994:
781:
609:
748:
364:
986:
55:
1127:
431:
337:”, is an ancient cultural level of human development characterized by the use of unpolished chipped stone tools. The transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic is directly related to the development of behavioural modernity by hominids around 40,000 years BP. To denote the great significance and degree of change, this dramatic shift from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic is sometimes called the
1146:
766:
294:
1421:
150:, which is a syllabic script that was used for writing in Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of the Greek language. The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries. The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1400 BC. It is descended from the older Linear A, an undeciphered earlier script used for writing the
348:, various components of the transition–material culture and environmental features (climate, flora, and fauna) indicate continual change, differing from contemporary points in other parts of Europe. The aforementioned aspects leave some doubt that the term Upper Palaeolithic Revolution is appropriate to the
717:
seashores (It is evident that the current sea level is 100 m higher, and a number of sites were covered by water.) means that the
Mesolithic Southeastern Europe could be referred to as the Epipalaeolithic Southeastern Europe, which might describe better its gradual changes and poorly defined development.
481:
morphological features, indicating considerable
Neanderthal/modern human admixture, which in turn suggests that, upon their arrival in Europe, modern humans met and interbred with Neanderthals. Recent reanalysis of some of these fossils has challenged the view that these remains represent evidence of
631:
It is equally important to recognize that the Balkan upper
Palaeolithic was a long period containing little significant internal change. The Mesolithic may not have existed in the Balkans for the same reasons that cave art and mobiliary art never appeared: the changes in climate and flora and fauna
359:
in the region. The notion of the Upper
Palaeolithic Revolution that has been developed for core European regions is not applicable to the region. What is the reason? This particularly significant moment and its origins are defined and enlightened by other characteristics of the transition to upper
316:
it is important to recognize that the
Southeastern Europe Upper Palaeolithic was a long period containing little significant internal change. Thus, regional transition was not as dramatic as in other European regions. Crucial changes that define the earliest emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens are
648:
In regions with limited glacial impact (e.g. Southeastern Europe), the term
Epipalaeolithic is preferable. Regions that experienced less environmental impact during the last ice age have a much less apparent and straightforward change, and occasionally are marked by an absence of sites from the
680:
The single site with materials related to the
Mesolithic era in Bulgaria is Pobíti Kámǎni. There has been no other lithic evidence of this period found in Bulgaria. There is a 4,000-year gap between the latest Upper Palaeolithic material (13,600 BP at Témnata Dupka) and the earliest Neolithic
716:
The aforementioned allows us to speculate whether or not there was a period which could be described as
Mesolithic in Southeastern Europe, rather than an extended Upper Palaeolithic. On the other hand, lack of research in a number of regions, and the fact that many of the sites were close to
720:
The relative climatic stability in
Southeastern Europe, compared to northern and western Europe, enabled continuous settlement in Southeastern Europe. Southeastern Europe therefore may have effectively functioned as an ice-age refuge from which much of Europe, especially eastern Europe, was
640:
The
Mesolithic is the transitional period between the Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gathering existence and the development of farming and pottery production during the Postglacial Neolithic. The duration of the classical Palaeolithic, which lasted until about 10,000 years ago, is applicable to
387:
to the extent that they did in the northern and central regions. The evidence of forest and steppe indicate the influence was not so drastic; some species of flora and fauna survived only in this part of Europe. The region today still abounds in species endemic only to this part of Europe.
1422:"Sirakov et al. (2010).- an ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria) | Philippe Fernandez - Academia.edu"
407:) should not be considered correct in all cases. In this regard, the absence of Upper Palaeolithic cave art in the region does not seem to be surprising. Civilisations develop new and distinctive characteristics as they respond to new challenges in their environment.
1608:
Olariu A., Stenström K. and Hellborg R. (Eds), 2005, Proceedings of International conference on Applications of High Precision Atomic & Nuclear Methods, 2–6 September 2002, Neptun, Romania, Publishing House of Romanian Academy, Bucharest,
477:, so they are likely to represent the first such people to have entered the continent. According to some researchers, the particular interest of the discovery resides in the fact that it presents a mixture of archaic, early modern human and
712:
writes, “Flint-cutting tools as well as time and effort needed to produce such tools testify to the expressions of identity and more flexible combinations of materials, which began to be used in the late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.”
