonate compensation depth
331:Particulate inorganic carbon
126:ocean alkalinity enhancement
4774:Depopulation of settlements
4009:Honegger, Matthias (2023).
3657:10.1016/j.desal.2022.116263
3602:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114386
2933:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.03.002
1546:UK Emissions Trading Scheme
1415:International Energy Agency
1023:Current and potential scale
904:, whose smokestacks emit CO
5830:
5534:Global surface temperature
5425:Popular culture depictions
5337:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5067:Carbon capture and storage
4989:Carbon offsets and credits
4124:Lackner, Klaus S. (2020).
4041:10.1038/s41467-023-36199-4
3454:Environmental Conservation
3346:. April 2022. p. 18.
3176:UK Biochar research center
2099:10.1038/s43247-023-01014-x
1920:10.1038/d41586-023-00953-x
1832:Geden, Oliver (May 2016).
1646:Biological carbon fixation
1521:
1478:sequestration in the ocean
1456:
1425:
1421:global operating capacity.
1370:
1342:carbon capture and storage
1323:
1238:
1083:technology readiness level
988:size of global croplands.
973:carry less of this risk.
898:carbon capture and storage
858:solar radiation management
721:Carbon capture and storage
325:Particulate organic carbon
319:Dissolved inorganic carbon
146:Carbon capture and storage
32:Carbon capture and storage
29:
5746:Climate change portal
5733:
5639:Extreme event attribution
5522:
5511:
5262:School Strike for Climate
5230:
5216:
5141:Climate-smart agriculture
4965:
4952:
4515:
4502:
4425:
4414:
4308:
4295:
4278:Climate change adaptation
4273:Climate change mitigation
4268:Effects of climate change
4258:
4247:
4151:10.1038/s41893-020-0496-7
3844:10.3389/fclim.2021.682882
3474:10.1017/S0376892997000167
3297:10.1007/s40641-018-0104-3
3136:Frontiers for Young Minds
2481:10.1017/9781009157940.004
2444:Working Group 1, 9/8/21,
2245:World Resources Institute
2044:World Resources Institute
1800:10.3389/fclim.2021.638805
1766:10.1017/9781009157896.022
971:sustainable use of energy
939:climate change mitigation
896:CDR can be confused with
822:Synonyms for CDR include
726:Carbon cycle re-balancing
144:) of the entire process.
83:climate change mitigation
5649:Global warming potential
5456:International agreements
5103:Preserving and enhancing
4537:Arctic methane emissions
4459:Years in climate change
4366:Greenhouse gas emissions
4263:Causes of climate change
3108:10.1525/bio.2013.63.10.6
2498:"SR15 Technical Summary"
2451:August 11, 2021, at the
2212:"Greenhouse Gas Removal"
2052:10.46830/wrirpt.21.00090
1542:contracts for difference
1152:(alkalinity enhancement)
701:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
661:Carbonate–silicate cycle
629:Carbon dioxide clathrate
624:Clathrate gun hypothesis
452:Net ecosystem production
313:Dissolved organic carbon
5680:Climate change scenario
5332:Disaster risk reduction
4984:Carbon emission trading
4794:U.S. insurance industry
4764:Civilizational collapse
4611:sea surface temperature
3368:. Publications Office.
