112:
38:
51:
5147:
Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos; Parra, Felipe de la; Caballero-Rodríguez, Dayenari; Herrera, Fabiany; Wing, Scott; Turner, Benjamin L.; D’Apolito, Carlos; Romero-Báez, Millerlandy; Narváez, Paula; Martínez, Camila; Gutierrez, Mauricio; Labandeira, Conrad; Bayona, German; Rueda, Milton;
3393:
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3293:
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3379:
4113:
3102:
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which encroach on their customary lands and environment. Nevertheless, amidst these declining circumstances this vast "reservoir" of human diversity continues to survive, albeit much depleted. In South
America alone, some 350–400
1254:
3286:
449:
North of the Gulf of
Guayaquil in Ecuador and Colombia, a series of accreted oceanic terranes (discrete allochthonous fragments) have developed that constitute the Baudo, or Coastal, Mountains and the Cordillera Occidental.
3580:
2570:
3897:
4106:
3733:
3095:
1247:
3279:
3573:
2563:
4169:
310:, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)."
4582:
4099:
3088:
250:
within this environment. The number of these peoples who are as yet relatively untouched by external influences continues to decline significantly, however, along with the near-exponential expansion of
1414:
5568:
3370:
3890:
3726:
3334:
4162:
3883:
2362:
3719:
5251:Тахтаджян А. Л. Флористические области Земли / Академия наук СССР. Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова. — Л.: Наука, Ленинградское отделение, 1978. — 247 с. — 4000 экз.
5324:
Bequaert, Joseph C. "An
Introductory Study of Polistes in the United States and Canada with Descriptions of Some New North and South American Forms (Hymenoptera; Vespidæ)".
4850:
1806:
288:
in the
Neotropical realm is a hot political concern, and raises many arguments about development versus indigenous versus ecological rights and access to or ownership of
4155:
5353:. Draft report. World Wildlife Fund-U.S., Wetlands International, Biodiversity Support Program, and United States Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C.
3247:
5558:
1626:
1238:
558:, which included Africa, Australia, India, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and the Neotropic shares many plant and animal lineages with these other continents, including
400:
The
Central Andes lie between the Gulfs of Guayaquil and Penas and thus encompass southern Ecuador, Chile, Peru, western Bolivia, and northwest and western Argentina.
345:
329:
231:
5403:
2514:
4493:
569:
After the final breakup of the
Gondwana about 110 million years ago, South America was separated from Africa and drifted north and west. 66 million years ago, the
5563:
5530:
4194:
3564:
2554:
2386:
3223:
5999:
5584:
5553:
4090:
3079:
4798:
1694:
4610:
3235:
570:
6014:
6009:
6004:
605:), moved south. The long-term effect of the exchange was the extinction of many South American species, mostly by outcompetition by northern species.
3211:
573:
altered local flora and fauna. Much later, about two to three million years ago, South
America was joined with North America by the formation of the
3306:
5006:
2242:
1590:
1430:
4710:
234:) than any other realm, extending from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil, including the vast
750:
include more than 5,700 species, and represent at least 66 distinct lineages in continental freshwaters (Albert and Reis, 2011). The well-known
5969:
4450:
1534:
3139:
5520:
5318:
4822:
3270:
2222:
269:
4278:
1902:
1874:
5979:
5974:
5964:
5386:
4990:
4870:
1502:
265:
4950:
4762:
2590:
1758:
2122:
4486:
2014:
1546:
5347:
Olson, D. M., B. Chernoff, G. Burgess, I. Davidson, P. Canevari, E. Dinerstein, G. Castro, V. Morisset, R. Abell, and E. Toledo. 1997.
2398:
2326:
1778:
3854:
1610:
1562:
435:
of eastern Brazil are separated from the forests of
Amazonia by the Caatinga and Cerrado, and are home to a distinct flora and fauna.
72:
5494:
5226:
3874:
2374:
98:
5290:
1826:
5443:
4443:
4266:
2879:
2507:
2430:
1938:
1890:
1638:
1450:
489:
5394:, a bilingual searchable reference of conservation and research projects in the Neotropics; a service of the Rainforest Alliance
2158:
5876:
5610:
3710:
3019:
2971:
1362:
1274:
2838:
1982:
5923:
4479:
2742:
2486:
2290:
76:
4978:
3982:
5364:
5148:
Paez-Reyes, Manuel; Cárdenas, Dairon; Duque, Álvaro; Crowley, James L.; Santos, Carlos; Silvestro, Daniele (2 April 2021).
