33:
426:
490:, and also sometimes infecting the palms of hands but this is a rare occurrence. To cause these infections in humans, infections occurs through contact with contaminated soil or plant materials, or nail or skin tissue from an infected person, causing superficial skin infections similar to dermatophytosis called Scytalidiosis. Although established to cause dermatomycosis and onychomycosis, invasive infection by
524:, the United States and the United Kingdom. In addition, there have been some papers reporting infections besides dermatomycosis and onychomycosis, such as discovery of this fungus confirmed by DNA analysis to cause a fatal case of lung disease. Similarly, a case of lung infection has been reported in a
462:
is mainly found in tropical to subtropical environments, such as in South
America, Southeast Asia, India and Africa. In addition to these regions, this fungus is endemic to parts of west and central Africa, the Caribbean and Asian, but more cases are being seen in temperate countries, possibly as a
498:
treatment for infection with this fungus. These result in the invasion of tissue and organs causing systemic diseases. Infection can occur in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, but deep infections occur mainly in immunosuppressed/ immunocompromised individuals with a 50% case
317:
in 1882. Despite that the fungus was known by this name for over 50 years by one or the other of these names, increased scrutiny of the species and its close relatives using molecular genetic methods spawned significant controversy in its taxonomy and naming.
451:. Cultures are rapidly growing, initially light in colour and becoming dark brown and then black with age. Both arthroconidia and pycnidia may be produced in the same culture. Cultures of the fungus derived from human skin tend to be black in colouration.
1128:
292:
that was responsible for causing die-back disease of plum, apricot and apple trees in Egypt. At the time, he recognized that single spore cultures of the fungus yielded two "forms" in culture – a mycelial form resembling members of the genus
1290:
Mohd, Masratul Hawa; Salleh, Baharuddin; Zakaria, Latiffah (1 December 2013). "Identification and
Molecular Characterizations of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Causing Stem Canker of Red-fleshed Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Malaysia".
729:"Disseminated fungal infection in a renal transplant recipient involving Macrophomina phaseolina and Scytalidium dimidiatum: case report and review of taxonomic changes among medically important members of the Botryosphaeriaceae"
503:
is characteristically produced by the fungus in vivo in diseased human tissue where its presence has been interpreted as an important pathogenic factor. Although limited in case reports, there have been some reported cases of
357:, thought to be very closely related to and perhaps indistinguishable from Nattrass's original pycnidial form. Farr and coworkers recognized that both states were asexual forms affiliated with the genus
812:
Madrid, H; Ruíz-Cendoya, M; Cano, J; Stchigel, A; Orofino, R; Guarro, J (October 2009). "Genotyping and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum isolates from different origins".
543:
has been mainly described as an opportunistic plant pathogen, causing pit canker and spot on the stem of plants or fruits, as well as internal black rot of fruits, but a case of internal brown rot of
1035:
da Silva, Roberta
Teixeira; Guimarães, Dávson A.; Camargo, Zoilo P.; Rodrigues, Anderson M.; Maceira, Juan P.; Bernardes-Engemann, Andréa R.; Orofino-Costa, Rosane (1 November 2016).
939:
Alshawa, Kinda; Beretti, Jean-Luc; Lacroix, Claire; Feuilhade, Martine; Dauphin, Brunhilde; Quesne, Gilles; Hassouni, Noura; Nassif, Xavier; Bougnoux, Marie-Elisabeth (1 July 2012).
1326:
Rolshausen, P. E.; Akgül, D. S.; Perez, R.; Eskalen, A.; Gispert, C. (12 June 2013). "First Report of Wood Canker Caused by
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on Grapevine in California".
855:
Dionne, Brandon; Neff, Luke; Lee, Samuel A.; Sutton, Deanna A.; Wiederhold, Nathan P.; Lindner, Jonathan; Fan, Hongxin; Jakeman, Bernadette; Warnock, D. W. (July 2015).
1609:
494:
is rare, resulting in limited case reports and limited information available for clinical progression and treatment. as well as there is no currently know oral or
1506:
941:"Successful identification of clinical dermatophyte and Neoscytalidium species by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry"
768:
Onychomycosis caused by
Scytalidium dimidiatum. Report of two cases. Review of the taxonomy of the synanamorph and anamorph forms of this coelomycete
1596:
1441:
528:. A case of rhinosinusitis, a disease where it is believed that fungi play a role in the disease process, was reported to have been caused by
694:
222:-like infections and foot infections predominantly in tropical areas; however the fungus is considered to be widespread. A newer name,
918:
1016:
650:
Machouart, M.; Menir, P.; Helenon, R.; Quist, D.; Desbois, N. (March 2013). "Scytalidium and scytalidiosis: What's new in 2012?".
578:
1665:
1195:
Bakhshizadeh, Mandana; Hashemian, Hamid Reza; Najafzadeh, Mohammad Javad; Dolatabadi, Somayeh; Zarrinfar, Hossein (1 July 2014).
1037:"Cutaneous murine model of infection caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum: a preliminary study of an emerging human pathogen"
244:. Substantial confusion has arisen in the literature on this fungus resulting from the use of multiple different names including
1493:
1660:
1467:
1511:
288:
In 1933, British mycologist Dr. Rolland
Marshall Nattrass described an arthroconidial asexual fungus that he named
447:
and is characterized by rapidly growing colonies that are deeply tufted with dense, darkly coloured, ropy aerial
314:
1148:"Pulmonary fungal infection caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus)--update"
782:
Nattrass, Roland
Marshall (1933). "A new species of Hendersonula (H. Toruloidea) on deciduous trees in Egypt".
1670:
463:
consequence of immigration from tropical regions. The fungus occurs in nature in soil and on decaying wood.
32:
1370:
377:. A reappraisal of the family Botryosphaeriaceae by Crous and coworkers in 2006 concluded that the genus
301:
form characterized by the production of greenish, ellipsoidal spores that oozed from tiny sacs. The name
135:
1251:"Fruit internal brown rot caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on pitahaya in Guangdong province, China"
1637:
1588:
1521:
1433:
1415:
603:
767:
425:
547:
was reported from China. Similarly in
Malaysia was a report of the fungus causing stem canker of
157:
99:
40:
1614:
1570:
1529:
1402:
1351:
1343:
1308:
1272:
1226:
1218:
1177:
1169:
1110:
1066:
1058:
1012:
1008:
978:
960:
914:
886:
830:
750:
690:
667:
87:
1534:
1335:
1300:
1262:
1208:
1159:
1100:
1048:
968:
952:
876:
868:
822:
791:
740:
659:
727:
Tan, Darrell H. S.; Sigler, Lynne; Gibas, Connie F. C.; Fong, Ignatius W. (January 2008).
75:
1583:
1428:
1087:
Ruíz-Cendoya, M; Madrid, H; Pastor, FJ; Mayayo, E; Mariné, M; Guarro, J (August 2010).
973:
940:
881:
856:
219:
112:
826:
795:
1654:
1089:"Development of murine models of disseminated infection by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum"
1001:
475:
1575:
1407:
382:
1249:
Yi, Run Hua; Lin, Qiao ling; Mo, Jun Jie; Wu, Feng Fa; Chen, Jing (8 April 2015).
474:
has been described as an agent to cause infections referred to as dermatomycosis,
1561:
1164:
1147:
663:
1498:
1454:
1339:
487:
229:
1393:
1267:
1250:
1105:
1088:
745:
728:
397:. Crous and colleagues concluded it inappropriate to collapse the entirety of
346:
342:
63:
1347:
1312:
1276:
1222:
1173:
1062:
964:
1472:
1197:"First report of rhinosinusitis caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Iran"
298:
1355:
1230:
1213:
1196:
1181:
1114:
1070:
982:
890:
834:
754:
671:
429:
1622:
1555:
1480:
1387:
1053:
1036:
956:
872:
544:
479:
448:
334:
1601:
1446:
1146:
Morick, Danny; Alvarez, Mariano
Domingo; Elad, Daniel (1 August 2011).
525:
517:
509:
500:
495:
1459:
1304:
1003:
Medical Mycology The Pathogenic Fungi and The Pathogenic Actinomycetes
1627:
1485:
1007:(Second ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company. p.
548:
521:
513:
444:
1364:
389:
to accommodate Nattrass's fungus. Separately they erected the genus
218:. Decades later, it was determined to be a causative agent of human
551:, and a similar report of stem canker on grapevine in California.
483:
440:
424:
215:
51:
1420:
857:"Pulmonary Fungal Infection Caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum"
1368:
486:, affecting human nails, toe webs and feet, and skin, forming
652:
Journal de Mycologie Médicale / Journal of Medical Mycology
508:
causing dermatomycosis or onychomycosis in places such as
305:
applied to the latter pycnidial form. Others likened the
297:
that produced fragmenting chains of arthroconidia, and a
361:, an anamorph of the plant pathogenic ascomycete genus,
1545:
1377:
1082:
1080:
1000:
1129:"UAMH Centre for Global Microfungal Biodiversity"
904:
902:
900:
337:synanamorph. They also included in the new genus
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
784:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
1030:
1028:
934:
932:
930:
777:
775:
417:to be the correct name for Nattrass's fungus.