707:
Activities began to be concentrated around individual sites where people displayed personal and group identities using various decorations: wearing ornaments and painting their bodies with ochre and hematite. As regards personal identity
1509:
Trinkaus, E., Moldovan, O., Milota, Ş., Bîlgăr, A., Sarcina, L., Athreya, S., Bailey, S.E., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Hilgham, T., Bronk Ramsey, C., & Van Der Plicht, J. ( 2003), An early modern human from Peştera cu Oase, Romania.
1658:
505:
1579:
Olariu A., Alexandrescu E., Skog G., Hellborg R., Stenström K., Faarinen M. and Persson P, Dating of two Palaeolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry, NIPNE Scientific Reports 2001-202, pag.
391:
The notion of gradual transition (or evolution) best defines southeastern Europe from about 50,000 BP. In this sense, the material culture and natural environment of the region of the late Pleistocene and the early
1450:
1390:
Wren, Linnea Holmer; Wren, David J.; Carter, Janine M. (1987). Perspectives on Western Art: Source Documents and Readings from the Ancient Near East Through the Middle Ages. Harper & Row. p. 55. ISBN
676:
rock shelter in the Danube gorges and in the nearby caves of Climente, there are finds that people of that time made relatively advanced bone and lithic tools (i.e. end-scrapers, blade lets, and flakes).
1633:
684:
At Odmut in Montenegro there is evidence of human activity in the Mesolithic period. The research on the period has been supplemented with Greek Mesolithic finds, well represented by sites such as
1589:
Olariu A., Skog G., Hellborg R., Stenström K., Faarinen M. and Persson P. and Alexandrescu E., 2003, Dating of two Palaeolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry,
1204:
in the east of Southeastern Europe in the 5th century BC. By the 6th century BC the first written sources dealing with the territory north of the Danube appear in Greek sources. By this time the
1688:
1186:
were the first to establish a system of trade routes in Southeastern Europe and, in order to facilitate trade with the natives between 700 BC and 300 BC, they founded several colonies on the
1675:
1268:
from the later 4th century BC. By the end of the 4th century BC Greek language and culture were dominant not only in Southeastern Europe but also around the whole Eastern Mediterranean.
585:
The human fossil remains from Muierii Cave, Baia de Fier, have been dated to 30,150 ± 800 years BP, and the skull from the Cioclovina Cave has been dated to 29,000 ± 700 years BP.
892:
Neolithic settlements are also spotted in modern day Greece, trading routes that are based in the late Mesolithic period exist all over the Aegean sea. Some major settlements of
1092:. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states. It was followed by the Greek Dark Ages and the introduction of iron.
582:, AMS group, by Göran Skog, Kristina Stenström and Ragnar Hellborg. The samples of bones were dated by radiocarbon method applied at the AMS system of the Lund University.
1882:
403:
Thus, in speaking about southeastern Europe, many classic conceptions and systematizations of human development during the Palaeolithic (and then by implication the
574:, Bucharest, where samples were taken. One sample of bone was taken from the skull from Cioclovina; samples were also taken from the scapula and tibia remains from
1689:
http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/10/15/bulgaria-showcases-worlds-oldest-gold-varna-chalcolithic-necropolis-treasure-in-european-parliament-in-brussels/
993:
1919:
1676:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/
1866:
1482:
559:
1348:
1174:
began to develop in Southeastern Europe, the Aegean islands and the western Asia Minor Greek colonies starting around the 9–8th century (the
641:
Southeastern Europe. It ended with the Mesolithic (duration is two to four millennia) or, where an early Neolithisation was peculiar to, with the
1473:
Trinkaus, E., Milota, Ş., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Moldovan, O. (2003), Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania in
571:
1293:
862:(approximately 4 km from the city centre), internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites in world prehistory. The oldest
31:
866:
treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the site. The gold piece dating from 4,500 BC, recently founded in
1235:
was subsequently used by the Greeks and Romans as a generic name to refer to different peoples within a well defined but much greater area.
503:
caves in Romania have been radiocarbon dated using the technique of the accelerator mass spectrometry to the age of ~ 30,000 years BP (see
1857:
400:: “Less dramatic changes to climate, flora and fauna resulted in less dramatic adaptive, or reactive, developments in material culture.”
