264:. It did, however, survive by the Moravian Orphanage at Nyherrenhut near Tutu well into the twentieth century. As older former orphans were volunteers the old Creole dialect persisted around the orphanage with the encouragement of the elders of the denomination. There was a television special on WBNB in the 1970s which had some former orphans who were by that time quite old.
279:
eenmaal na sender, maski die ben
Hollandisch of na die Hoogduytsch, soo die sal maak sender moeschi bli, en ons sal lees die Brief voor sender na Creol. Na St. Croix die hab meer van die Negers, die sender kan verstaan English, as na St. Thomas en St. Jan, maar doch sender English Praat ka mingel ook altoeveel met die Creol- en Guinee-taal... Da Neger-English die ben.
213:
233:
development of
Negerhollands. On Saint John a similar observation can be made, with a 1721 census establishing that 25 (64%) of the 39 planters there were Dutch, and only nine (23%) were Danes. Another theory is that the language was taken to the Caribbean by slaves from the Dutch slave forts in West Africa and Central Africa (e.g. the
298:
dan schrijft, of in het
Hollands of in het Hoogduits, wat hen heel erg blij zal maken, en wij zullen die brief aan hen voorlezen in het Creool. Op St. Kruis zijn er meer van die negers, die Engels kunnen verstaan dan op St. Thomas en St. Jan, maar toch is hun Engels veelal gemixt met de Creool- en Guineese talen. Dat is Neger-Engels.
256:. From 1765 till 1834, many texts were produced in this language, which gives Negerhollands an almost unparalleled amount of source texts among creole languages. In 1770, Moravian missionaries printed a primer and a small Lutheran catechism, followed in 1781 by a translation of the New Testament into Hoch Kreol.
316:
in Dutch or High German, for this will make them very happy, and we will read the letter for them in Creole. On St. Croix there are more blacks who can understand
English than in St. Thomas and St. John, but still their English speech is mixed very much with the Creole and Guinea languages. It is Negro-English.
382:
The old cow is at full term and will soon have calf. The mule has escaped and gone over the hill; I have sent the youth to catch it. The pig is in the pen; I'm going to look for sweet-potato vine for food for it. A cow has come over the fence and has destroyed all the new plantation; when I catch it,
365:
Die how cirj bin fol, en sal gaw ha calluf. Die boricka ka marro en calĂł over die bergi, mi ka stier die jung fo lo fang die. Die farki bin na cot, mi lolo suk bateta-tow fo jeet fo die. Een cuj ka kom over die barcad en ka destroi alga die jung plantsoon; wen mi fang die mi sal drag die na fort, mak
349:
Maar, wanneer zullen wij vandaag thee krijgen? Het water kan niet nogal koken. Kunnen zij de boterham niet snijden? Ja, maar zij hebben geen kaas en blanken geven niet zo zeer om boterhammen zonder. Laat staan dat zij het warm krijgen van het roken van karang. Cassave met de karang zal meer zoet zijn
315:
There are some among the black people who have learned to understand a bit of the
Hollander language, as they live in town, and hear it every day from the whites, but the plantation folk cannot understand it. This should not be an impediment if the dear brethren will write to them sometimes, albeit
297:
Onder het zwarte volk zijn er wel twee of drie die hebben geleerd om een beetje van de
Hollandse taal te verstaan, omdat zij in de stad wonen, en het iedere dag van de blanken horen, maar het plantagevolk kan het niet verstaan. Doch, dit zal hen niet verhinderen, omdat de lieve broeder hun zo nu en
232:
after it had been raided by the
English in 1666. A census on Saint Thomas from 1688 indeed shows that of the 317 European households on Saint Thomas, 66 (21%) were Dutch, 32 (10%) were English, and 20 (6%) were Danish. This also helps explain the considerable influence English and Danish had on the
259:
The language began to decline in the early-mid 19th century as
English became the dominant language of the islands. The service in the Lutheran church was held in Hoch Kreol for the native congregation until the 1830s. As younger generations learned English as a native language, use of Hoch Kreol,
278:
Die hab well twee drie onder die swart Volk, die sender a leer voor verstaan beetje van die hollandisch Taal, as sender woon na die Stadt, en hoor die ider Dag van die Blanko, maar die
Plantey-Volk no kan vor verstaan die soo. Doch, die no sal maak een Verhinder, as die lieve Broeer will skriev
330:
Maer, wanneer ons sa krieg Tee van Dag? Die Waeter no ka kook nogal. Die
Boterham sender no ka snie? Ja, maer die no hab Kaes, en Tata no keer voor Botterham soso. Lastaen sender braen van die rook Karang sender. Kassavie sa wees meer suet mit die Karang as Broot. Ju bin een Creol
644:
van Sluijs, Robbert. 2013. Negerhollands. In: Michaelis, S., Maurer, P., Haspelmath, M., & Huber, M. (eds.) The Survey of Pidgin and Creole languages. Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
228:, then Danish colonies. According to one of the most prevalent theories about its origin, slaves took the embryonic creole language to the island of Saint Thomas when they accompanied the Dutch planters who fled the island of
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Map of today's US Virgin Islands. Negerhollands emerged on the islands of Saint Thomas and Saint John, the upper two islands highlighted on the map.