3149:10.3389/frym.2015.00014
3054:Natural Resources Forum
2700:10.1126/science.adj6171
2620:National Science Review
2555:10.1126/science.aah4567
2410:Sixth Assessment Report
1664:Climate change scenario
1652:Carbon dioxide scrubber
1279:is done, using organic
912:is then compressed and
711:Deep Carbon Observatory
171:Part of a series on the
5814:Carbon dioxide removal
5673:Research and modelling
5357:Nature-based solutions
5177:Nature-based solutions
5119:Carbon dioxide removal
5036:Fossil fuel divestment
5021:Climate risk insurance
4931:Small island countries
4542:Arctic sea ice decline
2857:Greenhouse Gas Removal
2788:10.1002/cssc.200800048
2285:10.1098/rsta.2020.0454
1676:Virgin Earth Challenge
1479:
1422:
1398:Biochar Carbon Removal
1373:Biochar carbon removal
1345:
1132:Biochar carbon removal
902:gas-fired power plants
843:carbon dioxide removal
839:greenhouse gas removal
531:Continental shelf pump
307:Total inorganic carbon
273:Satellite measurements
85:strategies. Achieving
71:greenhouse gas removal
55:Carbon dioxide removal
51:
5809:Climate change policy
5634:Earth's energy budget
5517:Background and theory
5405:Climate crisis (term)
5077:Fossil fuel phase-out
4971:Economics and finance
4936:by individual country
4878:By country and region
4853:Security and conflict
4848:Psychological impacts
4527:Abrupt climate change
4450:Charles David Keeling
4283:By country and region
4130:Nature Sustainability
4020:Nature Communications
4015:removal technologies"
3206:Biomass Energy Center
2418:10.1017/9781009157926
1610:Climate change portal
1522:Further information:
1466:
1412:
1335:
1254:soil's organic matter
1066:carbon mineralization
716:Global Carbon Project
447:Ecosystem respiration
42:
5463:Glasgow Climate Pact
5124:Carbon sequestration
4689:Mass mortality event
3831:Frontiers in Climate
3427:10.1029/2000JC000321
1787:Frontiers in Climate
1394:carbon sequestration
1390:carbon sequestration
1260:capacity and reduce
1258:soil water retention
1178:oceanic carbon cycle
1100:carbon sequestration
545:Carbon sequestration
301:Total organic carbon
5804:Climate engineering
5602:Climate sensitivity
5377:The Adaptation Fund
4833:Infectious diseases
4730:Social and economic
4142:2020NatSu...3..357L
4033:2023NatCo..14..534H
3649:2023Desal.54816263M
3594:2020Desal.48314386M
3466:1997EnvCo..24...99J
3419:2004JGRC..109.4001M
3289:2018CCCR....4..250K
3003:2021NYASA1505..102A
2960:www.carboncycle.org
2924:2015GEcoC...3..654N
2780:2008ChSCh...1..381S
2633:10.1093/nsr/nwad254
2547:2016Sci...354..182A
2277:2021RSPTA.37900454J
2090:2023ComEE...4..349S
1912:2023Natur.616....9H
1850:2016NatGe...9..340G
1754:Annex VII: Glossary
1658:Carbon-neutral fuel
1538:European Commission
1518:Costs and economics
1488:ocean fertilization
1417:reported growth in
1362:) that is produced.
1174:Ocean fertilization
1150:Enhanced weathering
1046:mitigation pathways
1038:ocean fertilization
866:climate engineering
854:climate engineering
592:Atmospheric methane
558:Soil carbon storage
408:Reverse Krebs cycle
263:Ocean acidification
138:life cycle analysis
130:wetland restoration
122:ocean fertilization
95:net zero emissions"
81:, as an element of
5173:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5145:Forest management
5129:Direct air capture
5094:Sustainable energy
5051:Net zero emissions
5046:Low-carbon economy
5041:Green Climate Fund
4828:Indigenous peoples
4721:Plant biodiversity
4509:Effects and issues
3775:on October 2, 2020
3212:on October 3, 2016
3202:"What is Biomass?"
3172:"What is biochar?"
3011:10.1111/nyas.14690
2271:(2210): 20200454.
1670:Low-carbon economy
1588:, others say that
1480:
1434:Direct air capture
1428:Direct air capture
1423:
1419:direct air capture
1380:is created by the
1346:
1305:ecosystem services
1058:direct air capture
957:Critique and risks
671:Great Calcite Belt
619:Aerobic production
439:Carbon respiration
381:Metabolic pathways
341:Primary production
118:direct air capture
87:net zero emissions
75:negative emissions
52:
5791:
5790:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5664:Radiative forcing
5507:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5327:Adaptive capacity
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5072:Energy transition
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4658:Tropical cyclones
4584:Urban heat island
4498:
4497:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4371:Carbon accounting
4325:Greenhouse effect
4291:
4290:
4206:, United Nations.