383:
of the Pleistocene (from 131,000 till 12,000 BP), Europe was very different from the regional glaciation. The glaciations did not affect
1139:
780:
1717:
1050:(modern Bulgaria). The Bronze Age cultures of the central and western Southeastern Europe are less clearly delineated and stretch to
1837:
1813:
1798:
1750:
1645:
1614:
1462:
1228:
1879:
632:
were gradual and not drastic. (…) Furthermore, one of the reasons that we do not distinguish separate industries in the Balkans as
1227:
was originally used to refer to a people occupying an area centered on Lake Skadar, situated between Albania and Montenegro (see
525:
1544:
Harvati K, Gunz P, Grigorescu D. Cioclovina (Romania): affinities of an early modern European. J Hum Evol. 2007 Dec;53(6):732-46
608:
1934:
1554:
1825:
1701:
1656:
636:
is because the lithic industries of the early Holocene were very firmly of a gradually developing late Palaeolithic tradition
1756:
1527:
Andrei Soficaru, Adrian Dobo and Erik Trinkaus (2006), Early modern humans from the Peştera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania,
212:. The changes between these are gradual. For example, depending on interpretation, protohistory might or might not include
1929:
338:
1447:
1400:
747:
1630:
1197:
Other notable groups of peoples and tribes of Southeast Europe organised themselves in large tribal unions such as the
1924:
1381:
E. Hallager, M. Vlasakis, and B. P. Hallager, "The First Linear B Tablet(s) from Khania", Kadmos, 29 (1990). pp. 24–34
931:
878:
840:
1131:
1084:. Several Mycenaean attributes and achievements were borrowed or held in high regard in later periods. while their
363:
228:
cultures. By one interpretation of the historiography criterion, Southeastern Europe enters protohistory only with
1593:
154:, as is the later Cypriot syllabary, which also recorded Greek. Linear B, found mainly in the palace archives at
738:
239:
235:
217:
985:
1343:
1303:
832:
742:
555:
75:
951:
355:
In general, continual evolutionary changes are the first crucial characteristic of the transition to the
1313:
1035:
The Bronze Age in the central and eastern part of Southeastern Europe begins late, around 1800 BCE. The
653:
368:
309:
175:
1617:, Dating of two Palaeolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry, 235-239
669:
1338:
1298:
886:
624:
495:
487:
443:
425:
205:
201:
1318:
1278:
1265:
1066:
1036:
1005:
921:
734:
384:
372:
322:
265:
179:
135:
567:
189:
in Southeastern Europe is conventionally divided into smaller periods, such as Upper Paleolithic,
1328:
1323:
1308:
1283:
1085:
997:
976:
620:
579:
548:
356:
926:
448:
421:
1854:
1833:
1809:
1794:
1746:
1641:
1610:
1458:
1288:
1261:
968:
956:
909:
820:
603:
305:
221:
213:
127:
54:
42:
1201:
1175:
1150:
1121:
1105:
1089:
1077:
1001:
941:
936:
893:
855:
816:
809:
805:
797:
785:
770:
758:
730:
540:
225:
67:
1886:
1861:
1721:
1714:
1702:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/
1662:
1637:
1597:
1454:
1220:
1167:
1101:
972:
859:
642:
544:
532:
318:
151:
107:
46:
627:, the date of which varied in each geographical region. According to Douglass W. Bailey:
490:, discovered further fragments (for example, a skull dated ~36,000, nicknamed "Vasile").
1895:
134:
in the area some 44,000 years ago, until the appearance of the first written records in
1793:, Part I: The Prehistory of the Balkans to 1000 BC, Cambridge University Press (1923),
1179:
1171:
1081:
916:
905:
844:
793:
673:
595:
360:
Old Stone Age. The environment, climate, flora and fauna corroborate the implications.