5989:
4834:
2470:
2002:
1926:
1838:
466:
River and other adjacent lowland forested areas. This region includes most of
Venezuela and parts of Colombia, as well as
3031:
5589:
4598:
4418:
4146:
3966:
3798:
3007:
2886:
2850:
2686:
2650:
2198:
1402:
412:
5057:
5830:
5515:
4886:
4306:
4182:
3346:
3318:
2186:
2098:
2042:
493:
193:
4406:
2934:
61:
618:
The
Neotropical realm has 31 endemic bird families, which is over twice the number of any other realm. They include
536:). These rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing non-native pines and
5959:
5835:
5525:
5106:
5086:
4638:
4346:
4242:
3464:
2674:
2310:
2134:
2086:
1522:
1490:
578:
301:
216:
5339:
5252:
211:(which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the
80:
65:
5933:
5845:
4938:
4750:
4690:
4358:
4294:
4006:
3842:
1722:
497:
384:
332:
are highlight in Southern North America, Amazonia, Caribbean, Central America, Northern Andes and Central Andes.
174:
2910:
5855:
4810:
4726:
4558:
4539:
3746:
3179:
2946:
2662:
2458:
2070:
1310:
549:
2526:
1374:
6019:
5984:
5840:
5277:
4570:
3950:
3910:
2995:
2798:
2262:
2030:
1478:
1390:
1294:
754:
is endemic to the Neotropic realm, occupying a larger geographic area than any other piranha species. Some
4966:
4319:
4050:
3059:
2922:
2786:
2758:
2446:
2274:
1950:
1867:
1847:
1794:
1334:
798:
Examples of other animal groups that are entirely or mainly restricted to the Neotropical region include:
479:
5994:
5825:
4738:
4382:
4370:
4327:
3640:
3127:
2958:
2898:
2418:
2210:
2170:
1666:
1322:
969:
501:
485:
277:
4786:
4022:
111:
5938:
5918:
5860:
5820:
5815:
5436:
5161:
5030:
3195:
3047:
2983:
2826:
2626:
2614:
2602:
1179:
285:
170:
5101:
5891:
5732:
5548:
5238:
5023:
4774:
4331:
4315:
3930:
3770:
3024:
2859:
2814:
2379:
1578:
1208:
751:
467:
373:
361:
325:
247:
227:
173:
and southern lowlands, and most of the east and west coastlines, including the southern tip of the
124:
1914:
5759:
5749:
5193:
5018:
4647:
4530:
4506:
4254:
3775:
3188:
3167:
3115:
2803:
2638:
2058:
1962:
1727:
352:, which stretches from the Andes mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and the lowland forests of the
341:
243:
4518:
458:
The Orinoco is a region of humid forested broadleaf forest and wetland primarily comprising the
5928:
5850:
5769:
5692:
5314:
5272:. (translated by T.J. Crovello & A. Cronquist). University of California Press, Berkeley,
5222:
5185:
5177:
4914:
4902:
4666:
4626:
4339:
3665:
3600:
3536:
3450:
2774:
1738:
1039:
968:
Plant families endemic and partly subendemic to the realm are, according to Takhtajan (1978),
920:
639:
574:
420:
349:
260:
235:
212:
166:
158:
142:
5789:
5411:
5169:
4126:
4034:
3810:
3690:
3682:
3657:
3418:
1710:
1048:
1035:
997:
813:
747:
734:
688:
582:
432:
357:
289:
281:
178:
5764:
5754:
5657:
5429:
5404:"Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition"
5341:
A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean
4926:
4755:
4546:
3612:
3476:
2110:
1346:
1120:
1027:
728:
563:
505:
273:
182:
162:
2146:
5165:
5121:
5805:
5784:
5774:
4394:
4247:
4214:
3758:
3678:
3653:
2679:
1019:
981:
973:
865:
693:
509:
459:
208:
188:
The realm also includes temperate southern South America. In contrast, the Neotropical
5953:
5702:
5652:
5615:
5499:
5350:
Freshwater biodiversity of Latin America and the Caribbean: a conservation assessment
5308:
5197:
5149:
4671:
4631:
4335:
3791:
2267:
1675:
1147:
1090:
1075:
1063:
1043:
1011:
989:
977:
950:
763:
517:
313:
139:
593:
moved into North America, and North Americans like the ancestors of South America's
5810:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5452:
5150:"Extinction at the end-Cretaceous and the origin of modern Neotropical rainforests"
3624:
3406:
1196:
1128:
1096:
Plant species with economic importance originally unique to the Neotropic include:
1082:
1059:
1023:
1015:
956:
946:
777:
317:
252:
239:
220:
189:
154:
5348:
246:, who to varying degrees persist in their autonomous and traditional cultures and
5421:
5256:
5081:
324:, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures.
5667:
4875:
4695:
4659:
4439:
3561:
3496:
3144:
3120:
2951:
2871:
2695:
2503:
2227:
2139:
1863:
1455:
1071:
1001:
936:
926:
878:
872:
824:
818:
808:
791:
702:
651:
623:
353:
256:
50:
37:
284:. