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hospital-based. By the 1980s, over 90% of births took place in hospitals. The emergency dash from home to the NICU with baby in a transport incubator had become a thing of the past, though transport incubators were still needed. Specialist equipment and expertise were not available at every hospital, and strong arguments were made for large, centralised NICUs. On the downside was the long travelling time for frail babies and for parents. A 1979 study showed that 20% of babies in NICUs for up to a week were never visited by either parent. Centralised or not, by the 1980s few questioned the role of NICUs in saving babies. Around 80% of babies born weighing less than 1.5 kg now survived, compared to around 40% in the 1960s. From 1982, pediatricians in
Britain could train and qualify in the sub-specialty of neonatal medicine.
600:. To date there have been very few studies investigating noise reduction interventions in the NICU and it remains uncertain what their effects could be on babies' growth and development. An NICU can be stressful for the staff as well. A special aspect of NICU stress for both parents and staff is that infants may survive, but with damage to the brain, lungs, or eyes. When parents arrive at the NICU, they will have the availability to tour the unit and orientation to the various areas and equipment. This tour includes information on the different types of equipment used in the NICU, such as incubators, monitors, and ventilators, and how they help to support the health and well-being of the babies. Parental orientation to the NICU is essential in reducing parental anxiety and improving satisfaction with care.
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1158:(CPAP). Confusingly, they may also look after babies who need short-term intensive care such as mechanical ventilation. Babies who will need longer-term or more elaborate intensive care, for example extremely preterm infants, are usually transferred to a Level 3 unit. Babies in a Level 2 unit may be classified for nursing purposes as 'Special Care', 'High Dependency' (HDU) (in which a nurse will be assigned up to two babies) or 'Intensive care' (where nursing is one-to-one, or sometimes even two-to-one).
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1059:(pediatricians, family physicians, nurse practitioners, and other advanced practice registered nurses). Also, required provider types that must either be on site or at a closely related institution by prearranged consultative agreement include pediatric medical subspecialists, pediatric anesthesiologists, and pediatric ophthalmologists. In addition to providing the care and having the capabilities of level I and level II nurseries,
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for example, could damage babies' lungs and gentler techniques with smaller pressure changes were devised. The many tubes and sensors used for monitoring the baby's condition, blood sampling and artificial feeding made some babies scarcely visible beneath the technology. Furthermore, by 1975, over 18% of newborn babies in
Britain were being admitted to NICUs. Some hospitals admitted all babies delivered by
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statement delineating the different levels of neonatal care. One major difference in the 2012 updated policy statement from the AAP compared to the 2004 policy statement is the removal of subspeciality nurseries for levels II and III with the addition of a level IV NICU. The four distinct levels of neonatal care defined in the most recent policy statement from the AAP are:
511:", are seen as beneficial for all but the frailest (very tiny babies are exhausted by the stimulus of being handled; or larger critically ill infants). Less stressful ways of delivering high-technology medicine to tiny patients have been devised: sensors to measure blood oxygen levels through the skin, for example; and ways of reducing the amount of blood taken for tests.
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115:. The NICU is divided into several areas, including a critical care area for babies who require close monitoring and intervention, an intermediate care area for infants who are stable but still require specialized care, and a step down unit where babies who are ready to leave the hospital can receive additional care before being discharged.
522:(a difference in blood groups) between mother and baby is largely preventable, and was the most common cause for exchange transfusion in the past. However, breathing difficulties, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis and infections still claim many infant lives and are the focus of many new and current research projects.
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343:. A more controversial figure, he studied under Budin and brought attention to premature babies and their plight through his display of infants as sideshow attractions at Coney Island and the World's Fair in New York and Chicago in 1933 and 1939, respectively. Infants had also previously been displayed in incubators at the
1095:, or Level IV neonatal intensive-care units. Level IV units are required to have pediatric surgical subspecialists in addition to the care providers required for Level III units. Regional NICUs have all of the capabilities of Level I, II, and III units. In addition to providing the highest level of care, level IV NICUs:
392:, pronounced 'scaboos') were established in many hospitals. In Britain, early SCBUs opened in Birmingham and Bristol, the latter set up with only ÂŁ100. At Southmead Hospital, Bristol, initial opposition from obstetricians lessened after quadruplets born there in 1948 were successfully cared for in the new unit.