287:
257:
197:
167:
139:
1849:
1820:
Evoluţia istorică pe teritoriul României din paleolitic până la inceputul Neoliticului
430:
1913:
1401:
https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=Protohistoric+Greece+bronze+Age
1043:
980:
946:
874:
801:
483:
461:
334:
1558:
1021:
The Bronze Age in Southeastern Europe is divided as follows (Boardman p. 166):
1219:
in the west of Southeastern Europe from the early 4th century was organised by the
1126:
753:
657:
613:
575:
554:
The physical analysis of these fossils was begun in the summer of the year 2000 by
513:
473:
330:
298:
209:
843:, although traces of it can be found all around the Southeastern Europe, parts of
696:
in Thessaly that represent the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic as well as the early
1904:
1740:
1665:
Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
325:
with early Upper Palaeolithic material correlate that the transition was gradual.
317:
presented at Bacho Kiro at 44,000 BC. The Bulgarian key Palaeolithic caves named
17:
1257:
1055:
517:
478:
345:
123:
1223:
situated in the area corresponding to today's Montenegro and Albania. The name
1145:
1867:
Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity by Douglass W. Bailey
1333:
882:
867:
848:
765:
665:
633:
500:
435:
404:
380:
193:
186:
131:
103:
1247:
1187:
1117:
1109:
709:
697:
689:
563:
281:
244:
1250:'s rule, Dacia expanded its territory from Central Europe to the Southern
1138:
helmet dating from the first half of the 4th century BC, currently at the
293:
1198:
1191:
1051:
836:
774:
685:
681:
evidence presented at Gǎlǎbnik (the beginning of the 7th millennium BC).
506:
Human fossil bones from the Muierii Cave and the Cioclovina Cave, Romania
393:
190:
147:
143:
119:
79:
38:
1871:
792:
Southeastern Europe was the site of major Neolithic cultures, including
304:
There is evidence of human presence in the Southeastern Europe from the
1590:
1492:
João Zilhão, (2006), Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters, in
1372:
Professor Shelmerdine's Exciting Mycenaean Find, UT Austin 2 June 2011.
1216:
1209:
1163:
1135:
1113:
1059:
1009:
901:
828:
536:
521:
457:
396:
were distinct from other parts of Europe. Douglass W. Bailey writes in
349:
286:
The earliest evidence of human occupation discovered in the region, in
171:
159:
155:
111:
99:
83:
71:
1251:
1243:
1183:
1047:
897:
824:
701:
693:
661:
115:
95:
91:
87:
1242:
at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC under King
468:), the remains (the lower jaw) are approximately 37,800 years old.
1425:
1239:
1205:
1144:
1070:
984:
779:
764:
746:
607:
453:
429:
362:
292:
229:
163:
53:
704:, which contained materials from the Mesolithic, are less known.
619:
The Mesolithic period began at the end of the Pleistocene epoch (
512:
The first skull, scapula and tibia remains were found in 1952 in
863:
823:
and the 3rd millennium BC), stretching around the course of the
1088:
already included several deities that can also be found in the
858:, Bulgaria, is a burial site in the western industrial zone of
446:) remains in Europe were discovered in the "Cave With Bones" (
1212:) had branched out from the Thracian-speaking populations.
1830:, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1974
572:
Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering-Horia Hulubei
308:
onwards, but the number of sites is limited. According to
819:
was an early culture of Southeastern Europe (between the
656:
culture, which is notable for its early urbanization, at
1080:(1600-1100 BC) offers the first written evidence of the
398:
Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity
379:
During the last interglacial period and the most recent
1715:
https://europost.eu/en/a/view/world-s-oldest-gold-24581
1529:
Proceedings of the National Acadademy of Science U.S.A.
1512:
Proceedings of the National Acadademy of Science U.S.A.
297:
Fundamental elements for the technic description of a
290:(Bulgaria), date from at least 1.5 million years ago.
70:(including the territories of the modern countries of
1850:
Periodization of Balkan Prehistory ~ 6200 - 1100 BC
1162:After the period that followed the arrival of the
660:. Iron Gates mesolithic sites are found in modern
66:, defined roughly as the territory of the wider
1745:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 228.
629:
493:Two human fossil remains found in the Muierii (
314:
1855:South East Europe pre-history summary to 700BC
877:" of the eastern Southeastern Europe (and the
612:Sculpture found at the archaeological site of
1039:gradually sets in over the 13th century BCE.
1028:Middle Bronze Age: 16th to 14th centuries BCE
471:These are some of Europe's oldest remains of
8:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1073:becomes Europe's first actual civilization.