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653:(via "APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Negerhollands". The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
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605:(in Danish). Kiøbenhavn: Trykt udi det Kongelige Wäysenhusets Bogtrykkerie, af Gerhard Giese Salikath – via Google Books.
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I will bring it to the jail, make the owner pay. I am going to town; I am looking for a bit of salt meat to throw into my pot.
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Grammatica over det creolske Sprog: Som bruges paa de trende danske Eilande, St. Croix, St. Thomas og St. Jans i America
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whose use became limited to church services, was slowly abandoned, having been replaced by the English-based
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583:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press – via Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.
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English translation of Pontoppidan (1881) by Anne Gramberg and Robin Sabino hosted on www.auburn.edu
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Het Negerhollands der Deense Antillen: Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandse taal in Amerika
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594:(in Dutch). Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff – via Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.
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This article is about an extinct Creole language. For the ethnonym in the United States, see
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Dr. Martin Luther sie klein Katechismus ka set ower na die Creol Tael van J. J. Prætorius
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elements incorporated. Notwithstanding its name, Negerhollands drew primarily from the
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die eigenaer betal. Mi lolo na taphus, mi lolo suk stekki sowed gut fo mi goj na pot.
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Language Contact in the Danish West Indies: Giving Jack His jacket
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missionaries began visiting the Virgin Islands, who introduced an
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Alice Stevenson, likely the last native speaker, died in 1987.
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Negerhollands emerged around 1700 on the Virgin Islands
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640:. Kopenhagen: Graebe. 1827 – via Google Books.
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23:. For the Black population of the Netherlands, see
580:Die Creol Taal: 250 Years of Negerhollands Texts
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704:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands
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719:17th-century establishments in North America
669:APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Negerhollands
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577:van Rossem, C.; van der Voort, H. (1996).
322:Moravian missionary Johan Auerbach in 1774
305:Moravian missionary Johan Auerbach in 1774
286:Moravian missionary Johan Auerbach in 1774
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729:1980s disestablishments in North America
714:Languages attested from the 17th century
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64:1987, with the death of Alice Stevens
16:Extinct Dutch creole in the Caribbean
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655:https://apics-online.info/surveys/27
477:https://apics-online.info/surveys/27
350:dan brood. Jij bent een ware creool.
513:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
501:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
489:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
464:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
452:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
440:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
425:van Rossem & van der Voort 1996
709:Extinct languages of North America
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734:Languages of the African diaspora
599:Magens, Joachim Melchior (1770).
475:van Sluijs, Robbert. 2013. (via
252:version of the language, called
689:Dutch-based pidgins and creoles
724:Languages extinct in the 1980s
699:Dutch language in the Americas
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739:Afro-Virgin Islander culture
158:Dutch-based creole language
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616:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Ethnologie
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588:Hesseling, D. C. (1905).
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262:Virgin Islands Creole
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396:Berbice Creole Dutch
174:superstrate language
244:From 1732 onwards,
239:Dutch Loango-Angola
166:U.S. Virgin Islands
164:, now known as the
49:U.S. Virgin Islands
694:Danish West Indies
630:– via EVIFA.
401:Skepi Creole Dutch
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80:Dutch Creole
39:Creole Dutch
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622:: 130–138.
525:Magens 1770
515:, p. 9
503:, p. 8
454:, p. 8
442:, p. 7
427:, p. 1
21:Black-Dutch
683:Categories
570:References
542:, p.
527:, p.
331:waer-waer.
254:Hoch Kreol
250:acrolectal
226:Saint John
25:Afro-Dutch
373:from 1881
357:from 1770
338:from 1770
202:Hollandic
198:Zeelandic
138:Glottolog
122:ISO 639-3
628:23026860
390:See also
371:—
355:—
336:—
320:—
303:—
284:—
246:Moravian
172:was its
145:nege1244
208:History
194:African
190:Spanish
182:English
60:Extinct
649:
626:
192:, and
186:French
178:Danish
45:Region
624:JSTOR
412:Notes
176:with
170:Dutch
104:Latin
647:ISBN
224:and
559:at
544:138
241:).
237:or
129:dcr
685::
620:13
614:.
529:66
432:^
188:,
184:,
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657:)
479:)
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106:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