3903:. HM Government.
3553:. June 23, 2021.
3516:978-0-309-08761-2
3383:978-92-79-82006-9
2875:978-1-78252-349-9
2821:Climate Transform
2694:(6682): 484–486.
2541:(6309): 182–183.
2182:978-0-309-48452-7
2012:978-0-12-819663-2
1979:Technical Summary
1838:Nature Geoscience
1340:power plant with
1313:biodiversity loss
1127:forest management
804:
803:
602:Methane emissions
258:In the atmosphere
16:(Redirected from
5821:
5779:
5778:
5767:
5766:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5707:Paleoclimatology
5524:
5513:
5274:Ecological grief
5257:Climate movement
5232:
5218:
5198:Plant-based diet
5089:Renewable energy
4967:
4954:
4789:Economic impacts
4711:Invasive species
4567:Coastal flooding
4517:
4504:
4440:Svante Arrhenius
4416:
4386:from agriculture
4376:Carbon footprint
4361:Greenhouse gases
4310:
4297:
4249:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3948:"Pricing Carbon"
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3685:. July 1, 2021.
3675:
3669:
3668:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3240:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3045:
3039:
3038:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2962:. Archived from
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2852:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2823:. May 13, 2021.
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2635:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2566:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2483:
2464:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2407:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2338:
2332:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:Net Zero Climate
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2166:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2041:
2032:
2017:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1948:
1947:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1858:10.1038/ngeo2699
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1774:
1768:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1536:as of 2021, the
1477:
1476:
1475:
796:
789:
782:
769:
764:
763:
568:pelagic sediment
462:Soil respiration
457:Photorespiration
187:
168:
21:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5740:
5738:
5721:
5668:
5659:Orbital forcing
5553:
5518:
5499:
5473:Paris Agreement
5451:
5447:Warming stripes
5386:
5352:Managed retreat
5347:Loss and damage
5308:
5242:Business action
5226:
5204:
5181:
5104:
5098:
5055:
5016:Climate finance
4961:
4940:
4872:
4725:
4701:Extinction risk
4677:Flora and fauna
4672:
4633:Permafrost thaw
4628:Ozone depletion
4557:Extreme weather
4511:
4494:
4421:
4402:
4339:
4304:
4287:
4254:
4243:
4238:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3998:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3517:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3407:J. Geophys. Res
3402:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3101:(10): 793–803.
3088:
3087:
3083:
3047:
3046:
3042:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2966:on May 21, 2021
2954:
2953:
2949:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2876:
2854:
2853:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2626:(12): nwad254.
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2465:
2458:
2453:Wayback Machine
2439:
2435:
2428:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2322:
2318:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2168:
2167:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2020:
2013:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1951:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1582:
1526:
1520:
1507:electrodialysis
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1431:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1329:
1321:
1287:, working with
1243:
1237:
1227:
1211:
1190:
1117:coastal wetland
1079:
1074:
1043:
1030:
1025:
994:
959:
951:
926:
911:
907:
894:
874:
836:
818:
813:
800:
759:
752:
751:
750:
690:
682:
681:
680:
645:
635:
634:
633:
586:
576:
575:
574:
563:Marine sediment
547:
537:
536:
535:
496:Solubility pump
484:Biological pump
478:
468:
467:
466:
441:
431:
430:
429:
413:Carbon fixation
398:
383:
373:
372:
371:
352:
336:
289:
287:Forms of carbon
279:
278:
277:
252:
242:
241:
240:
195:
166:
158:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5827:
5825:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5796:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5773:
5761:
5749:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5612:Cloud feedback
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5468:Kyoto Protocol
5465:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5420:Media coverage
5417:
5412:
5410:Climate spiral
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5299:Public opinion
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5247:Climate action
5244:
5238:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5159:REDD and REDD+
5156:
5151:
5143:
5138:
5136:Carbon farming
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4868:Water security
4865:
4863:Water scarcity
4860:
4858:Urban flooding
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:Forest dieback
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:Sea level rise
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4616:stratification
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Carbon leakage
4378:
4373:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4320:Climate system
4316:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4245:
4244:
4241:Climate change
4239:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4179:
4172:
4171:External links
4169:
4166:
4165:
4116:
4090:
4064:
4012:
3996:
3983:Climate Policy
3969:
3952:The World Bank
3939:
3913:
3889:
3858:
3817:
3786:
3750:
3719:
3692:
3670:
3623:
3568:
3538:
3515:
3507:10.17226/26278
3487:
3444:
3413:(C4): C04001.