1025:Early Bronze Age: 20th to 16th centuries BCE
870:, near Varna is another important example.
271:Regional Transition to the Upper Paleolithic
1246:. In the beginning of 1st century BC under
1031:Late Bronze Age: 14th to 13th centuries BCE
27:Prehistorical period of Southeastern Europe
700:period. Yet southern and coastal sites in
442:In 2002, some of the oldest modern human (
1042:The "East Balkan Complex" (Karanovo VII,
885:is associated with an early expansion of
1349:Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe
1125:
992:
1365:
543:, in Transylvania. The anthropologist,
531:In 1941 another skull was found at the
243:). At any rate, the period ends before
174:, but disappeared with the fall of the
1822:, SCIVA, 31, 1980, 4, p. 519-545.
1294:Lists of ancient tribes in the Balkans
1178:) and peaking with the 5th century BC
560:Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology
482:interbreeding. A second expedition by
1625:
1623:
7:
1759:from the original on 15 January 2023
1591:http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0309110
1190:(Pontus Euxinus) coast, Asia Minor,
30:For the history of Earth before the
1880:Ion din Anina, primul om din Europa
1872:The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project
1140:National Museum of Romanian History
551:, published a study of this skull.
58:Physical map of Southeastern Europe
989:Bronze Age gold bracelet, Romania.
881:adjacent to the north) during the
25:
1920:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
1896:Human fossils set European record
1229:List of ancient tribes in Illyria
625:Neolithic introduction of farming
130:, beginning with the presence of
64:prehistory of Southeastern Europe
652:There is lithic evidence of the
37:, including the period of early
1557:. 11 April 2008. Archived from
1238:Other tribal unions existed in
1260:culture spread throughout the
788:, original find photo (detail)
1:
1791:The Cambridge Ancient History
1069:based on the Greek island of
526:Constantin Nicolaescu-Plopşor
375:- 3 views of the same object.
339:Upper Palaeolithic Revolution
126:) covers the period from the
1170:or Submycenaean Period, the
578:. The work continued at the
932:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
879:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
841:Republic of North Macedonia
1951:
1826:Paul Lachlan MacKendrick,
1777:The Illyrians. John Wilkes
1739:Castleden, Rodney (2005).
1475:Journal of Human Evolution
1099:
1037:transition to the Iron Age
966:
728:
601:
419:
279:
263:
142:. First Greek language is
29:
1720:28 September 2019 at the
1494:Evolutionary Anthropology
835:and Montenegro, Romania,
664:, south-west Romania and
367:Aurignacian double edged
739:Old Europe (archaeology)
240:Geography of the Odyssey
236:Historicity of the Iliad
216:(3000–1200 BC), Minoan,
32:occupation by the genus
1828:The Dacian Stones Speak
1661:15 January 2023 at the
1636:15 January 2023 at the
1453:15 January 2023 at the
1172:classical Greek culture
558:, archaeologist at the
516:, in the Muierii Cave,
333:period, literally the “
276:(2,600,000 – 50,000 BP)
247:in the 5th century BC.
1935:History of the Balkans
1640:By Douglass W. Bailey
1457:By Douglass W. Bailey
1411:e.g. Thrace in book V.
1344:Timeline of glaciation
1304:Paleo-Balkan languages
1154:
1142:
1013:
990:
833:Bosnia and Herzegovina
789:
777:
762:
743:Neolithic Transylvania
688:Cave. Other sites are
638:
616:
439:
376:
327:
301:
76:Bosnia and Herzegovina
59:
1905:Enciclopedia României
1860:4 August 2010 at the
1535:(46), pp. 17196-17201
1518:(20), pp. 11231–11236
1314:Bronze Age in Romania
1148:
1132:Helmet of Coţofeneşti
1129:
996:
988:
922:Starčevo-Criş culture
783:
768:
750:
654:Iron Gates mesolithic
623:) and ended with the
611:
547:, and the geologist,
433:
366:
296:
176:Mycenean civilisation
57:
1930:Prehistory of Europe
1885:20 July 2014 at the
1818:Alexandru Păunescu,
1804:Douglass W. Bailey,
1339:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1299:Old European culture
1158:(1,100 BCE – 150 CE)
831:, northern parts of
784:Elite burial at the
556:Emilian Alexandrescu
444:Homo sapiens sapiens
416:(50,000 – 20,000 BP)
256:(2,600,000 – 13,000
206:Proto-Indo-Europeans
202:Neolithic Revolution
1596:8 June 2022 at the
1428:on 25 December 2014
1319:Prehistoric Croatia
1279:Aegean civilization
1266:Alexander the Great
1067:Minoan civilization
1017:(3,500 – 1,100 BCE)
769:Artefacts from the
735:Chalcolithic Europe
570:, physicist at the
385:southeastern Europe
266:Palaeolithic Europe
180:Bronze Age collapse
136:Classical Antiquity
1925:Prehistoric Europe
1629:Balkan prehistory
1446:Balkan prehistory
1391:978-0-06-438942-6.
