671:... there can be no doubt that all the masses of water now separated from each other, from the Aral to the Black Sea inclusive, were formerly united in this vast pre-historical Mediterranean; which (even if we restrict its limits to the boundaries we already know, and do not extend them eastward, amid low regions untrodden by geologists) must have exceeded in size the present Mediterranean!... Judging from the recital of travellers and from specimens of the rock, we have no doubt that it extended to Khivah and the Aral Sea; beyond which the low level of the adjacent eastern deserts would lead us to infer, that it spread over wide tracts in Asia now inhabited by the
828:
540:
31:
715:
1357:, Gondwana-Land und Tethys, p. 25: "Dasselbe wurde von Neumayr das 'centrale Mittelmeer' genannt und wird hier mit dem Namen Tethys bezeichnet werden. Das heutige europäische Mittelmeer ist ein Rest der Tethys." (It was named by Neumayr the "central Middle Sea" and here it will be designated by the name "Tethys". The current European Mediterranean Sea is a remnant of the Tethys.)
1655:
520:
428:
321:
During the early
Cenozoic, the Tethys Ocean could be divided into three sections: the Mediterranean Tethys (the direct predecessor to the Mediterranean Sea), the Peri-Tethys (a vast inland sea that covered much of eastern Europe and central Asia, and the direct predecessor to the Paratethys Sea), and
175:
Period and the breakup of these continents over the same period, it came to be defined as the ocean bordered by the continents of Africa, Eurasia, India, and
Australasia. During the early-mid Cenozoic, the Indian, African, Australian and Arabian plates moved north and collided with the Eurasian
184:(including the Alps, Himalayas, Zagros, Caucasian and Ural Mountains). All of these geological events, in addition to a drop in sea level rise from Antarctic glaciation, brought an end to the Tethys as it previously existed, fragmenting it into the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the
666:
of freshwater origin are associated with forms of
Cardiacae and Mytili that are common to partially saline or brackish waters. This distinctive fauna has been found throughout all the enormously developed Tertiary formations of the southern and south-eastern steppes.
794:, and Alpine orogenies, respectively. In the 1970s and '80s, these terms and 'Proto-Tethys', were used in different senses by various authors, but the concept of a single ocean wedging into Pangea from the east, roughly where Suess first proposed it, remained.
1277:
Steininger, F.F.; Wessely, G. (2000). "From the
Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea: Oligocene to Neogene stratigraphy, paleogeography and paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene Basin evolution in Austria".
1241:
Steininger, F.F.; Wessely, G. (2000). "From the
Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea: Oligocene to Neogene stratigraphy, paleogeography and paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene Basin evolution in Austria".
495:. As North and South America were still attached to the rest of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the Tethys Ocean in its widest extension was part of a continuous oceanic belt running around the Earth between about
563:. This decoupling occurred in two steps, first around 20 Mya and another around 14 Mya. The complete closure of the Tethys led to a global reorganization of currents, and is what is thought to have allowed for
555:(66 million to the dawn of the Neogene, 23 Mya), the connections between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans across the Tethys were eventually closed off in what is now the Middle East during the
691:
of brackish water, of which the present
Caspian is the diminished type... we have adopted the term Aralo-Caspian, first applied to this region of the globe by Humboldt, for this formation.
219:(about 5 million years ago), when it largely dried out. The modern inland seas of Europe and Western Asia, namely the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, are remnants of the Paratethys Sea.
801:
became established, and Suess's "sea" could clearly be seen to have been an ocean. Plate tectonics provided an explanation for the mechanism by which the former ocean disappeared:
215:
boundary (about 24â21 million years ago) when it completely closed. A portion known as the
Paratethys was isolated during the Oligocene (34 million years ago) and lasted up to the
749:
II. He named it the Tethys Sea after the Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided evidence for his theory using fossil records from the Alps and Africa. He proposed the concept of
483:. Water levels rose, and the western Tethys shallowly covered significant portions of Europe, forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gondwana began
547:(top image), but by the Oligocene, most of this had dried out (bottom image), and the Tethys was almost entirely divided into the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and Paratethys.
1345:, p. 183: "This ocean we designate by the name "Tethys" after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."
816:
Tethys was considered an oceanic plate by Smith (1971); Dewey, Pitman, Ryan and Bonnin (1973); Laubscher and
Bernoulli (1973); and Bijou-Duval, Dercourt and Pichon (1977).
333:
As theories have improved, scientists have extended the "Tethys" name to refer to three similar oceans that preceded it, separating the continental terranes: in Asia, the
247:
The eastern part of the Tethys Ocean is sometimes referred to as
Eastern Tethys. The western part of the Tethys Ocean is called Tethys Sea, Western Tethys Ocean, or
1600:
618:, the Paratethys gradually disappeared, and became an isolated inland sea. Separation from the wider Tethys during the early Miocene initially led to a boost in
1072:
699:
to Samara, then south of the Urals to beyond the Aral Sea. Brackish and upper freshwater components (OSM) of the
Miocene are now known to extend through the
576:
695:
On the accompanying map, Murchison shows the Aralo-Caspian Formation extending from close to the Danube delta across Crimea, up the east side of the
1158:
Akhmetiev, Mikhail A.; Zaporozhets, Nina I.; Benyamovskiy, Vladimir N.; Aleksandrova, Galina N.; Iakovleva, Alina I.; Oreshkina, Tatiana V. (2012).
1159:
531:, which started about 100 Mya, Gondwana began breaking up, pushing Africa and India north across the Tethys and opening up the Indian Ocean.
1636:
176:
plate, which created new borders to the ocean, a land barrier to the flow of currents between the Indian and Mediterranean basins, and the
447:, a new ocean began forming in the southern end of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A rift formed along the northern continental shelf of Southern
1540:"A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons"
1448:
1685:
1223:
95:
559:, as a consequence of the northern migration of Africa/Arabia and global sea levels falling due to the concurrent formation of the
1297:
Kuhlemann, J.; Kempf, O. (2002). "Post-Eocene evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin and its response to Alpine tectonics".
1680:
782:
From 1920s to the 1960s, "fixist" geologists, however, regarded Tethys as a composite trough, which evolved through a series of
622:
for the Paratethys, but this gave way to a total ecosystem collapse during the late Miocene as a result of rapid dissolution of
1690:
590:(33.9 to 23 Mya), large parts of central and eastern Europe were covered by a northern branch of the Tethys Ocean, called the
424:
intermittently separated from Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere to migrate northward to form Asia in the Northern Hemisphere.
580:
730:
deduced the existence of the Tethys Ocean from Mesozoic marine sediments and their distribution, calling his concept
687:... and leads at once to the conviction, that during long periods, a vast region of Europe and Asia was covered by a
353:, which existed to the west of them in the Silurian Period. To the north of the Tethys, the then-land mass is called
1083:
463:). The Neo-Tethys Ocean formed between Cimmeria and Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo-Tethys formerly rested.
1675:
1609:
1436:
768:" geologists such as Uhlig (1911), Diener (1925), and Daque (1926) regarded Tethys as a large trough between two
487:, opening an extension of the Tethys Sea between them which today is the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the
1695:
1659:
475:
period about 150 Mya, Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia and stalled, so the ocean floor behind it
1160:"The Paleogene History of the Western Siberian Seaway - a Connection of the Peri-Tethys to the Arctic Ocean"
543:
Vast regions of Europe and west-central Asia were still covered by a contiguous Tethys at the start of the
1079:
847:
871:
772:
which lasted from the late Palaeozoic until continental fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated it.
572:
291:
1551:
1511:
1397:
1306:
1124:
959:
877:
742:
1500:"Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys"
1261:
1574:
560:
303:
295:
946:
Bialik, Or M.; Frank, Martin; Betzler, Christian; Zammit, Ray; Waldmann, Nicolas D. (2019-06-20).
1594:
853:
787:
635:
619:
386:
346:
338:
268:
228:
192:
455:, traveled north, pushing the floor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean under the eastern end of northern
646:
in which the creatures differed from those of the purely marine period that preceded them. The
349:(Late-TriassicâCenozoic) are recognized. None of the Tethys oceans should be confused with the
1632:
1454:
1444:
1423:
1140:
1053:
1035:
993:
975:
810:
765:
688:
484:
159:
broke up, the Tethys Ocean was defined as the ocean located between the ancient continents of
141:
1559:
1555:
1519:
1413:
1405:
1384:
Bialik, Or M.; Frank, Martin; Betzler, Christian; Zammit, Ray; Waldmann, Nicolas D. (2019).
1314:
1132:
1112:
1043:
1027:
1016:"The OligoâMiocene closure of the Tethys Ocean and evolution of the proto-Mediterranean Sea"
983:
967:
791:
727:
603:
508:
57:
734:
and described it as a Jurassic seaway, which extended from the Caribbean to the Himalayas.