3400:
3389:
3382:
3356:
3328:
3283:(3): 250–265.
3263:
3233:
3223:
3193:
3163:
3122:
3081:
3060:(2): 116–130.
3040:
2997:(1): 102–117.
2977:
2947:
2898:
2874:
2860:. London: The
2838:
2808:
2754:
2721:
2674:
2606:
2521:
2484:
2456:
2433:
2426:
2381:
2360:
2333:
2316:
2250:
2228:
2200:
2181:
2142:
2113:
2064:
2018:
2011:
1987:
1949:
1883:
1844:(5): 340–342.
1824:
1779:Wreford, Anita
1769:
1740:
1714:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1627:
1613:
1597:
1594:
1581:
1578:
1519:
1516:
1472:
1454:
1451:
1441:
1438:carbon dioxide
1432:
1424:
1406:
1403:
1371:Main article:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1301:bamboo farming
1275:and livestock
1246:Carbon farming
1241:Carbon farming
1239:Main article:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1209:
1194:photosynthesis
1189:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1110:
1096:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1041:
1028:
1024:
1021:
993:
990:
958:
955:
949:
925:
922:
909:
905:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
873:
870:
862:geoengineering
850:geoengineering
834:
831:carbon removal
816:
811:
802:
801:
799:
798:
791:
784:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
754:
753:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
706:Deep biosphere
703:
698:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
679:
678:
676:Redfield ratio
673:
668:
663:
658:
656:Nutrient cycle
653:
647:
646:
643:Biogeochemical
641:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
615:
614:
609:
599:
597:Methanogenesis
594:
588:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
571:
570:
560:
555:
549:
548:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
511:Microbial loop
508:
503:
498:
493:
492:
491:
480:
479:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
426:
425:
420:
410:
405:
399:
397:
396:
394:Chemosynthesis
391:
389:Photosynthesis
385:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
364:
359:
353:
351:
350:
349:
348:
337:
335:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
291:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
253:
250:Carbon dioxide
248:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
162:
156:
110:carbon farming
79:climate policy
67:carbon removal
62:
44:Planting trees
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5826:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5784:
5783:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Climate model
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5617:Cloud forcing
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5510:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5392:Communication
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Vulnerability
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Flood control
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5164:reforestation
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:afforestation
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:Nuclear power
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Carbon budget
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:Mental health
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4747:United States
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:deoxygenation
4599:
4597:
4596:acidification
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4417:
4413:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:from wetlands
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Deforestation
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4200:report. 2023.
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4117:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3928:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3787:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:(2): 99–104.