1329:History of Albania
1324:Prehistoric Europe
1309:Paleolithic Europe
1284:History of Eurasia
1155:
1143:
1014:
998:Wietenberg culture
991:
977:Bronze Age Romania
790:
778:
763:
621:10th millennium BC
617:
580:University of Lund
549:Ion Th. Simionescu
440:
411:Upper Palaeolithic
377:
357:Upper Palaeolithic
310:Douglass W. Bailey
302:
60:
1806:Balkan prehistory
1555:"Dating Bulletin"
1289:History of Europe
1262:Macedonian Empire
1149:Distribution of "
969:Bronze Age Europe
957:Kurgan hypothesis
761:(c. 5250-4550 BC)
604:Mesolithic Europe
496:Peştera Muierilor
426:Peștera Muierilor
306:Lower Paleolithic
214:Bronze Age Greece
128:Upper Paleolithic
43:Geology of Europe
18:Neolithic Romania
16:(Redirected from
1942:
1903:
1894:
1878:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1736:
1725:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1654:
1648:
1627:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1561:on 11 April 2008
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1481:, pp. 245 –253,
1471:
1465:
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1424:. Archived from
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1398:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1217:Illyrian kingdom
1202:Odrysian kingdom
1176:Geometric Period
1151:Thraco-Cimmerian
1122:Thraco-Cimmerian
1106:Iron Age Romania
1090:Olympic Pantheon
1078:Mycenaean Greece
1046:) covers all of
1006:Maramureș County
1002:Valea Chioarului
952:Tărtăria tablets
937:Hamangia culture
894:Neolithic Greece
856:Varna Necropolis
786:Varna necropolis
771:Varna necropolis
759:Hamangia culture
731:Neolithic Europe
670:Ostrovul Banului
649:Mesolithic era.
594:(13,000 – 5,000
541:Hunedoara County
178:during the Late
68:Southeast Europe
21:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:
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1939:
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1887:Wayback Machine
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1789:John Boardman,
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1221:Illyrian tribes
1208:(and later the
1182:democracy. The
1168:Greek Dark Ages
1166:, known as the
1124:
1102:Iron Age Europe
1098:
1076:The culture of
983:
973:Helladic period
965:
927:Dudeşti culture
752:The Thinker of
745:
727:
643:Epipalaeolithic
606:
591:
545:Francisc Rainer
533:Cioclovina Cave
488:Ricardo Rodrigo
449:Peștera cu Oase
428:
422:Peștera cu Oase
420:Main articles:
413:
284:
273:
268:
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204:, expansion of
152:Minoan language
124:European Turkey
108:North Macedonia
50:
47:Human evolution
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1844:External links
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466:Ion din Anina
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462:John of Anina
460:. Nicknamed "
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1898:on BBC.co.uk
1893:(in English)
1827:
1819:
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1790:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1741:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1652:
1604:
1585:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1549:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1488:
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1474:
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1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1416:
1407:
1396:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1256:
1237:
1232:
1231:). The term
1224:
1214:
1196:
1161:
1075:
1064:
1041:
1034:
1020:
896:are Sesklo,
891:
872:
853:
814:
812:and Sesklo.
