Egyptian vulture - Knowledge

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turns by both parents. The eggs are brick red with the broad end covered more densely with blotches of red, brown, and black. The parents begin incubating soon after the first egg is laid leading to asynchronous hatching. The first egg hatches after about 42 days. The second chick may hatch three to five days later and a longer delay increases the likelihood that it will die of starvation. In cliffs where the nests are located close to each other, young birds have been known to clamber over to neighbouring nests to obtain food. In the Spanish population, young fledge and leave the nest after 90 to 110 days. Fledged birds continue to remain dependent on their parents for at least a month. Once the birds begin to forage on their own, they move away from their parents' territory; young birds have been found nearly 500 km away from their nest site. One-year-old European birds migrate to Africa and stay there for at least one year. A vulture that fledged in France stayed in Africa for three years before migrating north in spring. After migrating back to their breeding areas, young birds move widely in search of good feeding territories and mates. The full adult plumage is attained in the fourth or fifth year. Egyptian vultures have been known to live for up to 37 years in captivity and at least 21 years in the wild. The probability of survival in the wild varies with age, increasing till the age of 2 and then falling at the age of 5. Older birds have an annual survival probability varying from 0.75 for non-breeders to 0.83 for breeding birds.

509: 1150: 970: 1198: 49: 102: 6949: 842: 776: 745: 655: 828: 762: 731: 1317: 1115: 77: 1371:. It is now restricted to Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the two easternmost islands. The total population in 2000 was estimated at 130 individuals, including 25–30 breeding pairs. Island birds also appear to accumulate significant amounts of lead from scavenging on hunted animal carcasses. The long-term effect of this poison at a sub-lethal level is not known, though it is known to alter the 690:. The facial skin is yellow and unfeathered down to the throat. The sexes are indistinguishable in plumage but breeding males have a deeper orange facial skin colour than females. Females average slightly larger and are about 10–15% heavier than males. Young birds are blackish or chocolate brown with black and white patches. The adult plumage is attained only after about five years. 280: 1375:. In order to provide safe and uncontaminated food for nesting birds, attempts have been made to create "vulture restaurants" where carcasses are made available. However, these interventions may also encourage other opportunist predators and scavengers to concentrate at the site and pose a threat to vultures nesting in the vicinity. 1137:. The number of adults at the roost increases towards June. It is thought that breeding adults may be able to forage more efficiently by joining the roost and following others to the best feeding areas. Breeding birds that failed to raise young may also join the non-breeding birds at the roost during June. 1482:

in Egyptian vultures gives them the Spanish names of "churretero" and "moñiguero", which mean "dung-eater". British sportsmen in colonial India considered them to be among the ugliest birds, and their habit of feeding on faeces was particularly despised. In British India they were known as "shawks" a

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region prior to 1923. They nest mainly on rocky cliffs, sometimes adopting ledges on tall buildings in cities and on large trees. Like many other large soaring migrants, they avoid making long crossings over water. Italian birds cross over through Sicily and into Tunisia making short sea crossings by

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was a friend of Neophron and about the same age. It upset Neophron to know that his mother Timandra was having a love affair with Aegypius. Seeking revenge, Neophron made advances towards Aegypius' mother, Bulis. Neophron succeeded and enticed Bulis into entering the dark chamber where his mother and

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Healthy adults do not have many predators, but human activities pose many threats. Collisions with power lines, hunting, intentional poisoning, lead accumulation from ingesting gunshot in carcasses, and pesticide accumulation take a toll on populations. Young birds at the nest are sometimes taken by

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with neighbouring birds has been recorded and may be a reason for adult males to stay close to the female before and during the egg laying period. Females may sometimes associate with two males and all three help in raising the brood. The typical clutch consists of two eggs which are incubated in

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may be maintained for more than one breeding season and the same nest sites may be reused each year. The nest is an untidy platform of twigs lined with rags and placed on a cliff ledge, building, or the fork of a large tree. Old nest platforms of eagles may also be taken over. Nests placed on the

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is white, with black flight feathers in the wings. Wild birds usually appear soiled with a rusty or brown shade to the white plumage, derived from mud or iron-rich soil. Captive specimens without access to soil have clean white plumage. It has been suggested as a case of cosmetic colouration. The

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The population of Egyptian vultures in the Canary Islands has been isolated from those in Europe and Africa for a significant period of time leading to genetic differentiation. The vulture population there declined by 30% in the ten years between 1987 and 1998. The Canarian Egyptian vulture was

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males are about 47–52 centimetres (19–20 in) long while females are 52–55.5 centimetres (20.5–21.9 in) long. The wingspan is about 2.7 times the body length. Birds from Spain weigh about 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb) while birds of the Canary Island subspecies

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locust swarms), and electrocution. Windfarms may also pose a threat. Poorly designed power transmission lines in east Africa electrocute many wintering vultures. A shortage of carrion resulting from new rules for disposal of dead animals following the outbreak of

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in 1902. This was described as having a deeper reddish orange skin on the head and a yellow-tipped dark bill. This has rarely been considered a valid subspecies but the intermediate pattern of bill colouration suggests intermixing of subspecies.

675:. The wings are pointed, with the third primary being the longest; the tail is wedge shaped. The legs are pink in adults and grey in juveniles. The claws are long and straight, and the third and fourth toes are slightly webbed at the base. 1328:

In Italy, the number of breeding pairs declined from 30 in 1970 to 9 in the 1990s. Nearly all breeding failures were due to human activities. In Spain, which holds about 50% of the European population suggested causes of decline include

1092:) form a significant part of the diet of Spanish vultures. In the Iberian Peninsula, landfills are an important food source, with the vultures more likely to occupy territories close to landfill sites. Studies suggest that they feed on 4123:

Elorriaga, Javier; Zuberogoitia, Iñigo; Castillo, Iñaki; Azkona, Ainara; Hidalgo, Sonia; Astorkia, Lander; Ruiz-Moneo, Fernando; Iraeta, Agurtzane (2009). "First Documented Case of Long-Distance Dispersal in the Egyptian Vulture

1500:, and sugar. Although normally punctual, the failure of the birds to turn up was attributed to the presence of "sinners" among the onlookers. Legend has it the vultures (or "eagles") represented eight sages who were punished by 505:, with a dark grey bill, has the largest range, occurring in southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and north-western India. Populations breeding in the temperate zone migrate south during winter. 1063:

The Egyptian vulture is usually seen singly or in pairs, soaring in thermals along with other scavengers and birds of prey, or perched on the ground or atop a building. On the ground, they walk with a waddling gait.

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Aegypius into entering the chamber and sleeping with his own mother Bulis. When Bulis discovered the deception she gouged out the eyes of her son Aegypius before killing herself. Aegypius prayed for revenge and

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Blanco, Guillermo; Hornero-Méndez, Dámaso; Lambertucci, Sergio A.; Bautista, Luis M.; Wiemeyer, Guillermo; Sanchez-Zapata, José A.; Garrido-Fernández, Juan; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donázar, José A. (2013-06-13).

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was famed for a pair of birds that reputedly visited the temple for "centuries". These birds were ceremonially fed by the temple priests and arrived before noon to feed on offerings made from rice, wheat,

1221:, is located, the bird walks up to it with a large pebble held in its bill and tosses the pebble by swinging the neck down over the egg. The operation is repeated until the egg cracks from the blows. They 1300:

was estimated to have 12,000–15,000 of these vultures, with an average density of about 5 pairs per 10 km. The exact cause of the decline is not known, but has been linked with the use of the

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When it joins other vulture species at a dead animal, it tends to stay on the periphery and waits until the larger species leave. Pairs may also scrounge for food from other vultures, particularly

1086:. Recently fledged young will sometimes fly to other nests, competing with young vultures for food, stealing or even soliciting food from the (unrelated) adults bringing food. Wild rabbits ( 4011: 508: 501:

There are three widely recognised subspecies of the Egyptian vulture, although there is considerable gradation due to movement and intermixing of the populations. The nominate subspecies,

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in parts of Europe during 2000 may have also had an effect on some populations. In Armenia direct persecution for trophy and for local illegal trade of animals as pets has been recorded.

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Tauler-Ametller, H.; Hernández-Matías, A.; Pretus, J. L.L.; Real, J. (2017). "Landfills determine the distribution of an expanding breeding population of the endangered Egyptian Vulture

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van Overveld, Thijs; Sol, Daniel; Blanco, Guillermo; Margalida, Antoni; de la Riva, Manuel; Donázar, José Antonio (2021). "Vultures as an overlooked model in cognitive ecology".

5689: 4739:"A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications" 1015:

Most Egyptian vultures in the subtropical zone of Europe migrate south to Africa in winter. Vagrants may occur as far south as in South Africa although they bred in the

397:. Populations of this species declined in the 20th century and some island populations are endangered by hunting, accidental poisoning, and collision with power lines. 4235: 2148: 2007: 5013: 1478:

in Egyptian culture and their protection by Pharaonic law made the species common on the streets of Egypt and gave rise to the name "pharaoh's chicken". The habit of

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is considered to represent the oldest branch of the vultures which consists of separated (or polyphyletic) clades. Along with its nearest evolutionary relatives, the

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Egyptian vultures roost communally on large trees, buildings or on cliffs. Roost sites are usually chosen close to a dump site or other suitable foraging area. In

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Seibold, I.; Helbig, A.J. (1995). "Evolutionary History of New and Old World Vultures Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene".

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Galushin, V. M. (2001). "Populations of vultures and other raptors in Delhi and neighboring areas from 1970's to 1990's". In Parry-Jones, J.; Katzner, T. (eds.).

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Kretzmann, Maria B.; Capote, N.; Gautschi, B.; Godoy, J.A.; Donázar, J.A.; Negro, J.J. (2003). "Genetically distinct island populations of the Egyptian vulture (

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has been observed in Canarian Egyptian vultures between mated pairs of individuals as well as pairs of unrelated and same-sex individuals, particularly females.

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Donázar, José Antonio; Negro, Juan José; Palacios, César Javier; Gangoso, Laura; Godoy, José Antonio; Ceballos, Olga; Hiraldo, Fernando; Capote, Nieves (2002).

1296:, populations in 2001 were half of those from 1980. In India, the decline has been rapid with a 35% decrease each year since 1999. In 1967–70, the area around 1075:, carrion, vegetable matter, and sometimes small animals. It is the only Old World vulture species that regularly feeds on faeces. The carotenoids (primarily 385:

and apart from the use of a pebble as a hammer, Egyptian vultures also use twigs to roll up wool for use in their nest. Egyptian vultures that breed in the

5902: 1245:. Another case of tool-use described from Bulgaria involves the use of a twig as a tool to roll up and gather strands of wool to use for lining the nest. 671:

bill is slender and long, and the tip of the upper mandible is hooked. The nostril is an elongated horizontal slit. The neck feathers are long and form a

6554: 5690:"Phylogeny of Old and New World Vultures (Aves: Accipitridae and Cathartidae) Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene" 3809:

Cuthbert, R.; Green, R.E.; Ranade, S.; Saravanan, S.; Pain, D.J.; Prakash, V.; Cunningham, A.A. (2006). "Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (

1266:. Only rarely do adult birds attempt to drive away predators. Young birds that fall off of cliff ledges may be preyed on by mammalian predators such as 4415:

Grande, Juan M.; Serrano, David; Tavecchia, Giacomo; Carrete, Martina; Ceballos, Olga; Díaz-Delgado, Ricardo; Tella, José L.; Donázar, José A. (2009).

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The adult Egyptian vulture measures 47–65 centimetres (19–26 in) from the point of the beak to the extremity of the tail feathers. In the smaller

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there. One study in 2010 suggested that the species established on the island about 2,500 years ago when the island was first colonized by humans.

8467: 4026: 5893: 5805:"Set a thief to catch a thief: brown-necked raven (Corvus ruficollis) cooperatively kleptoparasitize Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)" 4789:

Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1

5653: 4470: 4183: 3391: 2060: 2365:"Need and Seek for Dietary Micronutrients: Endogenous Regulation, External Signalling and Food Sources of Carotenoids in New World Vultures" 686:

and Anderton (2005) suggest that this variation may need further study, particularly due to the intermediate black-tipped bill described in

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Gangoso, Laura; Álvarez-Lloret, Pedro; Rodríguez-Navarro, Alejandro A. B.; Mateo, Rafael; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donázar, José Antonio (2009).

3691:"Carcasses increase the probability of predation of ground-nesting birds: a caveat regarding the conservation value of vulture restaurants" 1301: 5012:

Negro, J.J.; Grande, J.M.; Tella, J.L.; Garrido, J.; Hornero, D.; Donázar, J.A.; Sanchez-Zapata, J.A.; Benítez, J.R.; Barcell, M. (2002).

569:. Unlike neighbouring populations in Africa and southern Europe, it is non-migratory and consistently larger in size. The subspecies name 1107:

Egyptian vultures are mostly silent but make high-pitched mewing or hissing notes at the nest and screeching noises when squabbling at a

638:, on hearing the prayer, changed Aegypius and Neophron into vultures. "Percnopterus" is derived from Greek for "black wings": "περκνός" ( 5258:

Spaar, Reto (1997). "Flight strategies of migrating raptors; a comparative study of interspecific variation in flight characteristics".

4417:"Survival in a long-lived territorial migrant: effects of life-history traits and ecological conditions in wintering and breeding areas" 1044:. In summer, some African birds fly further north into Europe and vagrants have been recorded in England, Ireland, and southern Sweden. 1008:. They occur mainly on the dry plains and lower hills. In the Himalayas, they go up to about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in summer. In 4799:"Long-term relationship between diet breadth and breeding success in a declining population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus" 8428: 8363: 5728: 1149: 1079:) that the vultures absorb from the vegetal matter in the excrement that they ingest results in their bright yellow face colouration. 467:") are believed to have been very similar to these vultures in lifestyle, but the genetic relationships are unclear. A fossil species 3614:

Ceballos, Olga; Donázar, José Antonio (1989). "Factors influencing the breeding density and nest-site selection of Egyptian vulture (

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Suárez-Pérez, A.; Ramírez, A.S.; Rosales, R.S.; Calabuig, P.; Poveda, C.; Rosselló-Móra, R.; Nicholas, R.A.J.; Poveda, J.B. (2012).

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Agostini, Nicolantonio; Premuda, Guido; Mellone, Ugo; Panuccio, Michele; Logozzo, Daniela; Bassi, Enrico; Cocchi, Leonardo (2004).

4798: 4374:"First description of migration and wintering of adult Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus tracked by GPS satellite telemetry" 1100:

pigments responsible for their bright yellow and orange facial skin. The ability to assimilate carotenoid pigments may serve as a

8664: 8659: 1344: 81: 8376: 4416: 414: 234: 8649: 8624: 6547: 5436:"Eagle owl predation on Egyptian vulture and northern goshawk: possible effect of a decrease in European rabbit availability" 1394: 8472: 4262: 2277: 2144: 5070: 2515:

Amezian, M.; El Khamlichi, K. (2016). "Significant population of Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus found in Morocco".

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Migrating birds can sometimes cover 500 kilometres (310 mi) in a single day until they reach the southern edge of the

8614: 8493: 6046: 2087: 1130: 6948: 3671: 526:, the smallest of the three subspecies, which is identifiable by a pale yellow bill. The subspecies name is derived from 8654: 8629: 6036: 5451: 190: 5240: 8634: 8609: 8604: 8285: 5245: 4999: 949:, are heavier with an average weight of 2.4 kilograms (5.3 lb). The Egyptian vulture is one of the smallest true 535: 4044:

Donázar, José A.; Palacios, César J.; Gangoso, Laura; Ceballos, Olga; González, Maria J.; Hiraldo, Fernando (2002).

8394: 5747: 8511: 8433: 8407: 8227: 6540: 2229: 1471: 1275: 1111:. Young birds have been heard making a hissing croak in flight. They also hiss or growl when threatened or angry. 101: 3591:"Roost-tree characteristics, food habits and seasonal abundance of roosting Egyptian Vultures in northern Spain" 8644: 5913: 2213: 1372: 1241:

which form groups that wait for the eggs to be broken before collectively mobbing the vultures and engaging in

969: 4900: 4348: 3537:"Large scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived raptor" 6310: 3414:"Persistent electrocution mortality of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus over 28 years in East Africa" 3246:"Chaetotaxy of three nymphal instars of an ischnoceran louse, Aegypoecus perspicuus (Phthiraptera: Insecta)" 1446: 1119: 5748:"A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b-gene" 5495: 5403: 5308:

Stoyanova, Yva; Stefanov, Nikolai; Schmutz, Josef K. (2010). "Twig Used as a Tool by the Egyptian Vulture (

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This article is about the Egyptian vulture species of vulture. For the Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph, see

7043: 7033: 5861: 3855: 3515: 1544: 1133:, summer roosts are formed mainly by immature birds. The favourite roost trees tended to be large dead 378:. They also feed on the eggs of other birds, breaking larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them. 362:. The contrasting underwing pattern and wedge-shaped tail make it distinctive in flight as it soars in 7522: 6835: 6653: 4613: 4282:"Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources" 4194: 8350: 8254: 8236: 6532: 6475: 6466: 6450: 6441: 6300: 6280: 5927: 5816: 5762: 5559: 5518: 5211: 5028: 4977: 4753: 4727: 4688: 4647: 4385: 4296: 4064: 3988: 3826: 3705: 3627: 3551: 3535:

Carrete, Martina; Sánchez-Zapata, José A.; Benítez, José R.; Lobón, Manuel; Donázar, José A. (2009).

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pairs soar high together and one or both may make steep spiralling or swooping dives. The birds are

577:. The island was named by Spanish conquerors in the 15th century after the "Majos", the main native 7244: 6771: 5890: 4874:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 304. 4436: 3225: 1210: 1166: 1037: 683: 678:

The bill is black in the nominate subspecies but pale or yellowish in adults of the smaller Indian

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Margalida, A.; Benítez, J.R.; Sánchez-Zapata, J.A.; Ávila, E.; Arenas, R.; Donázar, J.A. (2012).

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Egyptian vulture populations have declined in most parts of its range. In Europe and most of the

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Agarwal, G.P.; Ahmad, Aftab; Arya, Gaurav; Saxena, Renu; Nisar, Arjumand; Saxena, A.K. (2012).

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Donázar, José A.; Ceballos, Olga (1990). "Acquisition of food by fledgling Egyptian Vultures

7418: 7112: 6620: 6605: 6255: 6246: 5940: 5824: 5770: 5704: 5676: 5606: 5575: 5567: 5526: 5482: 5372: 5329: 5321: 5267: 5219: 5101: 5044: 5036: 4985: 4944: 4896: 4849:"Dynamics and temporal variation in age structure at a communal roost of egyptian vultures ( 4821: 4813: 4769: 4761: 4704: 4696: 4655: 4566: 4558: 4511: 4449: 4441: 4393: 4344: 4304: 4209: 4137: 4080: 4072: 4046:"Conservation status and limiting factors in the endangered population of Egyptian vulture ( 3996: 3959: 3834: 3778: 3770: 3721: 3713: 3635: 3567: 3559: 3510: 3425: 3356: 3346: 3291: 3257: 2532: 2467: 2394: 2376: 2022: 1657: 1566: 1539: 1321: 1242: 1230: 1158: 954: 946: 923: 911: 899: 887: 864: 852: 821: 798: 786: 755: 724: 712: 654: 485: 8277: 5548:"Cosmetic coloration in Egyptian vultures: Mud bathing as a tool for social communication?" 4045: 8519: 7974: 6981: 6966: 6924: 6667: 6564: 6320: 6230: 6221: 5897: 5505:

van Lawick-Goodall, Jane; van Lawick, Hugo (1966). "Use of Tools by the Egyptian Vulture,

2299: 2243: 1330: 1083: 613: 584: 531: 419: 153: 4700: 3492: 1521: 1445:, several hieroglyphs include the Egyptian vulture including what is listed as G1 in the 588: 5820: 5766: 5563: 5522: 5215: 5032: 4981: 4757: 4692: 4651: 4389: 4300: 4068: 3992: 3830: 3709: 3631: 3555: 3342: 2528: 1653: 1316: 1114: 8576: 8402: 8389: 8329: 7480: 7010: 6632: 6568: 6375: 6366: 6330: 6026: 5680: 5486: 5271: 5160:

The Tiruvacagam or Sacred utterances of the Tamil poet, saint, and sage Manikka-vacagar

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Savigny, Jules-César Savigny (1809). "Systeme des oiseaux de l'Egypte et de la Syrie".