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The problem of premature and congenitally ill infants is not a new one. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, there were scholarly papers published that attempted to share knowledge of interventions. It was not until 1922, however, that hospitals started grouping the newborn infants into one area,
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Neonates weighing less than 1200 grams or having gestational maturity of less than 30 weeks are categorized under level III care. The care is provided at apex institutions and regional perinatal centers equipped with centralized oxygen and suction facilities, servo-controlled incubators, vital signs
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Many parents with newborns in the NICU have expressed that they would like to learn more about what types of pain their infants are feeling and how they can help relieve it. Another main worry that was mentioned was the long-term effects of their pain, and whether it mentally affect the child in the
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Blood pressure monitor: The blood pressure monitor is a machine that's connected to a small cuff which is wrapped around the arm or leg of the patient. This cuff automatically takes the blood pressure and displays the data for review by care providers. Oxygen hood: This is a clear box that fits over
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Effective communication is critical in the NICU. Parents will be given information on who their primary point of contact is and how they can communicate with the medical staff caring for their baby. Parents should ask questions when given tour of the NICU just in case anything was misunderstood. The
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Not only careful nursing but also new techniques and instruments now played a major role. As in adult intensive-care units, the use of monitoring and life-support systems became routine. These needed special modification for small babies, whose bodies were tiny and often immature. Adult ventilators,
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Doctors took an increasing role in childbirth from the eighteenth century onward. However, the care of newborn babies, sick or well, remained largely in the hands of mothers and midwives. Some baby incubators, similar to those used for hatching chicks, were devised in the late nineteenth century. In
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There are multiple ways to manage pain for infants. If the mother is able to help, holding the infant in kangaroo position or breastfeeding can help calm the baby before a procedure is done. Other simple things that can help ease pain include: allowing the infant to suck on a gloved finger, gently
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Neonatology and NICUs have greatly increased the survival of very low birth-weight and extremely premature infants. In the era before NICUs, infants of birth weight less than 1,400 grams (3.1 pounds), usually about 30 weeks gestation, rarely survived. Today, infants of 500 grams (1.1 pounds) at 26
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By the 1970s, NICUs were an established part of hospitals in the developed world. In
Britain, some early units ran community programmes, sending experienced nurses to help care for premature babies at home. But increasingly technological monitoring and therapy meant special care for babies became
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in 1963. One of the concerns at this time was the worry that using high pressures of oxygen could be damaging to newborn lungs. Barrie developed an underwater safety valve in the oxygen circuit. The tubes were originally made of rubber, but these had the potential to cause irritation to sensitive
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Neonates weighing 1200-1800 grams or having gestational maturity of 30–34 weeks are categorized under level II care and are looked after by trained nurses and pediatricians. The equipment and facilities used for this level of care include equipment for resuscitation, maintenance of thermoneutral
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The definition of a neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) according to the
National Center for Statistics is a "hospital facility or unit staffed and equipped to provide continuous mechanical ventilatory support for a newborn infant". In 2012, the American Academy of Pediatric updated their policy
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NICUs now concentrate on treating very small, premature, or congenitally ill babies. Some of these babies are from higher-order multiple births, but most are still single babies born too early. Premature labour, and how to prevent it, remains a perplexing problem for doctors. Even though medical
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The 2004 AAP guidelines subdivided Level III units into 3 categories (level IIIA, IIIB & IIIC). Level III units are required to have pediatric surgeons in addition to care providers required for level II (pediatric hospitalists, neonatologists, and neonatal nurse practitioners) and level I
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Incubators were expensive, so the whole room was often kept warm instead. Cross-infection between babies was greatly feared. Strict nursing routines involved staff wearing gowns and masks, constant hand-washing and minimal handling of babies. Parents were sometimes allowed to watch through the
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and clinical orientation in addition to their general nursing knowledge in order to provide highly specialized care for critical patients. Their competencies include the administration of high-risk medications, management of high-acuity patients requiring ventilator support, surgical care,
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or under 2500 g in weight. The fact that these babies missed early close contact with their mothers was a growing concern. The 1980s saw questions being raised about the human and economic costs of too much technology, and admission policies gradually became more conservative.
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weeks have a fair chance of survival. As of 2022, the world record for the lowest gestational age newborn to survive is held by Curtis Zy-Keith Means, who was born on July 5, 2020 in the United States, at 21 weeks and 1 day gestational age, weighing 420 grams (0.93 pounds).
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Also known as 'Neonatal
Intensive Care Units' (NICU) - although Level 2 units may also have their own NICU. These look after the smallest, most premature and most unwell babies and often serve a large geographical region. Therapies such as prolonged mechanical ventilation,
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Over the last 10 years or so, SCBUs have become much more "parent-friendly", encouraging maximum involvement with the babies. Routine gowns and masks are gone and parents are encouraged to help with care as much as possible. Cuddling and skin-to-skin contact, also known as
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The 1960s were a time of rapid medical advances, particularly in respiratory support, that were at last making the survival of premature newborn babies a reality. Very few babies born before thirty two weeks survived and those who did often had neurological impairments.
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The concept of designations for hospital facilities that care for newborn infants according to the level of complexity of care provided was first proposed in the United States in 1976. Levels in the United States are designated by the guidelines published by the
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Ventilator: This is a breathing machine that delivers air to the lungs. Babies who are severely ill will receive this intervention. Typically, the ventilator takes the role of the lungs while treatment is administered to improve lung and circulatory function.
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as it is now known), having developed it in 1880 to attempt to keep premature infants in a Paris maternity ward warm. Other methods had been used before, but this was the first closed model; in addition, he helped convince other physicians that the treatment
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The NICU environment provides challenges as well as benefits. Stressors for the infants can include continual light, a high level of noise, separation from their mothers, reduced physical contact, painful procedures, and interference with the opportunity to
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in French) became the first major publication to deal with the care of the neonate. The incubator was improved in 1890 in
Marseilles by Alexandre Lion, who founded in 1891 the Ĺ’uvre Maternelle des Couveuses d'Enfants in Nice and in January 1896 in Paris.
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Most early units had little equipment, providing only oxygen and warmth, and relied on careful nursing and observation. In later years, further research allowed technology to play a larger role in the decline of infant mortality. The development of
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Provide care for infants born ≥32-week gestation and weighing ≥1500 g who have physiologic immaturity or who are moderately ill with problems that are expected to resolve rapidly and are not anticipated to need subspecialty services on an urgent
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are usually provided in Level 3 Units, although not every unit has access to all therapies. Some babies being cared for in Level 3 units will require less intensive treatment and will be looked after in HDU or SCBU nurseries on the same site.