994:
992:
815:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
341:a fungus described by father-son mycologists
8:
850:
848:
846:
844:
807:
805:
1365:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
435:on CER agar incubated at 35 C for 29 days.
321:In 1989 Sutton and Dyko created the genus
31:
20:
1266:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1212:
1163:
1104:
1052:
972:
880:
744:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
909:Kwon-Chung, K.J; Bennett, J.E. (1992).
559:
687:Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals
443:fungus produces sinuous and irregular
276:are often considered earlier names of
409:to be phylogenetically distinct from
7:
1638:a0749bba-7889-41ee-b53d-b50120f6f451
1522:f10466be-b1d3-4162-838d-aeadea8023a3
913:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
689:(2nd ed.). New York : Dekker.
186:(Penz.) B. Sutton & Dyko (1989)
151:(Penz.) Crous & Slippers (2006)
14:
827:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.05.006
1255:Australasian Plant Disease Notes
945:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
861:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
385:, and they created a new genus,
365:. They proposed the transfer of
1201:Journal of Medical Microbiology
604:"Index Fungorum - Names Record"
214:from diseased orchard trees in
208:was first described in 1933 as
1:
999:Rippon, John Willard (1982).
796:10.1016/S0007-1536(33)80030-1
1165:10.3109/13693786.2011.567303
664:10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.01.002
1340:10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0451-PDN
1687:
685:Howard, Dexter H. (2003).
405:because they demonstrated
1293:Journal of Phytopathology
1268:10.1007/s13314-015-0166-1
1106:10.3109/13693780903452917
746:10.1080/13693780701759658
541:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
472:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
460:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
432:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
413:; thus, they interpreted
205:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
163:
156:
145:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
141:
134:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
25:Neoscytalidium dimidiatum
23:
1379:Neofusicoccum mangiferae
549:red-fleshed dragon fruit
411:Neofusicoccum mangiferae
241:Neofusicoccum mangiferae
194:(Penz.) D.F. Farr (2005)
1666:Fungi described in 1882
262:Hendersonula toruloidea
211:Hendersonula toruloidea
175:Hendersonula toruloidea
1547:Dothiorella mangiferae
1214:10.1099/jmm.0.065292-0
436:
367:Scytalidium dimidiatum
351:Dothiorella mangiferae
331:Scytalidium dimidiatum
273:Scytalidium lignicolum
258:Scytalidium dimidiatum
225:Scytalidium dimidiatum
183:Scytalidium dimidiatum
608:www.indexfungorum.org
428:
421:Growth and morphology
395:Nattrassia mangiferae
355:Nattrassia mangiferae
329:and applied the name
267:Scytalidium lignicola
253:Fusicoccum dimidiatum
238:, otherwise known as
235:Nattrassia mangiferae
191:Fusicoccum dimidiatum
957:10.1128/JCM.06634-11
873:10.1128/JCM.00206-15
284:History and taxonomy
1207:(Pt 7): 1017–1019.
579:"MycoBank Database"
455:Habitat and ecology
228:, was applied to a
1661:Botryosphaeriaceae
1299:(11–12): 841–849.
1054:10.1093/mmy/myw034
437:
127:N. dimidiatum
100:Botryosphaeriaceae
1648:
1647:
1530:Open Tree of Life
1371:Taxon identifiers
1305:10.1111/jph.12146
696:978-0-8247-0683-8
201:
200:
195:
187:
179:
171:
88:Botryosphaeriales
16:Species of fungus
1678:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1618:
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1605:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1579:
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1537:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1499:BMSSYS0000048432
1489:
1488:
1476:
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1449:
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1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1216:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1167:
1152:Medical Mycology
1143:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1093:Medical Mycology
1084:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1041:Medical Mycology
1032:
1023:
1022:
1006:
996:
987:
986:
976:
951:(7): 2277–2281.
936:
925:
924:
911:Medical mycology
906:
895:
894:
884:
867:(7): 2381–2384.
852:
839:
838:
809:
800:
799:
779:
770:
765:
759:
758:
748:
733:Medical Mycology
724:
701:
700:
682:
676:
675:
647:
612:
611:
600:
594:
593:
591:
589:
583:www.mycobank.org
575:
311:Torula dimidiata
264:. Additionally,
247:Torula dimidiata
193:
185:
178:Nattrass (1933)
177:
169:
167:Torula dimidiata
147:
35:
21:
1686:
1685:
1681:
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1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
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1649:
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1636:
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1621:
1613:
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1574:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1373:
1363:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
998:
997:
990:
938:
937:
928:
921:
908:
907:
898:
854:
853:
842:
811:
810:
803:
781:
780:
773:
766:
762:
726:
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704:
697:
684:
683:
679:
649:
648:
615:
602:
601:
597:
587:
585:
577:
576:
561:
557:
538:
469:
467:Human infection
457:
423:
393:to accommodate
353:, which became
325:to accommodate
286:
152:
149:
143:
130:
116:
102:
90:
78:
76:Dothideomycetes
66:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1671:Fungus species
1668:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1619:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
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1526:
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1503:
1490:
1477:
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1412:
1399:
1383:
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1375:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1318:
1282:
1236:
1187:
1138:
1120:
1076:
1047:(8): 890–898.
1024:
1017:
988:
926:
920:978-0812114638
919:
896:
840:
801:
790:(3): 189–198.
771:
760:
739:(3): 285–292.
702:
695:
677:
613:
595:
558:
556:
553:
537:
534:
468:
465:
456:
453:
422:
419:
387:Neoscytalidium
363:Botryosphaeria
285:
282:
220:dermatomycosis
199:
198:
197:
196:
188:
180:
172:
161:
160:
154:
153:
150:
139:
138:
132:
131:
124:
122:
118:
117:
113:Neoscytalidium
110:
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98:
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68:
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2:
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1376:
1372:
1367:
1357:
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1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Plant Disease
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
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1286:
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1274:
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1210:
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1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
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1161:
1157:
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1149:
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1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:9780721675862
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:
995:
993:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
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950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
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927:
922:
916:
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905:
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888:
883:
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862:
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851:
849:
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841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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816:
808:
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802:
797:
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785:
778:
776:
772:
769:
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747:
742:
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688:
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673:
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584:
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568:
566:
564:
560:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
536:Plant disease
535:
533:
531:
530:N. dimidiatum
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:N. dimidiatum
502:
497:
493:
492:N. dimidiatum
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:onychomycosis
473:
466:
464:
461:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
434:
433:
427:
420:
418:
416:
415:N. dimidiatum
412:
408:
407:N. dimidiatum
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Neofusicoccum
388:
384:
380:
376:
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327:H. toruloidea
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1455:iNaturalist
1133:www.uamh.ca
499:mortality.
488:hyphomycete
441:filamentous
430:UAMH 10614
399:Scytalidium
315:Otto Penzig
230:synanamorph
1655:Categories
1158:(6): 672.
555:References
403:Fusicoccum
379:Fusicoccum
371:Fusicoccum
359:Fusicoccum
347:Hans Sydow
339:Nattrassia
323:Nattrassia
64:Ascomycota
59:Division:
1562:Q59538217
1348:0191-2917
1313:1439-0434
1277:1833-928X
1261:(1): 13.
1223:1473-5644
1174:1460-2709
1063:1460-2709
965:1098-660X
588:9 October
299:pycnidial
121:Species:
47:Kingdom:
1623:MycoBank
1615:10720724
1584:Fungorum
1556:Wikidata
1481:MycoBank
1429:Fungorum
1421:11939859
1394:Q6992872
1388:Wikidata
1356:30708472
1231:24850881
1182:21410320
1115:20055737
1071:27250925
983:22535981
891:25948605
835:19570656
755:18404556
672:23416171
545:pitahaya
480:ringworm
449:mycelium
335:mycelial
309:form to
158:Synonyms
95:Family:
1602:2611780
1447:2611784
974:3405581
882:4473236
526:dolphin
518:Algeria
510:Jamaica
501:Melanin
496:topical
333:to the
107:Genus:
83:Order:
71:Class:
1635:NZOR:
1628:213299
1589:213299
1535:463039
1519:NZOR:
1512:463686
1486:500878
1473:115758
1460:606974
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522:Canada
514:Brazil
445:hyphae
307:Torula
295:Torula
260:, and
1610:IRMNG
1576:37H8N
1408:46HH3
484:tinea
439:This
401:with
216:Egypt
52:Fungi
1597:GBIF
1507:NCBI
1442:GBIF
1352:PMID
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1059:ISSN
1013:ISBN
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915:ISBN
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751:PMID
691:ISBN
668:PMID
590:2016
381:was
345:and
343:Paul
270:and
1571:CoL
1494:NBN
1468:ISC
1416:EoL
1403:CoL
1336:doi
1301:doi
1297:161
1263:doi
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1101:doi
1049:doi
1009:241
969:PMC
953:doi
877:PMC
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660:doi
482:or
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