798:
684:
528:
452:
264:
1227:
841:
1515:
1401:
1310:
1128:
963:
271:. The Western Tethys was not simply a single open ocean. It covered many small plates,
1418:
1385:
1048:
1015:
988:
947:
882:
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611:
417:
279:
200:
168:
108:
1564:
1539:
1318:
1669:
1499:
1474:
859:
856: â Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic
833:
802:
700:
676:
504:
488:
480:
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311:
307:
283:
204:
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738:
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358:
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327:
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137:
318:
in the Mesozoic flooded most of these continental domains, forming shallow seas.
34:
First phase of the Tethys Ocean's forming: the (first) Tethys Sea starts dividing
1523:
786:
cycles. They used the terms 'Paleotethys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotethys' for the
862: â Shallow ancient sea where the Pannonian Basin in Central Europe is today
714:
696:
659:
655:
595:
568:
350:
256:
231:, who, in ancient Greek mythology, was a water goddess, a sister and consort of
181:
149:
30:
1409:
1031:
971:
594:. The Paratethys was separated from the Tethys with the formation of the Alps,
451:(Gondwana). Over the next 60 million years, that piece of shelf, known as
915:
874: â Former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean
865:
823:
806:
708:
707:
with thickness of up to 250 m (820 ft); these were deposited in the
680:
591:
476:
354:
342:
275:
272:
248:
185:
172:
1144:
1039:
979:
1458:
639:
623:
599:
587:
564:
492:
394:
370:
252:
208:
145:
144:, and the Eurasian inland marine basins (primarily represented today by the
1475:"The ancient Tethys oceans of Asia: How many? How old? How deep? How wide?"
1427:
1386:"Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean"
1057:
997:
948:"Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean"
1654:
1136:
1113:"The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia"
783:
746:
672:
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260:
236:
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133:
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43:
39:
17:
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556:
519:
500:
456:
448:
427:
421:
390:
315:
299:
232:
212:
177:
156:
35:
779:, Tethys was described as a triangular ocean with a wide eastern end.
267:
remains, though the Black Sea may, in fact, be a remnant of the older
651:
607:
544:
115:
322:
the Indian Tethys (the direct predecessor to the Indian Ocean). The
420:
and Gondwana. Over a period of 400 million years, continental
745:
had once existed between Laurasia and the continents which formed
713:
538:
518:
426:
29:
523:
Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 100 Mya
239:
sea nymphs and of the worldâs great rivers, lakes and fountains.
326:
extended out of the Peri-Tethys, connecting the Tethys with the
575:. It also caused major modifications to the functioning of the
431:
Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 249
66:
916:"Tethys Sea | Definition, Location, & Facts | Britannica"
69:
1280:
Mitteilungen der Ăsterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft
1266:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 1845. pp. 297â323.
1263:"On the Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains"
1244:
Mitteilungen der Ăsterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft
1210:
Challenger at Sea: A Ship That Revolutionized Earth Science
87:
1629:
Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans
72:
1579:
Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress
658:) are identical with formations surrounding the present
711:
when the Alpine front was still 100km farther south.
638:
described a distinctive formation extending from the
96:
75:
1441:
New Aspects on Tethyan Cretaceous Fossil Assemblages
741:
proposed the hypothesis that an ancient and extinct
416:
periods, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean existed between the
84:
63:
1443:. Springer-Verlag reprint ed. 1992. pp. 9â14.
764:
In the following decades during the 20th century, "
81:
60:
868: â Prehistoric shallow inland sea in Eurasia
511:ran very differently from the way they do today.
1117:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
298:) were separated from each other by continental
679:, and was bounded only by the mountains of the
669:
27:Prehistoric ocean between Gondwana and Laurasia
1014:Torfstein, Adi; Steinberg, Josh (2020-08-14).
1195:
1111:Palcu, Dan V.; Krijgsman, Wout (2023-03-31).
128:, was a prehistoric ocean during much of the
8:
1226:. Palaeos Mesozoic: Triassic. Archived from
1099:
571:and led to the establishment of the modern
1599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1179:
1177:
1614:(in German). Vol. 3. Wien F. Tempsky
1563:
1417:
1047:
987:
432:
409:
382:
374:
1439:. In Kollmann, H. A.; Zapfe, H. (eds.).
1366:
1331:
1183:
1073:"155 Ma - Late Oxfordian (an. M25)"
203:, while the Neotethys formed during the
1581:. Vol. 2. London. pp. 180â187
900:
136:. It was the predecessor to the modern
1592:
1538:Stampfli, G. M.; Borel, G. D. (2002).