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and learning difficulties. Now that treatments are available for many of the problems faced by tiny or immature babies in the first weeks of life, long-term follow-up, and minimising long-term disability, are major research areas.
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Milligan DWA, Carruthers P, Mackley B, Ward Platt MP, Collingwood Y, Wooler L, Gibbons J, Draper E, Manktelow BN. 'Nursing
Workload in UK tertiary neonatal units' in Archives of Disease in Childhood published online 30 Jun
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environment, intravenous infusion, gavage feeding, phototherapy and exchange blood transfusion. This type of care can be given at first referral units, district hospitals, teaching institutions and nursing homes.
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Neonates weighing more than 1800 grams or having gestational maturity of 34 weeks or more are categorized under level I care. The care consists of basic care at birth, provision of warmth, maintaining
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have the capability to provide neonatal resuscitation at every delivery; evaluate and provide postnatal care to healthy newborn infants; stabilize and provide care for infants born at 35 to 37 weeks'
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The long-term outlook for premature babies saved by NICUs has always been a concern. From the early years, it was reported that a higher proportion than normal grew up with disabilities, including
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who remain physiologically stable; and stabilize newborn infants who are ill and those born less than 35 weeks' gestation until transfer to a facility that can provide the appropriate level of
319:, followed in his footsteps, noting the limitations of infants in incubators and the importance of breastmilk and the mother's attachment to the child. Budin is known as the father of modern
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gynecologic and neonatal nursing found that effective communication between health care providers and parents in the NICU is critical for promoting parental involvement and reducing stress
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Provide prompt and readily available access to a full range of pediatric medical subspecialists, pediatric surgical specialists, pediatric anesthesiologists, and pediatric ophthalmologists
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provider. Some units prefer new graduates who do not have experience in other units, so they may be trained in the specialty exclusively, while others prefer nurses with more experience.
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Also known as 'Special Care Baby Units' (SCBU). These look after babies who need more care than healthy newborns but are relatively stable and mature. SCBU might provide tube-feeding,
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US Navy 090814-N-6326B-001 A mock set-up of the new pod design in the
Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit (NICU) at Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) is on display during an open house
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recommended in
December 2019 that these units should care for at least 100 babies weighing less than 1.5 kg, and usually perform more than 2,000 intensive care days per year.
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may be required to hold a postgraduate degree. The
National Association of Neonatal Nurses recommends two years' experience working in a NICU before taking graduate classes.
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In Britain, the guidelines are issued by The British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM), and in Canada, they are maintained by The Canadian Paediatric Society.
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2461:. Kilpatrick, Sarah Jestin, 1955-, American Academy of Pediatrics,, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (Eighth ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL.
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Previously, Level II units were subdivided into 2 categories (level IIA & level IIB) on the basis of their ability to provide assisted ventilation including
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Neonatal care is split into categories or "levels of care". these levels apply to the type of care needed and is determined by the governing body of the area.
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295:, premature and ill infants were born and cared for at home and either lived or died without medical intervention. In the mid-nineteenth century, the infant
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in Detroit, Michigan, successfully combined oxygen, heat, humidity, ease of accessibility, and ease of nursing care in 1931. It was not until after the
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Franck, Linda; Oulton, Kate; Bruce, Elizabeth (March 2012). "Parental Involvement in Neonatal Pain Management: An Empirical and Conceptual Update".
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Neonatal refers to the first 28 days of life. Neonatal care, as known as specialized nurseries or intensive care, has been around since the 1960s.
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271:, or administering antibiotics. NICU RNs undergo annual skills tests and are subject to additional training to maintain contemporary practice.
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425:, which facilitates the oxygenation and ventilation of underdeveloped lungs, has been the most important development in neonatology to date.
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1998: Abdiche M; Farges G; Delanaud S; Bach V; Villon P; Libert J P, Medical & biological engineering & computing 1998;36(2):241-5.
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is an incubator in a transportable form, and is used when a sick or premature baby is moved, e.g., from one hospital to another, as from a
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2012:
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Maintain a full range of pediatric medical subspecialists, pediatric surgical subspecialists, and pediatric anesthesiologists at the site
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Level II nurseries are required to be managed and staffed by a pediatrician, however many Level II special care nurseries are staffed by
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newborn tracheas: Barrie switched to plastic. This new endotracheal tube, based on Barrie's design, was known as the "St Thomas's tube".
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As with any registered nurse, local licensing or certifying bodies, as well as employers, may set requirements for continuing education.
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monitors, transcutaneous monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps etc. This type of care is provided by skilled nurses and neonatologists.
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premature infants. France became a forerunner in assisting premature infants, in part due to its concerns about a falling birth rate.
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Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001-1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
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Provide a full range of respiratory support that may include conventional and/or high-frequency ventilation and inhaled nitric oxide
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procedures, as well as chronic-care management or lower acuity cares associated with premature infants such as feeding intolerance,
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and have all of the capabilities of a level I nursery. In addition to providing level I neonatal care, Level II units are able to:
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can be confusing because different criteria are used to designate 'special' and 'intensive' neonatal care locally and nationally.
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Stabilize infants born before 32-week gestation and weighing less than 1500 g until transfer to a neonatal intensive-care facility
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Observation: Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, cardiac function,
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Are located within an institution with the capability to provide surgical repair of complex congenital or acquired conditions
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the United States, these were shown at commercial exhibitions, complete with babies inside, until 1931. A. Robert Bauer, at
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Perform advanced imaging, with interpretation on an urgent basis, including computed tomography, MRI, and echocardiography
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There are no mandated requirements to becoming an RN in an NICU, although neonatal nurses must have certification as a
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the baby's head and supplies oxygen. This is used for babies who can still breathe but need some respiratory support.