791:
757:, Neolithic
751:
719:
715:
706:
683:
679:
658:Lepenski Vir
651:
647:
639:
630:
618:
614:Lepenski Vir
584:
576:Muierii Cave
568:Agata Olariu
553:
530:
514:Baia de Fier
511:
504:
494:
492:
474:Homo sapiens
472:
470:
465:
447:
441:
402:
397:
390:
378:
354:
344:In the late
343:
331:Palaeolithic
328:
315:
303:
299:lithic flake
285:
251:Palaeolithic
233:
210:Protohistory
184:
146:and follows
132:Homo sapiens
63:
61:
51:
33:
1763:23 February
1264:created by
1258:Hellenistic
1136:Geto-Dacian
1056:Carpathians
827:in Serbia,
518:Gorj County
479:Neanderthal
346:Pleistocene
1914:Categories
1432:4 December
1356:References
1334:Prehistory
1100:See also:
967:See also:
963:Bronze Age
910:Krya Vrysi
883:Eneolithic
868:Durankulak
849:Asia Minor
839:, and the
729:See also:
666:Montenegro
634:Mesolithic
602:See also:
589:Mesolithic
501:Cioclovina
499:) and the
436:Cro-Magnon
405:Mesolithic
381:glaciation
319:Bacho Kiro
264:See also:
194:Mesolithic
187:prehistory
104:Montenegro
1248:Burebista
1188:Black Sea
1118:Illyrians
1110:Thracians
1058:and into
908:close to
725:Neolithic
710:D. Bailey
698:Neolithic
692:Cave and
690:Theopetra
564:Bucharest
282:Kozarnika
245:Herodotus
234:See also
218:Mycenaean
1883:Archived
1858:Archived
1757:Archived
1718:Archived
1659:Archived
1634:Archived
1594:Archived
1565:18 March
1451:Archived
1272:See also
1199:Thracian
1192:Dalmatia
1096:Iron Age
1086:religion
1052:Pannonia
900:, Early
837:Bulgaria
810:Hamangia
806:Karanovo
775:Bulgaria
754:Hamangia
686:Frachthi
452:), near
394:Holocene
222:Thracian
191:Holocene
148:Linear B
144:Linear A
120:Slovenia
80:Bulgaria
39:hominins
1784:General
1631:Page 36
1448:Page 15
1233:Illyria
1225:Illyrii
1164:Dorians
1153:" finds
1114:Dacians
1060:Hungary
1010:Romania
902:Knossos
847:and in
829:Croatia
537:Bosorod
522:Oltenia
520:in the
458:Romania
369:scraper
350:Balkans
226:Venetic
172:Mycenae
160:Kydonia
156:Knossos
112:Romania
100:Moldova
84:Croatia
72:Albania
1836:
1812:
1797:
1749:
1644:
1613:
1461:
1361:Inline
1252:Europe
1244:Oroles
1184:Greeks
1180:Athens
1120:, and
1054:, the
1048:Thrace
979:, and
898:Dimini
825:Danube
794:Butmir
741:, and
702:Greece
694:Sesklo
672:, the
662:Serbia
566:, and
238:, and
208:, and
185:Human
168:Thebes
140:Greece
122:, and
116:Serbia
96:Kosovo
92:Greece
88:Cyprus
41:, see
1240:Dacia
1206:Getae
1194:etc.
1071:Crete
860:Varna
802:Varna
798:Vinča
668:. At
454:Anina
438:skull
434:Male
373:blade
230:Homer
164:Pylos
138:, in
1834:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1765:2018
1747:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1567:2022
1459:ISBN
1434:2017
1215:The
1210:Daci
1130:The
1065:The
904:and
864:gold
854:The
815:The
486:and
424:and
329:The
321:and
224:and
170:and
62:The
45:and
34:homo
1533:103
1516:100
912:.
821:6th
562:in
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371:on
182:.
1916::
1832:,
1808:,
1755:.
1729:^
1622:^
1580:82
1531:,
1514:,
1498:15
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1479:45
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1254:.
1116:,
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1108:,
1104:,
1062:.
1008:,
1004:,
975:,
971:,
889:.
851:.
808:,
804:,
800:,
796:,
773:,
737:,
733:,
645:.
596:BP
539:,
528:.
456:,
352:.
341:.
312::
258:BP
220:,
200:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
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94:,
90:,
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1801:.
1767:.
1724:)
1713:(
1704:)
1700:(
1691:)
1687:(
1678:)
1674:(
1569:.
1436:.
1012:.
873:"
598:)
260:)
232:(
196:/
49:.
20:)
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