726:In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologist
167:. After the opening of the Indian and
1354:
1342:
850: â List of Earth's former oceans
357:and to the south of it, it is called
7:
1009:
1007:
941:
939:
937:
935:
910:
908:
906:
904:
1544:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1369:, How many Tethys Oceans?, pp. 1â3
1164:Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences
207:and lasted in some form up to the
25:
1437:"Tethysâthe Evolution of an Idea"
389:existed and was situated between
1653:
826:
737:In 1893, the Austrian geologist
634:In Chapter 13 of his 1845 book,
56:
1504:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
443:About 250 Mya, during the
1631:. Cambridge University Press.
885: â Ancient oceanic trench
155:During the early Mesozoic, as
1:
1575:"Are ocean depths permanent?"
1565:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X
1319:10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00285-8
527:Between the Jurassic and the
1524:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.020
797:In the 1960s, the theory of
251:or Alpine Tethys Ocean. The
243:Terminology and subdivisions
116:
701:North Alpine foreland basin
263:seas are thought to be its
195:, which lasted between the
1712:
1410:10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7
1032:10.1038/s41598-020-70652-4
972:10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7
844: â Prehistoric island
38:into two supercontinents,
1627:Van der Voo, Rob (1993).
1196:Stampfli & Borel 2002
112:
1686:Paleogene paleogeography
1435:Kollmann, H. A. (1992).
753:in his four-volume work
654:and Taman (south of the
227:The sea was named after
1681:Mesozoic paleogeography
1556:2002E&PSL.196...17S
507:at the time around the
345:âLate Cretaceous), and
191:It was preceded by the
1691:Permian paleogeography
1080:University of Lausanne
848:List of ancient oceans
723:
693:
548:
524:
435:
47:
1498:Metcalfe, I. (2013).
1473:Metcalfe, I. (1999).
1137:10.1144/SP523-2021-73
872:Piemont-Liguria Ocean
759:The Face of the Earth
717:
610:mountains during the
542:
522:
430:
337:(DevonianâTriassic),
292:Piemont-Liguria Ocean
33:
1662:at Wikimedia Commons
1611:Der Antlitz der Erde
1186:, Introduction, p. 2
878:Ruhpolding Formation
755:Das Antlitz der Erde
732:Zentrales Mittelmeer
620:primary productivity
1516:2013JAESc..66....1M
1402:2019NatSR...9.8842B
1311:2002SedG..152...45K
1299:Sedimentary Geology
1129:2023GSLSP.523...73P
964:2019NatSR...9.8842B
573:South Asian Monsoon
561:Antarctic Ice Sheet
120:), also called the
1608:Suess, E. (1901).
1573:Suess, E. (1893).
1390:Scientific Reports
1071:Stampfli, GĂŠrard.
1020:Scientific Reports
952:Scientific Reports
920:www.britannica.com
854:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
724:
636:Roderick Murchison
614:. During the late
549:
525:
436:
387:Proto-Tethys Ocean
269:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
193:Paleo-Tethys Ocean
171:oceans during the
48:
1676:Historical oceans
1658:Media related to
1638:978-0-521-61209-8
1479:UNEAC Asia Papers
1224:"Middle Triassic"
811:continental crust
777:World War II
689:Mediterranean Sea
630:Historical theory
397:to the north and
314:plates. The high
142:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
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509:Early Cretaceous
459:(early / proto-
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799:plate tectonics
770:supercontinents
685:Chinese Tartary
662:, in which the
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551:Throughout the
537:
529:Late Cretaceous
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515:Late Cretaceous
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467:Jurassic Period
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439:Triassic Period
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280:microcontinents
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1212:. p. 199.
1208:HsĂź, Kenneth.
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505:ocean currents
485:drifting apart
479:, forming the
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418:Hunic terranes
412:) through the
401:to the south.
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284:oceanic basins
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1367:Metcalfe 1999
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1332:Kollmann 1992
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1184:Metcalfe 2013
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861:
860:Pannonian Sea
858:
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835:
834:Oceans portal
829:
824:
819:
817:
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803:oceanic crust
800:
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703:and onto the
702:
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677:Kyrgyz people
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506:
502:
499:30°N and the
498:
494:
490:
489:Mediterranean
486:
482:
481:Tethys Trench
478:
477:buckled under
474:
466:
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458:
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438:
429:
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365:Modern theory
364:
362:
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344:
343:Early Permian
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:Turgai Strait
319:
317:
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309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Meliata Ocean
293:
289:
285:
282:. Many small
281:
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258:
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250:
242:
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205:Late Triassic
202:
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92:
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45:
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32:
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1660:Tethys Ocean
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1610:
1583:. Retrieved
1578:
1550:(1): 17â33.