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was given freely until the end of the 1950s, when it was shown that the high concentrations reached inside incubators
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in London pioneered advances in resuscitation of the newborn. Barrie published his seminal paper on the subject in
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enclosed in plastic, with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs.
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is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, and the main treatments are CPAP, in addition to administering
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advancements allow doctors to save low-birth-weight babies, it is almost invariably better to delay such births.
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Protection from cold temperature, infection, noise, drafts and excess handling: Incubators may be described as
1892:"Sound reduction management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants"
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Provide comprehensive care for infants born at all gestational ages and birth weights with critical illness
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Also known as 'Local Neonatal Units', these can look after babies who need more advanced support such as
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A pediatric nurse checking recently born triplets in an incubator at ECWA Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
404:. Monitoring conditions in the incubator, and the baby itself, was to become a major area of research.
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Healthcare institutions have varying entry-level requirements for neonatal nurses. Neonatal nurses are
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Provide mechanical ventilation for a brief duration (<24 h) or continuous positive airway pressure
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to a larger medical facility with a proper neonatal intensive-care unit. It usually has a miniature
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windows of the unit. Much was learned about feeding—frequent, tiny feeds seemed best—and breathing.
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exam; others may require additional experience working in adult-health or medical/surgical nursing.
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Querido, DL; Christoffel, MM; Almeida, VS; Esteves, APVS; Andrade, M; Amim Jr., J (2 March 2018).
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Provide care for infants who are feeding and growing stronger or convalescing after intensive care
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residency programs, but NICU experience is encouraged by other specialty residencies, such as
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Martin JA, Menacker F (2007). "Expanded health data from the new birth certificate, 2004".
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binding the limbs in a flexed position, and creating a quiet and comfortable environment.
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Provide comprehensive care for infants born <32 wks gestation and weighing <1500 g
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and promotion of breastfeeding. This type of care can be given at home, subcenter and
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577:. An infant may spend a day of observation in a NICU or may spend many months there.
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1338:. Neonatal intensive care: a history of excellence. National Institutes of Health.
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qualification. Some institutions may accept newly graduated RNs having passed the
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Stark, A. R.; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn (2004).
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Stark, A. R.; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn (2004).
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Additional items of equipment used to evaluate and treat sick neonates include:
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Intensive care unit specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants
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2183:"The Sacred Hour: Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth"
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Conceptualization and initiation of a neonatal intensive care nursery in 1960
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Another factor that contributed to the development of modern neonatology was
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2222:"Assistance flowchart for pain management in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit"
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ABREGE HISTORIQUE DE L'ETABLISSEMENT DE L'HOPITAL DES ENFANS-TROUVES A PARIS
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686:) is an apparatus used to maintain environmental conditions suitable for a
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Some countries offer postgraduate degrees in neonatal nursing, such as the
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Equipment used in the NICU – interactive parent friendly information
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Created 1/25/2002 / Last modified 6/9/2002. Retrieved on September 2, 2009
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Whitfield, Jonathan M.; Peters, Beverly A.; Shoemaker, Craig (July 2004).
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1777:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 1225 – via harpweek.com.
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255:
1656:"Professor Pierre Budin (1846-1907) of Paris, and modern perinatal care"
1435:. Boston: Council of International Neonatal Nurses. 2009. Archived from
1192:
India has 3-tier system based on weight and gestational age of neonate.
77:
3859:
3834:
3611:
3272:
3152:
1201:
1172:
687:
622:
534:
112:
2357:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus And Newborn (2012).
1737:"Baby Incubators, The Strand Magazine (London), 12, pp. 770-776, 1896"
1008:, nurse practitioners, and other advanced practice registered nurses.
818:
future, or even affect the relationship they have with their parents.
809:
3784:
3571:
3556:
3319:
2731:
2726:
2011:
Haward, Marlyse F.; Lantos, John; Janvier, Annie; POST Group (2020).
1436:
546:
397:
1142:. In a SCBU, a nurse can be assigned up to four babies to care for.
445:
299:
was first developed, based on the incubators used for chicken eggs.
339:
and his permanent installment of premature babies in incubators at
3689:
988:
Level I units are typically referred to as the well baby nursery.
944:
850:
808:
773:
to prevent too great a loss from skin and respiratory evaporation.
653:
645:
579:
486:
466:
444:
432:
371:
Children's hospital at the Oskar-Ziethen Hospital, Berlin, in 1989
366:
223:
197:
148:
1552:"The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature infant"
1351:"Conference summary: a celebration of a century of neonatal care"
1000:
care. Required provider types for well newborn nurseries include
3475:
3147:
2833:
2583:
2527:"NHS England: More centralisation needed to cut neonatal deaths"
1507:"Neonatology on the Web: Cadogan - An Essay upon Nursing - 1749"
558:
518:, in which all the blood is removed and replaced, are rare now.
218:(BSN) degree. Some countries or institutions may also require a
3292:
2597:
1797:
Barrie, Herbert (March 1963). "Resuscitation of the newborn".
813:
Mother uses the common skin to skin technique with her infant.
303:
is generally considered to be the father of the incubator (or
2579:
Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses
1773:
Harvey, George, ed. (6 August 1904). "Incubator Graduates".