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in 1877. However, this has only been reported in Africa and has not been recorded in

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sp. nov., isolated from the upper respiratory tract of Canarian Egyptian vultures (

5066: 4281: 3752:"Long-Term Trends in Population Size and Breeding Success in the Egyptian Vulture ( 2006:

Zuberogoitia, I.; Zabala, J.; Martínez, J. A.; Martínez, J. E.; Azkona, A. (2008).

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to jagged rocks. This behaviour, although believed to have been first reported by

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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.6 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

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García-Ripollés, Clara; López-López, Pascual (2006). Penteriani, Vincenzo (ed.).

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Meyburg, Bernd-U.; Gallardo, Max; Meyburg, Christiane; Dimitrova, Elena (2004).

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Agudo, Rosa; Rico, Ciro; Vilà, Carles; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donázar, José (2010).

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Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2).

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The Bible makes a reference to the Egyptian vulture under the Hebrew name of

8117: 7999: 7826: 7765: 7737: 7706: 7665: 7579: 7501: 7473: 7436: 7411: 7377: 7122: 6909: 6815: 6761: 6697: 6676: 6017: 3452:"A Nineteenth-century reference to the use of tools by the Egyptian vulture" 1368: 1352: 1263: 1170: 1021: 1005: 985: 630: 394: 355: 335: 113: 8368: 8212: 5844: 5626: 5589: 5465:

Thouless, C.R.; Fanshawe, J.H.; Bertram, B.C.R. (1989). "Egyptian Vultures

5394: 5377: 5352: 5223: 5058: 4588:

Hidalgo, S.; Zabala, J.; Zubergoitia, I.; Azkona, A.; Castillo, I. (2005).

4316: 3370: 3262: 3245: 2876: 2874: 2408: 5716: 5231: 4571: 2244:"Isles of Scilly: Egyptian vulture seen in UK for first time in 150 years" 1229:

in 1966, was actually already known to Africans and was first reported by

449:

contains only a single extant species. A few prehistoric species from the

8206: 8145: 8094: 8069: 8029: 7866: 7803: 7783: 7686: 7595: 7558: 7487: 7336: 6798: 6778: 6754: 6587: 5981: 3445:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 22–24. 3386:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 310–314. 3327:"The role of humans in the diversification of a threatened island raptor" 1570: 1356: 1138: 1093: 1016: 578: 549:

was found to be genetically distinct and identified as a new subspecies,

390: 375: 363: 133: 8264: 5325: 5090:"Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands" 4325: 4141: 4096:"Description of a new subspecies of the Egyptian Vulture (Accipitridae: 3774: 1638:"Two new Gypaetinae (Accipitridae, Aves) from the late Miocene of Spain" 279: 8524: 8420: 8249: 8103: 7893: 7697: 7644: 7266: 6178: 5963: 5665:"The birds of Jhang district, S.W.Punjab. Part II. Non-Passerine birds" 5334: 5049: 4825: 4774: 4709: 4659: 4580: 4453: 4085: 3782: 3726: 3639: 3572: 1475: 1267: 1218: 1214: 1108: 1009: 667: 450: 371: 367: 5580: 5530: 5204:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4493:"Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture ( 3456:

Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum

3451: 2483: 2481: 2471: 8008: 7819: 7713: 7384: 6899: 6581: 5975: 5571: 5197:. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 89. 4372:

García-Ripollés, Clara; López-López, Pascual; Urios, Vicente (2010).

4213: 3689:

Cortés-Avizanda, A.; Carrete, M.; Serrano, D.; Donázar, J.A. (2009).

1271: 1222: 1076: 1072: 1048: 1041: 993: 989: 977: 672: 534:

described it as Le Vautour de Gingi and it was given a Latin name by

527: 428: 366:

during the warmer parts of the day. Egyptian vultures feed mainly on

123: 8446: 8342: 8183: 5885:

Egyptian Vulture species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

5547: 5040: 4792:(in Latin). Vol. v.1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. 4635: 4562: 3871:

in relation to brood size, hatching order and environmental factors"

3036: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1637: 4997:

Neelakantan, K.K. (1977). "The sacred birds of Thirukkalukundram".

4158: 4025:. Monografía SEO-BirdLife, Madrid. pp. 189–201. Archived from 2704: 2441: 8558: 8337: 7602: 6593: 5435: 5414: 5280: 5116: 4848: 4546: 4095: 3898: 3750:

Cortés-Avizanda, Ainara; Ceballos, Olga; Donázar, José A. (2009).

3590: 2865: 1501: 1336:, pesticides (especially due to large-scale use in the control of 1315: 1297: 1196: 1148: 1068: 1052: 1029: 968: 653: 516: 507: 359: 338: 8355: 5365:

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

2964: 2008:"Effect of human activities on Egyptian vulture breeding success" 957:(which may be an outlier from other vultures). Additionally, the 629:

Aegypius were to meet soon. Neophron then distracted his mother,

7363: 6271: 5987: 5648:(4th ed.). London: Gurney & Jackson. pp. 356–357. 4326:"Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian vultures ( 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1497: 1463: 1309: 1134: 953:, the only smaller species appears to be the marginally lighter 635: 143: 8187: 6964: 6618: 6536: 6501: 6172: 6000: 5936: 3273:"Crossing the sea en route to Africa: Autumn migration of some 2200: 2183: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1717: 1715: 573:

is derived from "Majorata", the ancient name for the island of

3407:. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. p. 80. 2928: 2568: 2566: 2424: 2168: 1467: 1157:

The breeding season is in spring. During the beginning of the

4868:

Peters, James L. (1979). Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G.W. (eds.).

2716: 1921: 471:

has been described from the late Miocene of Spain. The genus

4879:

Mateo, Patricia; Olea, Pedro P. (2007). "Egyptian Vultures (

2880: 2728: 1796: 5932: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1012:, breeding pairs have been found up to 2,300 meters a.s.l. 4016:): dynamics and implications for the species conservation" 3469:"Unusual site for the nest of the White Scavenger Vulture 2952: 1504:, with two of them leaving in each of a series of epochs. 489:), they are sometimes placed in a separate subfamily, the 5746:

Wink, Michael; Heidrich, Petra; Fentzloff, Claus (1996).

5546:

van Overveld, T.; de la Riva, M.; Donázar, J. A. (2017).

5415:"Polyandrous trios in a population of Egyptian vultures ( 4901:

10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[339:EVNPAG]2.0.CO;2

4349:

10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[217:PSABPO]2.0.CO;2

4010:

Donázar, José A.; Ceballos, Olga; Tella, José L. (1996).

3971:

Donázar, José A.; Ceballos, Olga; Tella, José L. (1994).

3526:}}: |volume= / |date= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch ( 3412:

Angelov, Ivaylo; Hashim, Ibrahim; Oppel, Steffen (2012).

5014:"Coprophagy: An unusual source of essential carotenoids" 4926:"Migrations and sojourn in Africa of Egyptian vultures ( 2793: 2692: 2668: 2270:"Egyptian vulture spotted in Ireland for the first time" 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1438:

which has been translated into English as "gier-eagle".

5170:"An instance of active predation by Scavenger Vulture ( 2769: 2487: 4486:. Berlin: Friendlander & Sohn. pp. 1200–1202. 2853: 1950: 1855: 1853: 1682: 1174:

ground are rare but have been recorded in subspecies

545:

A small population that is found only in the eastern

7916: 7906: 7889: 7879: 7855: 7845: 7564: 7554: 7519: 7352: 7342: 7312: 7302: 7292: 7282: 7272: 7262: 7250: 7240: 7230: 7220: 7210: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7128: 7118: 7108: 7098: 7088: 7049: 7039: 7029: 6978: 6905: 6881: 6871: 6861: 6851: 6841: 6831: 6821: 6804: 6794: 6784: 6767: 6750: 6740: 6730: 6664: 6649: 5891:

Egyptian Vulture – Global Raptor Information Network

3950:

by nest-switching and acceptance by foster adults".

2916: 2644: 2557: 2498: 2496: 2300:"Smutsgam Neophron percnopterus anträffad i Sverige" 1808: 1386: 1201:

Egyptian vulture using a stone to crack a large egg.

1118:

Eggs showing colour variation, chromolithographs by

984:

Egyptian vultures are widely distributed across the

8196: 8093: 8059: 8039: 7998: 7964: 7937: 7836: 7802: 7782: 7727: 7696: 7578: 7541: 7518: 7435: 7401: 7326: 7079: 7070: 7020: 7000: 6977: 6923: 6721: 6663: 6640: 6631: 6464: 6439: 6414: 6389: 6364: 6269: 6244: 6219: 6194: 6135: 6110: 6085: 6060: 6015: 1285:as well as organisms that live within them such as 961:is only scarcely larger than the Egyptian species. 875: 809: 702: 695: 522:The Indian subcontinent is the range of subspecies 27:

Species of Old World vultures of the genus Neophron

5803:Yosef, Reuven; Kabesa, Shai; Yosef, Nufar (2011). 5178:) in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan" 3899:"Red fox predation on fledgling Egyptian vultures" 3516:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695180A118600142.en 3165:. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. p. 222. 2976: 2940: 1545:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22695180A154895845.en 5182:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5146:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 4174:Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). 4023:Biology and Conservation of Mediterranean Raptors 3477:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3450:Baxter, R. M.; Urban, E. K.; Brown, L. H (1969). 2841: 2074: 2072: 1760: 1351:historically common, occurring on the islands of 980:) showing the characteristic wing and tail shape. 530:in southern India from where the French explorer 5473:eggs: The origins of stone-throwing behaviour". 4737:Liberatori, Fabio; Penteriani, Vincenzo (2001). 3024: 2781: 2757: 1909: 1721: 5408:. Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham. p. 182. 4623:Jardine, William; Selby, Prideaux John (1826). 3107: 2988: 2817: 2680: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2349: 2145:"'Rather rare' Egyptian vulture lands in Malta" 1067:They feed on a range of food, including mammal 4159:"Another Old World Vulture from the New World" 3973:"Copulation behaviour in the Egyptian Vulture 3914:Donázar, José Antonio; Ceballos, Olga (1989). 3865:Donázar, José Antonio; Ceballos, Olga (1989). 3589:Ceballos, Olga; Donázar, José Antonio (1990). 6548: 5948: 5788:remain in Africa during the northern summer?" 4229:. Sevilla, Spain: aviary.org. pp. 13–15. 2184:García-Ripollés, López-López & Urios 2010 1706: 370:but are opportunistic and will prey on small 8: 5281:"Predation upon nestling Egyptian Vultures ( 5241:"The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram" 4847:Margalida, Antoni; Boudet, Jennifer (2003). 4491:Hernández, Mauro; Margalida, Antoni (2009). 4483:Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Volume 2 3867:"Growth rates of nestling Egyptian Vultures 3146:The Routledge Dictionary of Historical Slang 2929:Cortés-Avizanda, Ceballos & Donázar 2009 1888: 1832: 1772: 1040:while others cross further east through the 4964:Mundy, P.J. (1978). "The Egyptian vulture ( 4729:Supplement to the General Synopsis of birds 3384:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan 3175: 2805: 1922:van Overveld, de la Riva & Donázar 2017 441:in the first natural history volume of the 8184: 7547: 7076: 6974: 6961: 6637: 6628: 6615: 6555: 6541: 6533: 6498: 6191: 6169: 6012: 5997: 5955: 5941: 5933: 5784:"Do immature Palearctic Egyptian Vultures 5279:Stoyanova, Yva; Stefanov, Nikolai (1993). 4227:vultures: 4th Eurasian congress on raptors 2747:. William Garretson & Co. p. 343. 1390: 692: 278: 75: 47: 38: 5579: 5376: 5333: 5105: 5048: 4773: 4732:. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 7. 4708: 4570: 4435: 4397: 4084: 4000: 3897:Donázar, Jose A.; Ceballos, Olga (1988). 3725: 3655:Clark, William S.; Schmitt, N.J. (1998). 3571: 3514: 3429: 3360: 3350: 3261: 3187: 3119: 2829: 2398: 2380: 2119: 1993: 1543: 1307:, which has been known to cause death in 1274:. Like all birds they serve as hosts for 1209:, especially in Africa, is known for its 1028:with rare stops on the island country of 5193:Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). 3211: 3095: 3083: 3012: 3000: 2904: 2892: 2729:van Lawick-Goodall & van Lawick 1966 2608: 2337: 1962: 1871: 1611: 1582: 1113: 1071:(including those of humans), insects in 988:with their breeding range from southern 4012:"Communal roosts of Egyptian vultures ( 3277:over two Central Mediterranean islands" 3048: 2632: 2620: 2046: 2044: 1820: 1512: 1213:. When a large egg, such as that of an 557:they are genetically more distant from 8434:egyptian-vulture-neophron-percnopterus 5434:Tella, José L.; Mañosa, Santi (1993). 5285:) in the Vratsa Mountains of Bulgaria" 4629:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. 4236:"Ground nesting by Egyptian Vultures ( 4178:. Christopher Helm. pp. 417–420. 3250:Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2953:García-Ripollés & López-López 2006 2794:Stoyanova, Stefanov & Schmutz 2010 1859: 1844: 1784: 1733: 1623: 930:1,900–2,850 g (67–100 oz) 5195:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide 5168:Prakash, Vibhu; Nanjappa, C. (1988). 4504:European Journal of Wildlife Research 4463:The dictionary of classical mythology 3804:. London: Wesleyan Conference Office. 3230:. The Diocesan Press. pp. 14–16. 3131: 2770:Thouless, Fanshawe & Bertram 1989 2656: 2502: 2131: 2107: 805:1,600–2,400 g (56–85 oz) 287:Distribution of the three subspecies 7: 8408:f5822041-645a-42ba-9699-e58d302542f0 5497:Ethnographic notes in southern India 5174:) on Checkered Keelback watersnake ( 3199: 1694: 918:73.5–93 mm (2.9–3.7 in) 859:228–251 mm (9.0–9.9 in) 767:220–251 mm (8.7–9.9 in) 642:, meaning "blue-black") and πτερόν ( 346:. It is widely distributed from the 5755:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 4618:. New York: Longmans, Green and Co. 4615:Birds in legend, fable and folklore 4223:Report from the Workshop on Indian 3502:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3224:Mudaliyar, M.M. Kumarasami (1923). 1683:Wink, Heidrich & Fentzloff 1996 1531:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 906:240–285 mm (9.4–11 in) 781:240–267 mm (9.4–11 in) 662:in captivity showing white plumage. 5681:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1922.tb01326.x 5487:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02737.x 5272:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04669.x 5117:"Decline of the Egyptian vulture ( 4701:10.1023/B:COGE.0000006123.67128.86 3964:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb00284.x 2645:Donázar, Ceballos & Tella 1994 2558:Donázar, Ceballos & Tella 1996 2051:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). 894:485–554 mm (19–22 in) 871:72–85 mm (2.8–3.3 in) 847:455–505 mm (18–20 in) 833:393–490 mm (15–19 in) 793:75–87 mm (3.0–3.4 in) 750:460–545 mm (18–21 in) 736:470–536 mm (19–21 in) 719:31–34 mm (1.2–1.3 in) 561:, significantly greater even than 25: 5782:Yosef, Reuven; Alon, Dan (1997). 3860:. John Lane, London. p. 277. 3471:Neophron percnopterus ginginianus 3442:The Fauna of British India. Birds 2250:from the original on 15 June 2021 2053:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 1951:Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001 1032:. Those that migrate through the 8600:IUCN Red List endangered species 6947: 5880:BTO BirdFacts – Egyptian Vulture 5697:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 5645:Popular Handbook of Indian Birds 5359:Neophron percnopterus majorensis 5138:"Lesser White Scavenger Vulture 4871:Check-list of birds of the world 4818:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01189.x 4638:[The Egyptian vulture]. 4446:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17218.x 3839:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00041.x 3718:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00231.x 2977:Angelov, Hashim & Oppel 2012 2917:Liberatori & Penteriani 2001 2214:"Capture of an Egyptian vulture" 2027:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00184.x 840: 826: 774: 760: 743: 729: 100: 5860:Zarudny, V.; Härms, M. (1902). 5115:Palacios, César-Javier (2000). 5094:Bird Conservation International 5088:Palacios, César-Javier (2004). 4590:"Food of the Egyptian vulture ( 4465:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. 4330:) in eastern Iberian Peninsula" 3418:Bird Conservation International 3227:Tirukalukunram (Pakshi-Tirtham) 2320:from the original on 2016-04-23 2280:from the original on 2021-07-21 2151:from the original on 2019-09-04 2090:from the original on 2017-03-28 1636:Sánchez-Marco, Antonio (2022). 1598:Description de l'Égypte. Tome 1 1520:BirdLife International (2019). 1020:passing through the islands of 5922:Egyptian vulture photo gallery 5866:Ornithologische Monatsberichte 5402:Stratton-Porter, Gene (1909). 4887:) to Defend their Fledgling". 2941:Hernández & Margalida 2009 2782:Yosef, Kabesa & Yosef 2011 2758:Baxter, Urban & Brown 1969 1487:. A southern Indian temple at 1474:. The use of the vulture as a 1462:. The bird was held sacred to 1345:Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis 553:in 2002. Known locally as the 463:(the name meaning "looks like 389:migrate south in winter while 1: 6047:Greater yellow-headed vulture 5775:10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X 4766:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00086-6 4077:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00049-6 2842:Stoyanova & Stefanov 1993 2537:10.2989/00306525.2015.1089334 2080:"Egyptian Vulture in Armenia" 1761:Rasmussen & Anderton 2005 1662:10.1080/08912963.2022.2053117 1373:mineralization of their bones 383:use of tools is rare in birds 6037:Lesser yellow-headed vulture 5928:Armenian Bird Census Council 5924:at VIREO (Drexel University) 4990:10.1016/0006-3207(78)90047-2 4626:Illustrations of ornithology 4309:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.015 3564:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.027 2693:Donázar & Ceballos 1989b 2669:Donázar & Ceballos 1989a 2382:10.1371/journal.pone.0065562 2220:. 16 October 1868. p. 3 2084:Armenian Bird Census Council 1223:prefer using rounded pebbles 1004:. They are rare vagrants in 483:) and the palm-nut vulture ( 8670:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 5500:. Madras: Government Press. 5246:Newsletter for Birdwatchers 5000:Newsletter for Birdwatchers 3439:Baker, E.C. Stuart (1928). 3037:Cortés-Avizanda et al. 2009 2818:Donázar & Ceballos 1988 2681:Donázar & Ceballos 1990 2597:Ceballos & Donázar 1989 2585:Margalida & Boudet 2003 2573:Ceballos & Donázar 1990 2350:Prakash & Nanjappa 1988 2055:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 1036:cross into Africa over the 393:populations are relatively 8686: 5611:10.1007/s10071-021-01585-2 5460:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5452:Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth 5440:Journal of Raptor Research 5423:Journal of Raptor Research 5314:Journal of Raptor Research 5289:Journal of Raptor Research 5163:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5125:Journal of Raptor Research 4889:Journal of Raptor Research 4857:Journal of Raptor Research 4634:Koenig, Alexander (1907). 4337:Journal of Raptor Research 4247:Journal of Raptor Research 4130:Journal of Raptor Research 4104:Journal of Raptor Research 4100:) from the Canary Islands" 3903:Journal of Raptor Research 3813:) and red-headed vulture ( 3763:Journal of Raptor Research 3657:"Ageing Egyptian Vultures" 3595:Journal of Raptor Research 3148:. Routledge. p. 4709. 1601:. Vol. 1. p. 68. 965:Distribution and movements 409:by the Swedish naturalist 29: 7550: 6973: 6960: 6945: 6627: 6614: 6576: 6508: 6497: 6190: 6168: 6011: 5996: 5970: 5829:10.1007/s00114-011-0777-0 5457:A glossary of Greek birds 5413:Tella, José Luis (1993). 5107:10.1017/S0959270904000255 4949:10.1007/s10336-004-0037-6 4612:Ingerson, Ernest (1923). 4516:10.1007/s10344-009-0255-6 4399:10.1080/00063650903505762 4021:. In Muntaner, J. (ed.). 4002:10.1080/00063659409477195 3798:Coultas, Harland (1876). 3670:: 122–127. Archived from 3509:: e.T22695180A118600142. 3431:10.1017/S0959270912000123 3404:Scripture natural history 3296:10.2478/v10050-008-0062-6 3162:Birds of the Indian Hills 2230:British Newspaper Archive 1707:Seibold & Helbig 1995 1538:: e.T22695180A154895845. 1472:ancient Egyptian religion 1331:poisoning by accumulation 945:, representing a case of 882: 816: 707: 405:The Egyptian vulture was 298: 291: 286: 277: 247: 242: 219: 212: 97:Scientific classification 95: 73: 64: 55: 46: 41: 8640:Birds of the Middle East 8620:Birds of Southern Europe 6571:and their extinct allies 5914:Internet Bird Collection 5909:"Egyptian vulture media" 5709:10.1515/znc-1995-11-1220 5239:Siromoney, Gift (1977). 5121:) in the Canary Islands" 4883:) Attack Golden Eagles ( 4853:) in northeastern Spain" 4640:Journal für Ornithologie 4240:) in the Canary Islands" 4050:) in the Canary Islands" 3352:10.1186/1471-2148-10-384 3331:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3144:Partridge, Eric (2003). 2866:Suárez-Pérez et al. 2012 2425:van Overveld et al. 2021 1889:Clark & Schmitt 1998 1833:Zarudny & Härms 1902 1773:Jardine & Selby 1826 1460:EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH G001 1249:Threats and conservation 591:described a subspecies, 443:Description de l'Égypte' 401:Taxonomy and systematics 8665:Birds described in 1758 8660:Birds of prey of Africa 6480:Trigonoceps occipitalis 6126:Gymnogyps californianus 5868:(in German) (4): 49–55. 5663:Whistler, Hugh (1922). 5642:Whistler, Hugh (1949). 5494:Thurston, E.W. (1906). 5172:Neophron p. ginginianus 4970:Biological Conservation 4968:) in Southern Africa". 4930:) tracked by satellite" 4746:Biological Conservation 4480:Hartert, Ernst (1920). 4461:Grimal, Pierre (1996). 4289:Environmental Pollution 4234:Gangoso, Laura (2005). 4193:Galushin, V.M. (1975). 4157:Feduccia, Alan (1974). 4057:Biological Conservation 3854:Dewar, Douglas (1906). 3544:Biological Conservation 3467:Biddulph, C.H. (1937). 3159:Dewar, Douglas (1915). 3061:Quirke, S.G.J. (2017). 2806:Tella & Mañosa 1993 324:white scavenger vulture 6341:Slender-billed vulture 5688:Wink, Michael (1995). 5378:10.1099/ijs.0.033803-0 5224:10.1098/rstb.1995.0150 5142:nesting on the ground" 5136:Paynter, W.P. (1924). 4937:Journal of Ornithology 4545:Hertel, Fritz (1995). 4497:) population in Spain" 3620:Journal of Ornithology 3489:BirdLife International 3263:10.31018/jans.v4i1.230 1325: 1211:use of stones as tools 1202: 1154: 1122: 981: 663: 519: 8650:Birds of North Africa 8625:Birds of Central Asia 8577:Neophron-percnopterus 8546:Paleobiology Database 8533:Paleobiology Database 8330:neophron-percnopterus 8228:Neophron percnopterus 8198:Neophron percnopterus 6518:Indian vulture crisis 6405:Neophron percnopterus 6260:Gypohierax angolensis 6051:Cathartes melambrotus 6041:Cathartes burrovianus 5786:Neophron percnopterus 5507:Neophron percnopterus 5467:Neophron percnopterus 5417:Neophron percnopterus 5355:Mycoplasma neophronis 5310:Neophron percnopterus 5283:Neophron percnopterus 5176:Xenochrophis piscator 5119:Neophron percnopterus 4966:Neophron Percnopterus 4928:Neophron percnopterus 4881:Neophron percnopterus 4851:Neophron percnopterus 4726:Latham, John (1787). 4681:Conservation Genetics 4677:Neophron percnopterus 4636:"Die Geier Aegyptens" 4592:Neophron percnopterus 4495:Neophron percnopterus 4328:Neophron percnopterus 4238:Neophron percnopterus 4126:Neophron percnopterus 4098:Neophron percnopterus 4048:Neophron percnopterus 4014:Neophron percnopterus 3975:Neophron percnopterus 3948:Neophron percnopterus 3918:Neophron percnopterus 3869:Neophron percnopterus 3811:Neophron percnopterus 3754:Neophron percnopterus 3616:Neophron percnopterus 3495:Neophron percnopterus 3380:Ripley, Sidney Dillon 2830:Mateo & Olea 2007 2705:Elorriaga et al. 2009 2456:Neophron percnopterus 2442:Margalida et al. 2012 2298:Sandgren, B. (1978). 2246:. BBC. 15 June 2021. 2120:Yosef & Alon 1997 1994:Ali & Ripley 1978 1797:Kretzmann et al. 2003 1524:Neophron percnopterus 1339:Schistocerca gregaria 1320:The "sacred pair" at 1319: 1283:Aegypoecus perspicuus 1200: 1186:Extra-pair copulation 1152: 1117: 1089:Oryctolagus cuniculus 1059:Behaviour and ecology 972: 657: 511: 486:Gypohierax angolensis 319:Neophron percnopterus 223:Neophron percnopterus 8615:Coprophagous animals 8403:Fauna Europaea (new) 6476:White-headed vulture 6451:Lappet-faced vulture 6380:Necrosyrtes monachus 6301:White-backed vulture 6281:White-rumped vulture 4176:Raptors of the World 3801:Zoology of the Bible 3756:) in Northern Spain" 3108:Stratton-Porter 1909 3025:Gangoso et al. 2009a 2881:Cuthbert et al. 2006 2744:Wood's Bible Animals 2218:Chelmsford Chronicle 2169:Agostini et al. 2004 2147:. 3 September 2019. 1910:Donázar et al. 2002a 1722:Donázar et al. 2002b 1571:10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2 1447:Gardiner's sign list 540:Index Ornithologicus 457:placed in the genus 262:Donázar et al., 2002 205:N. percnopterus 32:Vulture (hieroglyph) 8655:Birds of Cape Verde 8630:Birds of South Asia 6455:Torgos tracheliotos 5821:2011NW.....98..443Y 5809:Naturwissenschaften 5767:1996BioSE..24..783W 5564:2017Ecol...98.2216V 5523:1966Natur.212.1468V 5517:(5069): 1468–1469. 5371:(Pt 6): 1321–1325. 5326:10.3356/JRR-09-20.1 5216:1995RSPTB.350..163S 5157:Pope, G.U. (1900). 5033:2002Natur.416..807N 4982:1978BCons..14..307M 4758:2001BCons.101..381L 4693:2003ConG....4..697K 4652:1907JOrni..55...59K 4390:2010BirdS..57..261G 4301:2009EPoll.157..569G 4163:The Wilson Bulletin 4142:10.3356/JRR-08-53.1 4069:2002BCons.107...89D 3993:1994BirdS..41...37D 3831:2006AnCon...9..349C 3819:Animal Conservation 3775:10.3356/JRR-08-24.1 3710:2009AnCon..12...85C 3698:Animal Conservation 3632:1989JOrni.130..353C 3556:2009BCons.142.2954C 3343:2010BMCEE..10..384A 2989:Hidalgo et al. 2005 2965:Carrete et al. 2009 2854:Agarwal et al. 2012 2741:Wood, J.G. (1875). 2529:2016Ostri..87...73A 2201:Meyburg et al. 2004 2015:Animal Conservation 1654:2022HBio...34.1534S 1239:brown-necked ravens 1207:nominate population 1038:Strait of Gibraltar 439:Jules-César Savigny 322:), also called the 304:Linnaeus, 1758 301:Vultur percnopterus 67:Conservation status 8635:Birds of West Asia 8610:Tool-using animals 8605:Old World vultures 6426:Red-headed vulture 6183:Old World vultures 6004:New World vultures 5896:2022-04-20 at the 5703:(11/12): 868–882. 5405:Birds of the Bible 4660:10.1007/BF02098853 3640:10.1007/BF01644748 3401:Anonymous (1854). 2717:Grande et al. 2009 1642:Historical Biology 1326: 1203: 1155: 1123: 982: 974:N. p. percnopterus 664: 620:was the mother of 567:N. p. percnopterus 559:N. p. percnopterus 520: 503:N. p. percnopterus 445:(1809). The genus 407:formally described 267:N. p. percnopterus 60:in northern India 58:N. p. percnopterus 8587: 8586: 8190:Taxon identifiers 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 7723: 7722: 7617:Cryptoleucopteryx 7044:Amphiserpentarius 6956: 6955: 6943: 6942: 6919: 6918: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6493: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6345:Gyps tenuirostris 6311:Rüppell's vulture 6295:Gyps himalayensis 6291:Himalayan vulture 6235:Gypaetus barbatus 6210:Aegypius monachus 6206:Cinereous vulture 6164: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6122:California condor 6101:Sarcoramphus papa 5862:"Neue Vogelarten" 5655:978-1-4067-4576-4 5531:10.1038/2121468a0 5210:(1332): 163–178. 5027:(6883): 807–808. 4885:Aquila chrysaetos 4472:978-0-631-20102-1 4185:978-0-691-12684-5 3550:(12): 2954–2961. 3393:978-0-19-562063-4 2488:Negro et al. 2002 2472:10.1111/ibi.12495 2062:978-1-4200-6444-5 1809:Agudo et al. 2010 1476:symbol of royalty 1428: 1427: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1235:N. p. ginginianus 1176:N. p. ginginianus 1153:18-day-old chick. 1096:faeces to obtain 1034:Iberian Peninsula 951:Old World vulture 938:N. p. ginginianus 934: 933: 646:, meaning wing). 563:N. p. ginginianus 524:N. p. ginginianus 513:N. p. ginginianus 481:Gypaetus barbatus 387:temperate regions 348:Iberian Peninsula 332:Old World vulture 328:pharaoh's chicken 310: 309: 251:N. p. ginginianus 194: 90: 42:Egyptian vulture 16:(Redirected from 8677: 8580: 8579: 8567: 8566: 8554: 8553: 8541: 8540: 8528: 8527: 8515: 8514: 8502: 8501: 8499:NHMSYS0000530500 8489: 8488: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8462: 8450: 8449: 8437: 8436: 8424: 8423: 8411: 8410: 8398: 8397: 8385: 8384: 8372: 8371: 8359: 8358: 8346: 8345: 8333: 8332: 8320: 8319: 8307: 8306: 8294: 8293: 8281: 8280: 8268: 8267: 8258: 8257: 8255:6D3480A64B4953CE 8245: 8244: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8185: 7918: 7908: 7891: 7881: 7857: 7847: 7566: 7556: 7548: 7523:Archaehieraxinae 7521: 7419:Erythrotriorchis 7354: 7344: 7314: 7304: 7294: 7284: 7274: 7264: 7252: 7242: 7232: 7222: 7212: 7202: 7192: 7182: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7142: 7130: 7120: 7113:Apatosagittarius 7110: 7100: 7090: 7077: 7051: 7041: 7031: 6980: 6975: 6962: 6951: 6907: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6853: 6843: 6833: 6823: 6806: 6796: 6786: 6769: 6752: 6742: 6732: 6666: 6654:Parasarcoramphus 6651: 6638: 6629: 6621:Accipitrimorphae 6616: 6606:Accipitrimorphae 6557: 6550: 6543: 6534: 6499: 6430:Sarcogyps calvus 6401:Egyptian vulture 6285:Gyps bengalensis 6256:Palm-nut vulture 6192: 6170: 6076:Coragyps atratus 6013: 5998: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5918: 5869: 5856: 5799: 5778: 5761:(7–8): 783–791. 5752: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5733: 5727:. Archived from 5694: 5684: 5659: 5638: 5599:Animal Cognition 5593: 5583: 5572:10.1002/ecy.1840 5558:(8): 2216–2218. 5542: 5501: 5490: 5471:Struthio camelus 5461: 5447: 5430: 5409: 5398: 5380: 5347: 5337: 5304: 5275: 5254: 5235: 5198: 5189: 5164: 5153: 5132: 5111: 5109: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5069:. Archived from 5052: 5018: 5008: 4993: 4960: 4934: 4920: 4875: 4864: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4828:. Archived from 4803: 4793: 4779: 4777: 4743: 4733: 4722: 4712: 4671: 4630: 4619: 4608: 4598: 4584: 4574: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4526:. Archived from 4501: 4487: 4476: 4457: 4439: 4421: 4411: 4401: 4368: 4334: 4320: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4267: 4261:. Archived from 4244: 4230: 4217: 4214:10.1071/MU974330 4199: 4189: 4170: 4153: 4119: 4090: 4088: 4054: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4020: 4006: 4004: 3967: 3942: 3924: 3910: 3893: 3875: 3861: 3850: 3815:Sarcogyps calvus 3805: 3794: 3760: 3746: 3744: 3738:. Archived from 3729: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3661: 3651: 3610: 3585: 3575: 3541: 3531: 3520: 3518: 3484: 3463: 3446: 3435: 3433: 3408: 3397: 3374: 3364: 3354: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3312: 3306:. Archived from 3281: 3267: 3265: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3176:Neelakantan 1977 3173: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2402: 2384: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2187: 2181: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2076: 2067: 2066: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1892: 1886: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1648:(8): 1534–1543. 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1517: 1489:Thirukalukundram 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1407:Egyptian Vulture 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1322:Thirukalukundram 1243:kleptoparasitism 1180:N. p. majorensis 955:palm-nut vulture 947:island gigantism 844: 830: 778: 764: 747: 733: 698: 693: 612:is derived from 551:N. p. majorensis 314:Egyptian vulture 305: 282: 271: 270:(Linnaeus, 1758) 263: 259:N. p. majorensis 255: 225: 189: 105: 104: 84: 79: 78: 51: 39: 21: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8645:Birds of Africa 8590: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8575: 8570: 8562: 8557: 8549: 8544: 8536: 8531: 8523: 8520:Observation.org 8518: 8510: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8471: 8466: 8458: 8453: 8445: 8440: 8432: 8427: 8419: 8414: 8406: 8401: 8393: 8388: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8354: 8349: 8341: 8336: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8284: 8276: 8271: 8263: 8261: 8253: 8248: 8240: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8192: 8182: 8165: 8089: 8055: 8035: 7994: 7960: 7933: 7832: 7798: 7778: 7719: 7692: 7574: 7537: 7514: 7431: 7397: 7322: 7066: 7016: 6996: 6982:Horusornithidae 6969: 6967:Accipitriformes 6952: 6939: 6925:Accipitriformes 6915: 6717: 6668:Teratornithidae 6659: 6623: 6610: 6572: 6561: 6531: 6522: 6504: 6485: 6460: 6435: 6410: 6385: 6360: 6355:Gyps coprothere 6321:Griffon vulture 6315:Gyps rueppellii 6265: 6240: 6231:Bearded vulture 6215: 6186: 6156: 6131: 6106: 6081: 6056: 6007: 5992: 5966: 5961: 5907: 5898:Wayback Machine 5876: 5859: 5802: 5781: 5750: 5745: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5692: 5687: 5662: 5656: 5641: 5596: 5545: 5504: 5493: 5464: 5450: 5433: 5412: 5401: 5350: 5307: 5278: 5257: 5238: 5201: 5192: 5167: 5156: 5135: 5114: 5087: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5041:10.1038/416807a 5016: 5011: 4996: 4963: 4932: 4923: 4878: 4867: 4846: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4801: 4796: 4782: 4741: 4736: 4725: 4674: 4633: 4622: 4611: 4596: 4587: 4563:10.2307/4089021 4544: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4499: 4490: 4479: 4473: 4460: 4419: 4414: 4371: 4332: 4323: 4284: 4279: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4242: 4233: 4220: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4156: 4122: 4093: 4052: 4043: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4018: 4009: 3970: 3945: 3922: 3913: 3896: 3873: 3864: 3853: 3808: 3797: 3758: 3749: 3742: 3693: 3688: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3659: 3654: 3613: 3588: 3539: 3534: 3521: 3487: 3466: 3449: 3438: 3411: 3400: 3394: 3377: 3324: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3279: 3275:Accipitriformes 3270: 3243: 3235: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2479: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2431: 2423: 2416: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2190: 2182: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1895: 1887: 1878: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1483:contraction of 1459: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1408: 1381: 1251: 1195: 1159:breeding season 1147: 1102:reliable signal 1061: 967: 696: 688:rubripersonatus 660:N. percnopterus 652: 614:Greek mythology 606: 593:rubripersonatus 585:Nikolai Zarudny 532:Pierre Sonnerat 499: 437:was created by 420:Systema Naturae 413:in 1758 in the 403: 303: 269: 261: 253: 238: 227: 221: 208: 188: 154:Accipitriformes 99: 91: 80: 76: 69: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Neophron (bird) 15: 12: 11: 5: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8592: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8568: 8555: 8542: 8529: 8516: 8503: 8490: 8477: 8464: 8451: 8438: 8425: 8412: 8399: 8390:Fauna Europaea 8386: 8373: 8360: 8347: 8334: 8321: 8308: 8295: 8282: 8269: 8259: 8246: 8233: 8218: 8202: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8099: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8065: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7970: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7924: 7914: 7904: 7897: 7887: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7853: 7842: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7808: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7788: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7562: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7527: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7481:Lophotriorchis 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7350: 7340: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7310: 7300: 7290: 7280: 7270: 7260: 7248: 7238: 7228: 7218: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7178: 7168: 7158: 7148: 7138: 7126: 7116: 7106: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7081:incertae sedis 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7047: 7037: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6879: 6869: 6859: 6849: 6839: 6829: 6819: 6812: 6802: 6792: 6782: 6775: 6765: 6758: 6748: 6738: 6727: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6646: 6644: 6642:incertae sedis 6635: 6633:Cathartiformes 6625: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6537: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503:Related topics 6502: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6447: 6445: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6422: 6420: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6397: 6395: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6376:Hooded vulture 6372: 6370: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6338: 6331:Indian vulture 6328: 6318: 6308: 6305:Gyps africanus 6298: 6288: 6277: 6275: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6252: 6250: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6202: 6200: 6188: 6187: 6173: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6151:Vultur gryphus 6143: 6141: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6093: 6091: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6044: 6034: 6031:Cathartes aura 6027:Turkey vulture 6023: 6021: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5905: 5900: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5874:External links 5872: 5871: 5870: 5857: 5815:(5): 443–446. 5800: 5779: 5743: 5685: 5675:(3): 401–437. 5660: 5654: 5639: 5605:(3): 495–507. 5594: 5543: 5502: 5491: 5462: 5448: 5431: 5410: 5399: 5348: 5320:(2): 154–156. 5305: 5276: 5266:(3): 523–535. 5255: 5236: 5199: 5190: 5165: 5154: 5140:N. ginginianus 5133: 5112: 5100:(3): 203–213. 5085: 5009: 4994: 4976:(4): 307–315. 4961: 4943:(4): 273–280. 4921: 4895:(4): 339–340. 4876: 4865: 4844: 4794: 4780: 4752:(3): 381–389. 4734: 4723: 4687:(6): 697–706. 4672: 4631: 4620: 4609: 4585: 4572:10211.3/138737 4557:(4): 890–903. 4542: 4510:(4): 415–423. 4488: 4477: 4471: 4458: 4437:10.1.1.501.401 4430:(4): 580–590. 4412: 4384:(2): 261–265. 4369: 4343:(3): 217–221. 4321: 4295:(2): 569–574. 4277: 4253:(2): 186–187. 4231: 4218: 4190: 4184: 4171: 4154: 4136:(2): 142–145. 4120: 4091: 4041: 4007: 3968: 3958:(4): 603–607. 3943: 3933:(3): 387–394. 3911: 3894: 3884:(2): 217–226. 3862: 3851: 3825:(3): 349–354. 3806: 3795: 3747: 3745:on 2011-09-24. 3686: 3652: 3626:(3): 353–359. 3611: 3601:(1–2): 19–25. 3586: 3532: 3485: 3464: 3447: 3436: 3409: 3398: 3392: 3375: 3322: 3268: 3234: 3233: 3216: 3214:, p. 252. 3204: 3202:, p. 260. 3192: 3188:Siromoney 1977 3180: 3168: 3151: 3136: 3124: 3120:Anonymous 1854 3112: 3110:, p. 182. 3100: 3088: 3076: 3053: 3051:, p. 138. 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2562: 2550: 2507: 2492: 2477: 2466:(4): 757–768. 2446: 2429: 2414: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2307:Vår Fågelvärld 2290: 2276:. 2021-07-17. 2261: 2235: 2205: 2188: 2173: 2161: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2068: 2061: 2040: 2021:(4): 313–320. 1998: 1967: 1955: 1926: 1914: 1893: 1876: 1874:, p. 146. 1864: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1738: 1736:, p. 304. 1726: 1711: 1699: 1687: 1675: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1587: 1575: 1558: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1380: 1377: 1250: 1247: 1194: 1191: 1146: 1143: 1060: 1057: 966: 963: 959:hooded vulture 932: 931: 928: 926: 920: 919: 916: 914: 908: 907: 904: 902: 896: 895: 892: 890: 884: 883: 880: 879: 873: 872: 869: 867: 861: 860: 857: 855: 849: 848: 845: 838: 835: 834: 831: 824: 818: 817: 814: 813: 807: 806: 803: 801: 795: 794: 791: 789: 783: 782: 779: 772: 769: 768: 765: 758: 752: 751: 748: 741: 738: 737: 734: 727: 721: 720: 717: 715: 709: 708: 705: 704: 700: 699: 651: 648: 605: 602: 547:Canary Islands 498: 495: 469:Neophron lolis 402: 399: 308: 307: 296: 295: 289: 288: 284: 283: 275: 274: 273: 272: 264: 256: 254:(Latham, 1790) 245: 244: 240: 239: 228: 217: 216: 210: 209: 202: 200: 196: 195: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 93: 92: 74: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8682: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8111:Chondrohierax 8108: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8041:Lophospizinae 8038: 8032: 8031: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8023:Macheiramphus 8020: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7745:Dryotriorchis 7742: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7509:Stephanoaetus 7506: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7426:Megatriorchis 7423: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7245:Palaeoplancus 7239: 7237: 7236: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7155:Gigantohierax 7149: 7147: 7146: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7054:Pelargopappus 7048: 7046: 7045: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7022:Sagittariidae 7019: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6950: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6876:Pleistovultur 6870: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6772:Cathartidarum 6766: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6546: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6500: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6152: 6148: 6147:Andean condor 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6072:Black vulture 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6002:Cathartidae ( 5999: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5734:on 2012-03-16 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5446:(2): 111–112. 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5429:(2): 119–120. 5428: 5424: 5420: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5152:(1): 224–225. 5151: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5076:on 2014-03-20 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4863:(3): 252–256. 4862: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4845: 4835:on 2014-03-20 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4646:(1): 59–134. 4645: 4642:(in German). 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4533:on 2014-03-20 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4268:on 2020-09-24 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4169:(3): 251–255. 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4042: 4032:on 2015-07-16 4028: 4024: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3817:) in India". 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3677:on 2022-04-20 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3483:(3): 635–636. 3482: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3465: 3462:(3): 231–232. 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3313:on 2012-03-26 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3212:Thurston 1906 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3122:, p. 80. 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3098:, p. 48. 3097: 3096:Thompson 1895 3092: 3089: 3086:, p. 34. 3085: 3084:Ingerson 1923 3080: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013:Palacios 2004 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001:Palacios 2000 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905:Galushin 1975 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893:Galushin 2001 2889: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2609:Biddulph 1937 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2375:(6): e65562. 2374: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338:Whistler 1949 2334: 2331: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2231: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:Whistler 1922 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Thompson 1895 1868: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1612:Feduccia 1974 1608: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1585:, p. 87. 1584: 1583:Linnaeus 1758 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1448: 1444: 1443:Ancient Egypt 1439: 1437: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:Fuerteventura 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276:ectoparasitic 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:golden eagles 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002:southern Asia 999: 995: 991: 987: 979: 975: 971: 964: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 929: 927: 925: 922: 921: 917: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 903: 901: 898: 897: 893: 891: 889: 886: 885: 881: 878: 874: 870: 868: 866: 863: 862: 858: 856: 854: 851: 850: 846: 843: 839: 837: 836: 832: 829: 825: 823: 820: 819: 815: 812: 808: 804: 802: 800: 797: 796: 792: 790: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 773: 771: 770: 766: 763: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 746: 742: 740: 739: 735: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 716: 714: 711: 710: 706: 701: 694: 691: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 669: 661: 656: 649: 647: 645: 641: 637: 632: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 603: 601: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 580: 579:Guanche tribe 576: 575:Fuerteventura 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 518: 514: 510: 506: 504: 496: 494: 492: 488: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461: 456: 455:North America 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 425:binomial name 422: 421: 416: 415:tenth edition 412: 411:Carl Linnaeus 408: 400: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 374:, birds, and 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344: 340: 337: 333: 330:, is a small 329: 325: 321: 320: 315: 306: 302: 297: 294: 290: 285: 281: 276: 268: 265: 260: 257: 252: 249: 248: 246: 241: 236: 232: 226: 224: 218: 215: 214:Binomial name 211: 207: 206: 201: 198: 197: 192: 187: 186: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 103: 98: 94: 88: 83: 72: 68: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8197: 8158: 8153:Lophoictinia 8151: 8144: 8139:Henicopernis 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8084:Urotriorchis 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061:Melieraxinae 8048: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7989:Microspizias 7987: 7980: 7973: 7953: 7946: 7939:Haliaeetinae 7928:Polyboroides 7926: 7919: 7911:Neophrontops 7909: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7848: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7791: 7771: 7764: 7759:Pithecophaga 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7712: 7705: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7659:Morphnarchus 7657: 7652:Leucopternis 7650: 7643: 7638:Helicolestes 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7569:Garganoaetus 7567: 7557: 7532:Archaehierax 7530: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403:Accipitrinae 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7345: 7335: 7315: 7307:Titanohierax 7305: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7254: 7243: 7235:Palaeocircus 7233: 7223: 7215:Palaeohierax 7213: 7203: 7193: 7183: 7173: 7163: 7153: 7143: 7132: 7121: 7111: 7101: 7091: 7080: 7072:Accipitridae 7059: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7009: 6989: 6908: 6898: 6893:Sarcoramphus 6891: 6884: 6874: 6864: 6854: 6844: 6834: 6824: 6814: 6807: 6797: 6789:Diatropornis 6787: 6777: 6770: 6760: 6753: 6743: 6733: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6691:Cathartornis 6689: 6682: 6675: 6652: 6641: 6479: 6465: 6454: 6440: 6429: 6415: 6404: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6365: 6354: 6351:Cape vulture 6344: 6335:Gyps indicus 6334: 6324: 6314: 6304: 6294: 6284: 6270: 6259: 6245: 6234: 6220: 6209: 6195: 6150: 6136: 6125: 6111: 6100: 6097:King vulture 6088:Sarcoramphus 6086: 6075: 6061: 6050: 6040: 6030: 6016: 5912: 5865: 5812: 5808: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5758: 5754: 5736:. Retrieved 5729:the original 5700: 5696: 5672: 5668: 5644: 5602: 5598: 5555: 5551: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5469:and Ostrich 5466: 5456: 5443: 5439: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5404: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5244: 5207: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5159: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5097: 5093: 5078:. Retrieved 5071:the original 5024: 5020: 5004: 4998: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4940: 4936: 4927: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4837:. Retrieved 4830:the original 4809: 4805: 4788: 4784:Linnaeus, C. 4749: 4745: 4728: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4643: 4639: 4625: 4614: 4604: 4600: 4594:) in Biscay" 4591: 4554: 4550: 4535:. Retrieved 4528:the original 4507: 4503: 4494: 4482: 4462: 4427: 4423: 4381: 4377: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4292: 4288: 4270:. Retrieved 4263:the original 4250: 4246: 4237: 4226: 4222: 4205: 4201: 4175: 4166: 4162: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4110:(1): 17–23. 4107: 4103: 4097: 4063:(1): 89–97. 4060: 4056: 4047: 4034:. Retrieved 4027:the original 4022: 4013: 3987:(1): 37–41. 3984: 3980: 3974: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3906: 3902: 3881: 3877: 3868: 3857:Bombay Ducks 3856: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3769:(1): 43–49. 3766: 3762: 3753: 3740:the original 3704:(1): 85–88. 3701: 3697: 3679:. Retrieved 3672:the original 3667: 3663: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3598: 3594: 3547: 3543: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3459: 3455: 3441: 3421: 3417: 3403: 3383: 3378:Ali, Sálim; 3334: 3330: 3315:. Retrieved 3308:the original 3290:(2): 71–78. 3287: 3283: 3274: 3256:(1): 92–95. 3253: 3249: 3237: 3236: 3226: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3161: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3049:Coultas 1876 3044: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2743: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2633:Gangoso 2005 2628: 2621:Paynter 1924 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2553: 2523:(1): 73–76. 2520: 2516: 2510: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2372: 2368: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2322:. Retrieved 2310: 2306: 2293: 2282:. Retrieved 2273: 2264: 2252:. Retrieved 2238: 2228:– via 2222:. Retrieved 2217: 2208: 2164: 2153:. Retrieved 2139: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2092:. Retrieved 2083: 2052: 2018: 2014: 2001: 1958: 1917: 1867: 1840: 1828: 1821:Hartert 1920 1816: 1804: 1792: 1787:, p. 7. 1780: 1768: 1729: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1597: 1590: 1578: 1561: 1549:. Retrieved 1535: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1493:Chengalpattu 1440: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1361:Gran Canaria 1349: 1337: 1327: 1308: 1291: 1282: 1270:, foxes and 1252: 1234: 1227:Jane Goodall 1204: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1156: 1139:Allopreening 1124: 1120:Georg Krause 1106: 1104:of fitness. 1087: 1081: 1066: 1062: 1046: 1014: 992:to northern 983: 973: 942: 937: 935: 876: 810: 697:Measurements 687: 679: 677: 666:The adult's 665: 659: 643: 639: 607: 592: 583: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 544: 539: 523: 521: 512: 502: 500: 484: 480: 472: 468: 464: 460:Neophrontops 458: 446: 442: 434: 433:. The genus 431:percnopterus 427: 418: 404: 380: 352:North Africa 342: 341: 327: 323: 318: 317: 313: 311: 300: 299: 266: 258: 250: 222: 220: 204: 203: 184: 183: 164:Accipitridae 57: 36: 8442:iNaturalist 8222:Wikispecies 8125:Eutriorchis 7955:Icthyophaga 7921:Palaeoborus 7884:Mioneophron 7860:Arikarornis 7813:Chelictinia 7773:Terathopius 7752:Eutriorchis 7729:Circaetinae 7631:Geranospiza 7624:Geranoaetus 7610:Buteogallus 7392:Trigonoceps 7371:Necrosyrtes 7317:Vinchinavis 7185:Mioaegypius 7145:Dynatoaetus 7134:Cruschedula 7061:Sagittarius 7002:Pandionidae 6934:See below ↓ 6745:Brasilogyps 6723:Cathartidae 6705:Taubatornis 6467:Trigonoceps 6367:Necrosyrtes 6325:Gyps fulvus 5335:10261/65850 5050:10261/34871 4826:10261/59019 4812:: 184–188. 4775:10261/62278 4710:10261/39409 4454:10261/58166 4086:10261/62576 3783:10261/35441 3727:10261/35439 3573:10261/64944 3238:Cited works 3073:(1): 32–43. 1860:Koenig 1907 1845:Grimal 1996 1785:Latham 1787 1734:Peters 1979 1624:Hertel 1995 1551:11 November 1411:hieroglyphs 1294:Middle East 1287:mycoplasmas 1026:Pantelleria 976:in flight ( 811:ginginianus 680:ginginianus 650:Description 597:Baluchistan 536:John Latham 515:in flight, 477:lammergeier 243:Subspecies 170:Subfamily: 8594:Categories 8572:Xeno-canto 8132:Hamirostra 8077:Micronisus 8050:Lophospiza 8016:Harpyopsis 7982:Kaupifalco 7966:Harpaginae 7948:Haliaeetus 7874:Gypohierax 7838:Gypaetinae 7680:Rostrhamus 7673:Pseudastur 7589:Busarellus 7543:Buteoninae 7495:Polemaetus 7467:Ictinaetus 7460:Hieraaetus 7347:Cryptogyps 7328:Aegypiinae 7277:Proictinia 7225:Palaeastur 7165:Gobihierax 7093:Amplibuteo 7034:Amanuensis 6991:Horusornis 6856:Phasmagyps 6809:Geronogyps 6735:Aizenogyps 6712:Teratornis 6684:Argentavis 6600:Telluraves 6563:Genera of 6513:Diclofenac 6247:Gypohierax 6175:Aegypiinae 5798:: 285–289. 5738:2010-08-09 5581:11000/6006 5295:(2): 123. 5080:2010-08-10 4839:2012-04-24 4537:2010-08-07 4378:Bird Study 4272:2010-08-08 4208:(5): 331. 4036:2015-03-27 3981:Bird Study 3681:2012-04-22 3337:(1): 384. 3317:2011-07-03 3132:Dewar 1906 3067:Electryone 2657:Tella 1993 2503:Baker 1928 2324:2016-04-15 2284:2021-07-23 2155:2019-09-04 2132:Spaar 1997 2108:Mundy 1978 2094:2017-03-27 1480:coprophagy 1379:In culture 1313:vultures. 1305:Diclofenac 1281:including 1260:eagle owls 1231:J. G. Wood 1171:pair bonds 1167:monogamous 1098:carotenoid 943:majorensis 877:majorensis 610:genus name 571:majorensis 497:Subspecies 491:Gypaetinae 453:period in 423:under the 174:Gypaetinae 82:Endangered 8118:Elanoides 8000:Harpiinae 7850:Anchigyps 7827:Gampsonyx 7766:Spilornis 7738:Circaetus 7707:Haliastur 7666:Parabuteo 7580:Buteonini 7502:Spizaetus 7474:Lophaetus 7437:Aquilinae 7412:Accipiter 7378:Sarcogyps 7357:Gansugyps 7297:Qiluornis 7205:Necrastur 7195:Miohierax 7175:Milvoides 7123:Aviraptor 7103:Aquilavus 6910:Wingegyps 6846:Pampagyps 6826:Hadrogyps 6816:Gymnogyps 6762:Cathartes 6698:Oscaravis 6677:Aiolornis 6580:Kingdom: 6417:Sarcogyps 6113:Gymnogyps 6018:Cathartes 5974:Kingdom: 5837:0028-1042 5792:Vogelwelt 5635:244528546 5619:1435-9448 5387:1466-5026 5301:0892-1016 5253:(6): 1–4. 5188:(2): 419. 4909:0892-1016 4432:CiteSeerX 4357:0892-1016 4259:0892-1016 4116:0892-1016 3939:0373-2266 3890:0373-2266 3607:0892-1016 3524:cite iucn 3200:Pope 1900 2391:1932-6203 2313:: 67–68. 2035:1367-9430 1695:Wink 1995 1670:247605500 1508:Footnotes 1485:shit-hawk 1457:𓄿 1369:Lanzarote 1353:La Gomera 1264:red foxes 1022:Marettimo 1006:Sri Lanka 986:Old World 684:Rasmussen 604:Etymology 395:sedentary 356:West Asia 336:monotypic 199:Species: 120:Kingdom: 114:Eukaryota 8559:Species+ 8486:22695180 8460:10195211 8356:45515788 8278:22695180 8273:BirdLife 8262:BioLib: 8242:Neophron 8207:Wikidata 8146:Leptodon 8095:Perninae 8070:Melierax 8030:Morphnus 7975:Harpagus 7901:Neophron 7867:Gypaetus 7804:Elaninae 7784:Circinae 7687:Rupornis 7596:Butastur 7559:Bermuteo 7488:Nisaetus 7337:Aegypius 7287:Promilio 7256:Palaetus 6886:Pliogyps 6866:Perugyps 6799:Dryornis 6779:Coragyps 6755:Breagyps 6588:Chordata 6586:Phylum: 6582:Animalia 6392:Neophron 6222:Gypaetus 6197:Aegypius 6063:Coragyps 5982:Chordata 5980:Phylum: 5976:Animalia 5964:Vultures 5894:Archived 5845:21409436 5627:34817739 5590:28481410 5481:: 9–15. 5454:(1895). 5395:21828019 5344:85076656 5131:(1): 61. 5059:11976670 4957:33920088 4917:85728751 4786:(1758). 4719:21862567 4668:26329371 4607:: 23–29. 4524:27680785 4408:55279417 4365:86281298 4317:18995938 4150:86245227 3909:(3): 88. 3847:52065487 3791:85787233 3736:83667940 3648:36709514 3491:(2014). 3473:(Lath.)" 3382:(1978). 3371:21144015 3304:42858694 3284:The Ring 2545:85701482 2409:23785435 2369:PLOS ONE 2315:Archived 2278:Archived 2274:BBC News 2248:Archived 2224:15 April 2149:Archived 2088:Archived 2086:. 2017. 1432:rachamah 1357:Tenerife 1279:birdlice 1193:Tool use 1163:courting 1145:Breeding 1094:ungulate 1084:griffons 1017:Transkei 996:east to 703:Nominate 631:tricking 626:Aegypius 622:Neophron 618:Timandra 565:is from 542:(1790). 473:Neophron 465:Neophron 447:Neophron 435:Neophron 391:tropical 376:reptiles 364:thermals 343:Neophron 293:Synonyms 231:Linnaeus 185:Neophron 160:Family: 134:Chordata 130:Phylum: 124:Animalia 110:Domain: 87:IUCN 3.1 8421:2480696 8343:egyvul1 8304:egyvul1 8250:Avibase 8104:Aviceda 7894:Neogyps 7698:Milvini 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