1547:
1543:
1527:. Retrieved
1507:
1503:
1487:. Retrieved
1482:
1478:
1462:. Retrieved
1440:
1393:
1389:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1327:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1279:
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1228:the original
1218:
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1153:
1120:
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1084:the original
1066:
1026:(1): 13817.
1023:
1019:
955:
951:
923:. Retrieved
919:
842:HaČeg Island
815:
796:
781:
774:
763:
758:
754:
750:
739:Eduard Suess
736:
731:
725:
720:Eduard Suess
705:Swabian Jura
694:
670:
650:deposits of
633:
585:
550:
526:
470:
442:
403:
368:
359:Gondwanaland
335:Paleo-Tethys
332:
328:Arctic Ocean
320:
288:Valais Ocean
246:
226:
190:
154:
138:Indian Ocean
134:Cenozoic Era
130:Mesozoic Era
125:
121:
52:Tethys Ocean
51:
49:
1198:, Figs. 3â9
1170:(1): 50â67.
958:(1): 8842.
697:Volga river
660:Caspian Sea
656:Sea of Azov
596:Carpathians
586:During the
569:Arabian Sea
471:During the
377:) into the
351:Rheic Ocean
347:Ceno-Tethys
339:Meso-Tethys
276:island arcs
182:Alpide belt
150:Caspian Sea
1670:Categories
1355:Suess 1901
1343:Suess 1893
925:2022-02-24
890:References
866:Paratethys
788:Caledonian
743:inland sea
718:Geologist
709:Paratethys
681:Hindu Kush
592:Paratethys
373:(600
355:Angaraland
273:Cretaceous
249:Paratethys
186:Paratethys
173:Cretaceous
126:Neo-Tethys
122:Tethys Sea
1618:6 October
1595:cite book
1585:6 October
1529:6 October
1489:6 October
1464:6 October
1286:: 95â116.
1250:: 95â116.
1145:0305-8719
1040:2045-2322
980:2045-2322
673:Turkomans
664:univalves
640:Black Sea
624:carbonate
600:Dinarides
588:Oligocene
565:upwelling
493:Caribbean
404:From the
395:Laurentia
371:Ediacaran
369:From the
316:sea level
223:Etymology
209:Oligocene
178:orogenies
146:Black Sea
18:Neotethys
1510:: 1â33.
1459:27717529
1428:31222018
1058:32796882
998:31222018
820:See also
792:Variscan
784:orogenic
766:mobilist
747:Gondwana
644:Aral Sea
553:Cenozoic
535:Cenozoic
503:. Thus,
497:latitude
491:and the
473:Jurassic
461:Laurasia
453:Cimmeria
445:Triassic
422:terranes
414:Jurassic
406:Silurian
399:Gondwana
379:Devonian
300:terranes
217:Pliocene
199:and the
197:Cambrian
169:Atlantic
165:Laurasia
161:Gondwana
44:Gondwana
40:Laurasia
1552:Bibcode
1512:Bibcode
1419:6586870
1398:Bibcode
1377:Sources
1307:Bibcode
1125:Bibcode
1049:7427807
989:6586870
960:Bibcode
807:subduct
722:in 1869
648:Miocene
642:to the
616:Miocene
567:in the
557:Miocene
501:Equator
457:Pangaea
449:Pangaea
391:Baltica
385:), the
312:Apulian
308:Iberian
304:Alboran
302:on the
265:crustal
257:Caspian
237:Oceanid
233:Oceanus
213:Miocene
180:of the
157:Pangaea
124:or the
36:Pangaea
1635:
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1447:
1426:
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1143:
1056:
1046:
1038:
996:
986:
978:
809:under
775:After
751:Tethys
652:Crimea
608:Elburz
606:, and
604:Taurus
545:Eocene
341:(late
310:, and
278:, and
259:, and
229:Tethys
140:, the
117:TÄthĂşs
100:-iss,
1485:: 1â9
1087:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
895:Notes
408:(440
381:(360
253:Black
113:ΤΡθĎĎ
109:Greek
98:TEETH
1633:ISBN
1620:2015
1601:link
1587:2015
1531:2015
1491:2015
1466:2015
1455:OCLC
1445:ISBN
1424:PMID
1141:ISSN
1054:PMID
1036:ISSN
994:PMID
976:ISSN
805:can
683:and
675:and
579:and
577:AMOC
393:and
261:Aral
163:and
152:).
148:and
102:TETH
50:The
42:and
1560:doi
1548:196
1520:doi
1414:PMC
1406:doi
1315:doi
1303:152
1168:105
1133:doi
1121:523
1044:PMC
1028:doi
984:PMC
968:doi
761:).
581:ACC
433:Mya
410:Mya
383:Mya
375:Mya
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