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3375:
3374:10.2777/01532
3371:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Royal Society
2859:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2564:11250/2491451
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2427:9781009157926
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:IPCC, 2021: "
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1624:Plants portal
1619:
1614:
1611:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1590:nitrous oxide
1587:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:carbonic acid
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:reforestation
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1202:Reforestation
1199:
1198:Afforestation
1195:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:seagrass beds
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:reforestation
1091:
1090:Afforestation
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
989:
985:
981:
979:
974:
972:
966:
964:
956:
954:
947:
942:
940:
935:
931:
923:
921:
919:
915:
903:
899:
891:
886:
883:
879:
878:
877:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
832:
828:
825:
820:
809:
797:
792:
790:
785:
783:
778:
777:
775:
774:
768:
758:
757:
756:
755:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
686:
685:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
651:Marine cycles
649:
648:
644:
639:
638:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
580:
579:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
541:
540:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
481:
477:
472:
471:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
435:
434:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
377:
376:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
347:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
283:
282:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
251:
246:
245:
237:
234:
232:
231:Boreal forest
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
191:
190:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
170:
169:
163:
161:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:(BECCS), and
115:
111:
107:
106:reforestation
103:
102:afforestation
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5780:
5768:
5756:
5737:
5570:Carbon cycle
5527:Measurements
5222:Society and
5118:
5106:carbon sinks
5011:Climate debt
5001:Carbon price
4823:Human rights
4648:Season creep
4606:heat content
4532:Anoxic event
4445:James Hansen
4133:
4129:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4103:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4078:The Atlantic
4077:
4067:
4024:
4018:
3982:
3972:
3962:December 20,
3960:. Retrieved
3951:
3942:
3932:December 10,
3930:. Retrieved
3927:spglobal.com
3926:
3916:
3892:
3874:
3861:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3810:December 10,
3808:. Retrieved
3800:greenbiz.com
3799:
3789:
3779:December 10,
3777:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3743:December 10,
3741:. Retrieved
3732:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3695:
3683:European CEO
3682:
3673:
3640:
3637:Desalination
3636:
3626:
3585:
3582:Desalination
3581:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3551:The Guardian
3550:
3541:
3497:
3490:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3410:
3406:
3392:
3365:
3359:
3343:
3331:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3242:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3205:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3175:
3166:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3057:
3053:
3043:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2959:
2950:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2856:
2829:. Retrieved
2820:
2811:
2801:December 22,
2799:. Retrieved
2771:
2767:
2757:
2747:December 10,
2745:. Retrieved
2724:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2623:
2619:
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2538:
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2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2436:
2401:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2353:February 23,
2351:. Retrieved
2336:
2323:IPCC (2022)
2319:
2268:
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2253:
2244:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:
2193:February 22,
2191:. Retrieved
2171:
2133:. Retrieved
2130:Carbon Brief
2129:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2043:
1997:
1990:
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1841:
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1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1638:Trees portal
1583:
1550:
1534:EU Allowance
1531:
1527:
1512:desalination
1504:
1497:
1481:
1376:
1309:monocultures
1270:
1244:
1230:
1218:
1207:
1191:
1182:
1164:salt marshes
1123:Agroforestry
1080:
1050:
1026:
1010:
1002:carbon sinks
995:
986:
982:
978:moral hazard
975:
967:
960:
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882:carbon cycle
880:Role in the
875:
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489:Martin curve
476:Carbon pumps
403:Calvin cycle
357:Black carbon
295:Total carbon
267:
236:Geochemistry
177:Carbon cycle
154:
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5597:Carbon sink
5575:atmospheric
5440:video games
5114:Blue carbon
4737:Agriculture
4716:Marine life
4663:Water cycle
4621:temperature
4356:Fossil fuel
4027:(1): 2111.
3437:January 19,
2918:: 654–663.
2768:ChemSusChem
2440:Page 4-81,
1906:(7955): 9.
1810:1885/270309
1446:sequestered
1293:terra preta
1228:removal.
1156:Blue carbon
1125:, improved
1119:restoration
914:sequestered
553:Carbon sink
516:Viral shunt
506:Marine snow
362:Blue carbon
216:Deep carbon
211:Atmospheric
201:Terrestrial
134:blue carbon
5798:Categories
5629:Cryosphere
5590:permafrost
5362:Resilience
5314:Adaptation
5289:Litigation
5279:Governance
5224:adaptation
5006:Carbon tax
4959:Mitigation
4896:Antarctica
4784:Disability
4182:Deep Dives
4136:(5): 357.