1756:"Les couveuses d'enfants, Le Figaro, 27 February 1896, p. 2"
1660:
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
121:
The first American newborn intensive care unit, designed by
1958:"Comprehensive NICU Parental Education: Beyond Baby Basics"
175:
disciplines and specialists are available at larger units.
3225:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
1489:"Digitale Bibliothek - MĂĽnchener Digitalisierungszentrum"
533:
Besides prematurity and extreme low birth-weight, common
514:
Some major problems of the NICU have almost disappeared.
2569:
NeonatalICU.com - Expecting a Preterm Infant in the NICU
495:
weighing 990 grams (35 ounces), intubated and requiring
979:, Regional neonatal intensive-care unit (Regional NICU)
1866:"UAB Hospital delivers record-breaking premature baby"
1091:
The highest level of neonatal care provided occurs at
841:
Common diagnoses and pathologies in the NICU include:
2856:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
1704:"Neonatology on the Web: Pierre Budin - The Nursling"
561:. In general, the leading cause of death in NICUs is
1105:
Facilitate transport and provide outreach education.
280:
now called the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
3873:
3703:
3620:
3484:
3327:
3233:
3207:
3171:
3128:
3066:
2982:
2934:
2884:
2842:
2711:
2704:
2659:
565:. Complications of extreme prematurity may include
58:
41:
30:"NICU" redirects here. For neurological units, see
1725:, Le Petit Marseillais, 21 May 1890, retronews.fr.
2085:Respiratory distress syndrome and its management.
2505:http://www.bliss.org.uk/different-levels-of-care
2309:Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy (1993)
1589:
1587:
708:Possible functions of a neonatal incubator are:
265:hypothermia therapy for neonatal encephalopathy
2095:
2093:
1754:Docteur Maurice de Fleury (27 February 1896).
1280:"A Brief History of Advances in Neonatal Care"
259:resuscitation, advanced interventions such as
3814:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
3304:
2609:
1458:
1456:
1454:
53:A premature infant in an incubator. 1978, USA
8:
2119:Humidity control tool for neonatal incubator
2100:neonatology.org --> Equipment in the NICU
1890:Almadhoob, A; Ohlsson, A (27 January 2020).
2083:Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA.
1896:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3311:
3297:
3289:
2708:
2616:
2602:
2594:
2529:. Health Service Journal. 19 December 2019
2404:
2402:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
801:, and oxygen supply built into its frame.
569:, chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia (see
47:
2564:Life in the NICU: what parents can expect
2426:
2374:
2278:
2237:
2028:
1915:
1679:
1614:
1594:Philip, Alistair G. S. (1 October 2005).
1567:
1374:
107:(ICU) specializing in the care of ill or
1545:
1543:
1541:
1054:Level III (neonatal intensive-care unit)
609:NICU rotations are essential aspects of
282:
254:Intensive-care nurses undergo intensive
1735:James Walter Smith (30 December 2023).
1423:
1421:
1284:NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE AWARENESS MONTH
1271:
1061:level III neonatal intensive-care units
716:by head hood or nasal cannula, or even
2482:
769:by providing fluid and keeping a high
437:Neonatal intensive-care unit from 1980
38:
973:, Neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU)
7:
3429:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3104:Recombinant activated protein C
901:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
726:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
571:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
555:infant respiratory distress syndrome
449:Neonatal intensive-care unit in 2009
2817:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2802:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
2742:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
1156:continuous positive airway pressure
1020:. Level II units are also known as
1018:continuous positive airway pressure
718:continuous positive airway pressure
261:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
190:, "pertaining to birth or origin".
73:
2187:Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews
2013:"Helping Parents Cope in the NICU"
1956:Mosher, Sara L. (1 January 2017).
1616:10.1203/01.PDR.0000151693.46655.66
918:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
694:or for some ill full-term babies.
210:(RNs), and therefore must have an
25:
3215:Society of Critical Care Medicine
2912:Ventilator-associated lung injury
2181:Phillips, Raylene (1 June 2013).
1787:J Am Med Assoc. 1937;108(22):1874
1305:"Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow"
2226:Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem
2152:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01434.x
2060:"Medical Definition of ISOLETTE"
1433:Global Unity for Neonatal Nurses
584:Premature infant in the NICU at
194:Nursing and neonatal populations
125:, was opened in October 1960 at
3364:Breastfeeding and mental health
2917:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
2850:Critical illness polyneuropathy
2584:The Academy of Neonatal Nursing
1468:Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow
1329:Gluck, Louis (7 October 1985).
1012:Level II (special care nursery)
660:Hospital Regional de Apatzingán
212:Associate of Science in Nursing
2140:Journal of Nursing Scholarship
1940:"Neonatal Intensive-Care Unit"
1908:10.1002/14651858.CD010333.pub3
1596:"The evolution of neonatology"
1367:10.1080/08998280.2004.11927977
1067:Provide sustained life support
984:Level I (well newborn nursery)
932:American Academy of Pediatrics
690:(newborn baby). It is used in
402:caused some babies to go blind
216:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
1:
3359:Breastfeeding and medications
2696:Geriatric intensive-care unit
2679:Pediatric intensive care unit
2459:Guidelines for perinatal care
1811:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91290-x
1241:Pediatric intensive-care unit
658:Dräger Isolette C2000 at the
3921:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
3542:Infant cognitive development
3439:Neonatal intensive care unit
3099:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
3042:Nutritional supplementation
2673:Neonatal intensive care unit
2589:Pre Conception& Neonatal
1429:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1114:The terminology used in the
1047:neonatal nurse practitioners
895:Periventricular leukomalacia
586:McMaster Children's Hospital
537:cared for in a NICU include
501:neonatal intensive-care unit
231:Master of Science in Nursing
89:neonatal intensive care unit
42:Neonatal intensive care unit
3845:Supplemental nursing system
3199:Water-electrolyte imbalance
3033:Early goal-directed therapy
2239:10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0265
2199:10.1053/j.nainr.2013.04.001
1404:Online Etymology Dictionary
1251:Neonatal nurse practitioner
872:Intraventricular hemorrhage
4005:
3597:Prenatal development table
3537:Irritant diaper dermatitis
3051:Total parenteral nutrition
2984:Life-supporting treatments
2691:Critical illness insurance
907:Retinopathy of prematurity
861:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
834:
791:cardio-respiratory monitor
575:retinopathy of prematurity
29:
3916:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3704:Infant care and equipment
3621:Socialization and Culture
3532:Infant visual development
3399:Infant and toddler safety
3220:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
3016:Ventricular assist device
3011:Intra-aortic balloon pump
2962:Pulmonary artery catheter
2631:
2411:"Levels of neonatal care"
2359:"Levels of neonatal care"
2263:"Levels of Neonatal Care"
1974:10.1891/0730-0832.36.1.18
883:Necrotizing enterocolitis
650:An early incubator, 1909.
563:necrotizing enterocolitis
557:due to immaturity of the
74:
46:
3926:Parental child abduction
3449:Oral rehydration therapy
2547:Singh, Meharban (2010).
1087:Level IV (regional NICU)
889:Patent ductus arteriosus
479:NICU in Honolulu, Hawaii
477:Kapiolani Medical Center
3974:Intensive care medicine
3931:Parental responsibility
3444:Newborn care and safety
3114:Stress ulcer prevention
3058:Therapeutic hypothermia
2957:Central venous catheter
2625:Intensive care medicine
2064:www.merriam-webster.com
1556:Journal of Perinatology
1169:therapeutic hypothermia
1134:to treat infection and
567:intracranial hemorrhage
471:A new mother holds her
386:special-care baby units
323:, and his seminal work
315:After Tarnier retired,
127:Yale New Haven Hospital
3675:Grandparent visitation
3189:Level of consciousness
2996:mechanical ventilation
2894:Methicillin-resistant
2489:: CS1 maint: others (
2428:10.1542/peds.2004-1697
2376:10.1542/peds.2012-1999
2280:10.1542/peds.2004-1697
2232:(suppl 3): 1281–1289.
2030:10.1542/peds.2019-3567
1493:digitale-sammlungen.de
1246:Embrace (organization)
1162:Level 3 Neonatal Units
1146:Level 2 Neonatal Units
1122:Level 1 Neonatal Units
1022:special care nurseries
990:Well newborn nurseries
967:, Special care nursery
961:, Well newborn nursery
950:
814:
722:mechanical ventilation
714:oxygen supplementation
671:
651:
588:
520:Rhesus incompatibility
503:
497:mechanical ventilation
480:
450:
438:
372:
288:
249:neonatal resuscitation
203:
165:respiratory therapists
97:intensive care nursery
3434:Infant sleep training
2896:Staphylococcus aureus
1569:10.1038/sj.jp.7200377
1550:Baker, J. P. (2000).
1206:primary health centre
948:
835:Further information:
812:
712:Oxygenation, through
657:
649:
583:
516:Exchange transfusions
490:
470:
448:
436:
429:Increasing technology
370:
293:Industrial Revolution
286:
201:
132:An NICU is typically
3979:Hospital departments
3592:Prenatal development
3492:Attachment parenting
3466:Shaken baby syndrome
2871:Stress hyperglycemia
2712:Organ system failure
2646:Medical specialities
1672:10.1136/fn.73.3.F193
1654:Dunn, P. M. (1995).
1152:parenteral nutrition
732:and stabilizing the
730:pulmonary surfactant
423:pulmonary surfactant
161:physician assistants
95:), also known as an
3906:Infant ear piercing
3234:Related specialties
3194:Acid–base imbalance
3130:ICU scoring systems
3001:Tracheal intubation
2812:Respiratory failure
2807:Acute liver failure
2797:Acute renal failure
2667:Intensive care unit
2651:Respiratory therapy
2549:Care of the Newborn
2321:Natl Vital Stat Rep
1833:"Dr Herbert Barrie"
1722:Un Bébé en Couveuse
1309:www.nursesource.org
831:Patient populations
779:transport incubator
463:Changing priorities
378:Henry Ford Hospital
153:nurse practitioners
105:intensive care unit
32:Neurointensive care
3414:Infant food safety
3143:Glasgow Coma Scale
3094:Intravenous fluids
2974:Screening cultures
2942:Arterial blood gas
2907:Refeeding syndrome
2824:Neonatal infection
2785:Vasodilatory shock
2760:Distributive shock
2685:Coronary care unit
2124:2016-03-09 at the
2105:2009-04-13 at the
1603:Pediatric Research
951:
846:Esophageal atresia
837:Neonatal infection
815:
783:community hospital
672:
652:
631:emergency medicine
589:
539:perinatal asphyxia
504:
481:
451:
439:
373:
289:
239:nurse practitioner
233:(MSN) and various
204:
18:Neonatal incubator
3956:
3955:
3816:
3653:Children's rights
3567:Object permanence
3389:Failure to thrive
3286:
3285:
3246:Internal medicine
2992:Airway management
2930:
2929:
2770:Obstructive shock
2755:Cardiogenic shock
1439:on 26 August 2010
1398:Harper, Douglas.
1006:family physicians
551:neonatal jaundice
456:Caesarian section
208:registered nurses
85:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3996:
3812:
3497:Baby-led weaning
3313:
3306:
3299:
3290:
3007:Cardiac devices
2861:Decubitus ulcers
2775:Neurogenic shock
2709:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2430:
2421:(5): 1341–1347.
2406:
2397:
2396:
2378:
2354:
2337:
2336:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2282:
2273:(5): 1341–1347.
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2135:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2097:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2032:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1962:Neonatal Network
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1666:(3): F193–F195.
1651:
1645:
1644:
1618:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1464:"Neonatal Nurse"
1460:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:. Douglas Harper
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1276:
1256:Neonatal nursing
493:premature infant
382:Second World War
301:Stephane Tarnier
287:Stéphane Tarnier
78:edit on Wikidata
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3946:Paternity fraud
3896:Closed adoption
3869:
3825:Infant clothing
3800:Haberman Feeder
3770:Car seat safety
3699:
3680:Infant swimming
3658:UN Child rights
3616:
3527:Gestational age
3480:
3323:
3317:
3287:
3282:
3229:
3203:
3167:
3124:
3084:Antithrombotics
3062:
3046:Enteral feeding
3028:Kidney dialysis
2978:
2926:
2902:Oxygen toxicity
2880:
2838:
2700:
2655:
2627:
2622:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2356:
2355:
2340:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2126:Wayback Machine
2117:
2113:
2107:Wayback Machine
2098:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1902:(1): CD010333.
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1805:(7282): 650–5.
1796:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1775:Harper's Weekly
1772:
1771:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:neonatology.net
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1708:neonatology.org
1702:
1701:
1697:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1511:neonatology.org
1505:
1504:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1198:
1190:
1164:
1148:
1124:
1112:
1089:
1056:
1014:
986:
943:
927:
913:Neonatal sepsis
839:
833:
824:
807:
805:Pain management
644:
639:
619:family practice
465:
431:
365:
277:
196:
140:and staffed by
136:by one or more
81:
65:
64:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3936:Parenting plan
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Infant carrier
3817:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Baby transport
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Infant massage
3421:
3419:Infant formula
3416:
3411:
3409:Infant feeding
3406:
3404:Infant bathing
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3369:Bottle feeding
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3322:and their care
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3241:Anesthesiology
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:APACHE II
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2969:Blood cultures
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:Shock sequence
2715:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Health science
2632:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2558:External links
2556:
2554:
2553:
2540:
2518:
2508:
2503:Bliss website
2496:
2467:
2450:
2398:
2369:(3): 587–597.
2338:
2311:
2302:
2253:
2212:
2173:
2130:
2111:
2089:
2076:
2051:
2003:
1948:
1931:
1882:
1857:
1839:. 8 May 2017.
1824:
1789:
1780:
1765:
1746:
1727:
1713:
1695:
1646:
1609:(4): 799–815.
1583:
1562:(5): 321–328.
1537:
1527:
1516:
1498:
1480:
1450:
1417:
1390:
1361:(3): 255–258.
1341:
1321:
1296:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:Level III care
1219:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1144:
1128:oxygen therapy
1123:
1120:
1116:United Kingdom
1111:
1110:United Kingdom
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1093:regional NICUs
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:neonatologists
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1013:
1010:
985:
982:
981:
980:
974:
968:
962:
942:
939:
926:
925:Levels of care
923:
922:
921:
915:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
875:
869:
864:
858:
853:
848:
832:
829:
823:
822:Relieving pain
820:
806:
803:
799:pulse oximeter
775:
774:
763:
756:
753:brain activity
745:
742:blood pressure
692:preterm births
643:
640:
638:
635:
527:cerebral palsy
473:premature baby
464:
461:
430:
427:
410:Herbert Barrie
364:
361:
276:
273:
195:
192:
138:neonatologists
83:
82:
75:
72:
71:
62:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4001:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Open adoption
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Child neglect
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Hidden camera
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Child custody
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Nursery rhyme
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Kangaroo care
3550:
3548:
3547:Infant crying
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Preterm birth
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Breastfeeding
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:Organisations
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:SAPS III
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Arterial line
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:Complications
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Organ failure
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Severe sepsis
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:General terms
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2468:9781610020886
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:. Hot Topic.
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1861:
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1846:
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1820:
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1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
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1584:
1579:
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1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
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1345:
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1334:
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1300:
1297:
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1281:
1275:
1272:
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1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1212:Level II care
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:are able to:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:pediatricians
999:
995:
991:
983:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
947:
941:United States
940:
938:
935:
933:
924:
919:
916:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
867:Hydrocephalus
865:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
838:
830:
828:
821:
819:
811:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
768:
767:fluid balance
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
656:
648:
641:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
599:
593:
587:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:birth defects
540:
536:
531:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
509:kangaroo care
502:
498:
494:
489:
485:
478:
474:
469:
462:
460:
457:
447:
443:
435:
428:
426:
424:
418:
415:
411:
405:
403:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
369:
362:
360:
359:World Fairs.