3643:: 116263.
3588:: 114386.
3095:BioScience
2884:1104595614
2084:(1): 349.
1793:: 638805.
1683:References
1457:See also:
1262:fertilizer
1192:Trees use
1108:grasslands
992:Permanence
872:Categories
526:Whale pump
521:Jelly pump
501:Lipid pump
226:Permafrost
194:By regions
164:Definition
5644:Feedbacks
5415:Education
4916:Caribbean
4911:Australia
4838:Migration
4801:Fisheries
4742:Livestock
4668:Wildfires
4574:Heat wave
4186:Carbon180
4160:2398-9629
4109:March 31,
4083:April 29,
3853:2624-9553
3665:254341024
3618:216273247
3610:0011-9164
3533:245089649
3305:2198-6061
3256:April 25,
3216:April 25,
3186:April 25,
3158:2296-6846
3117:0006-3568
3076:1477-8947
3035:238202676
3019:0077-8923
2970:April 27,
2942:2351-9894
2708:0036-8075
2642:2095-5138
2599:April 28,
2573:0036-8075
2374:April 10,
2293:1364-503X
2221:March 29,
2135:April 10,
2108:2662-4435
2060:253561039
1944:257915220
1928:0028-0836
1866:1752-0908
1819:2624-9553
1733:April 13,
1707:April 13,
1492:nutrients
1382:pyrolysis
1352:bioenergy
1338:bioenergy
1160:mangroves
1104:croplands
1017:carbonate
1006:wildfires
998:kelp beds
996:Forests,
848:The term
5770:Glossary
5758:Category
5580:biologic
5294:Politics
5186:Personal
4891:Americas
4754:Children
4520:Physical
4313:Overview
4253:Overview
4059:36750567
3985:: 1–20.
3956:Archived
3905:Archived
3881:Archived
3804:Archived
3737:Archived
3733:The Land
3706:Archived
3687:Archived
3561:June 23,
3555:Archived
3525:35533244
3482:86248266
3431:Archived
3348:Archived
3323:30956937
3247:Archived
3180:Archived
3027:34580879
2868:. 2018.
2864:and The
2825:Archived
2796:18702128
2738:Archived
2716:38301011
2660:38021166
2651:10659237
2593:Archived
2589:44896189
2581:27738161
2514:July 25,
2505:Archived
2449:Archived
2347:Archived
2311:34565221
2187:Archived
2003:Elsevier
1936:37016122
1876:March 7,
1870:Archived
1596:See also
1444:is then
1113:Peatland
963:David Ho
946:net zero
930:net zero
767:Category
5585:oceanic
5435:fiction
5284:Justice
5235:Society
4843:Poverty
4552:Drought
4420:History
4344:Sources
4138:Bibcode
4050:9905497
4029:Bibcode
3837:: 120.
3712:May 13,
3645:Bibcode
3590:Bibcode
3462:Bibcode
3415:Bibcode
3314:6428234
3285:Bibcode
2999:Bibcode
2920:Bibcode
2831:May 31,
2776:Bibcode
2688:Science
2543:Bibcode
2535:Science
2302:8473948
2273:Bibcode
2086:Bibcode
1908:Bibcode
1846:Bibcode
1586:methane
1566:Shopify
1386:biomass
1378:Biochar
1356:biomass
1289:biochar
1285:compost
1277:grazing
1273:tillage
1222:biochar
1146:(BECCS)
1140:(DACCS)
1072:Methods
1054:biofuel
612:Wetland
584:Methane
367:Kerogen
268:Removal
5565:Albedo
5558:Theory
5269:Denial
5060:Energy
4921:Europe
4901:Arctic
4886:Africa
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4806:Gender
4759:Cities
4684:Biomes
4591:Oceans
4579:Marine
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4194:Game.
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