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Martin Couney
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
252:
250:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
200:
193:
191:
189:
186:, "new", and
185:
181:
176:
174:
171:. Many other
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
119:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
79:
68:
63:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3874:Other topics
3813:
3780:Cradle board
3775:Cloth diaper
3735:Baby shampoo
3721:Baby monitor
3711:Baby bouncer
3665:Circumcision
3512:Birth defect
3438:
3394:Immunization
3344:Birth weight
3278:Traumatology
3179:Hemodynamics
3153:SAPS II
3120:Vasopressors
3038:Induced coma
2895:
2886:Iatrogenesis
2876:Stress ulcer
2780:Spinal shock
2737:Septic shock
2672:
2548:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2521:
2511:
2499:
2458:
2453:
2418:
2414:
2366:
2362:
2327:(12): 1–22.
2324:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2193:(2): 67–72.
2190:
2186:
2176:
2146:(1): 45–54.
2143:
2139:
2133:
2114:
2084:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2020:
2016:
2006:
1968:(1): 18–25.
1965:
1961:
1951:
1934:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1760:retronews.fr
1759:
1749:
1740:
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1716:
1707:
1698:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1606:
1602:
1559:
1555:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1432:
1408:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1331:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1224:
1215:
1199:
1196:Level I care
1191:
1177:nitric oxide
1175:and inhaled
1165:
1149:
1136:phototherapy
1125:
1113:
1092:
1090:
1060:
1057:
1021:
1015:
989:
987:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
936:
928:
840:
825:
816:
778:
776:
771:air humidity
765:Maintaining
707:
703:
699:
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683:
679:
675:
673:
659:
608:
606:
602:
594:
590:
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524:
513:
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419:
413:
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394:
389:
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374:
341:Coney Island
334:
329:Le Nourisson
328:
325:The Nursling
324:
321:perinatology
317:Pierre Budin
314:
309:
304:
290:
278:
269:phototherapy
253:
246:
243:
228:
205:
187:
183:
179:
177:
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120:
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100:
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92:
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86:
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3969:Neonatology
3886:Babywearing
3881:Baby shower
3855:Swim diaper
3745:Baby walker
3730:Baby powder
3670:Foster care
3638:Child abuse
3633:Babysitting
3485:Development
3471:Soy formula
3349:Breast pump
3261:Pulmonology
3184:Hypotension
3079:Antibiotics
2922:Dialytrauma
2765:Anaphylaxis
2533:23 February
1355:Proceedings
1261:Bubble CPAP
1236:Neonatology
1182:NHS England
1171:, neonatal
1132:antibiotics
856:Bradycardia
749:oxygenation
738:blood salts
734:blood sugar
363:Early years
291:Before the
182:comes from
157:pharmacists
123:Louis Gluck
67:neonatology
3963:Categories
3865:Travel cot
3810:Infant bed
3805:High chair
3795:Baby wipes
3790:Diaper bag
3755:Baby swing
3643:Child care
3628:Attachment
3517:Childbirth
3379:Cradle cap
3330:Pediatrics
3268:Pediatrics
3251:Cardiology
3172:Physiology
3074:Analgesics
3023:Chest tube
2852:/ myopathy
2829:Polytrauma
2705:Conditions
2551:. pp. 4-5.
2477:1003865165
2415:Pediatrics
2363:Pediatrics
2267:Pediatrics
2017:Pediatrics
1799:The Lancet
1473:26 October
1443:26 October
1410:26 October
1400:"neonatal"
1314:28 October
1267:References
787:ventilator
720:(CPAP) or
684:humidicrib
664:Apatzingán
598:breastfeed
414:The Lancet
235:doctorates
169:dietitians
145:physicians
3941:Paternity
3850:Swaddling
3716:Baby gate
3695:Wet nurse
3685:Milk bank
3577:Parenting
3502:Baby talk
3454:Pedialyte
3384:Esotropia
3339:Baby food
3256:Neurology
3109:Sedatives
3089:Inotropes
2935:Diagnosis
2485:cite book
2207:1527-3369
2168:940915801
1982:1539-2880
1845:0140-0460
1837:The Times
1641:207051353
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994:gestation
971:Level III
760:bassinets
676:incubator
670:, Mexico.
668:Michoacán
642:Incubator
637:Equipment
615:obstetric
611:pediatric
297:incubator
220:midwifery
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178:The term
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103:), is an
60:Specialty
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3830:Pacifier
3765:Bassinet
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2641:Medicine
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2437:15520119
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2248:29972525
2164:ProQuest
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2122:Archived
2103:Archived
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2039:32471844
1998:22133255
1990:28137349
1926:31986231
1870:UAB News
1819:13969541
1633:15718376
1578:10920793
1385:16200108
1230:See also
1140:jaundice
998:neonatal
977:Level IV
965:Level II
878:Jaundice
680:isolette
627:pharmacy
541:, major
535:diseases
305:isolette
256:didactic
180:neonatal
142:resident
134:directed
111:newborn
3989:Infancy
3984:Nursing
3860:Teether
3835:Playpen
3612:Weaning
3607:Walking
3320:Infants
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2044:9 March
1917:6989790
1875:30 June
1850:8 March
1690:8535881
1681:2528458
1376:1200660
1289:9 March
1202:asepsis
1173:surgery
959:Level I
795:IV pump
688:neonate
623:surgery
499:in the
275:History
113:infants
3785:Diaper
3572:Parent
3557:Mother
2748:Other
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2681:(PICU)
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740:, and
629:, and
573:), or
553:, and
547:sepsis
398:Oxygen
355:, and
310:helped
167:, and
149:nurses
3690:Nanny
3374:Colic
3116:drugs
3067:Drugs
2750:shock
2687:(CCU)
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2441:S2CID
2389:S2CID
2293:S2CID
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1994:S2CID
1943:(PDF)
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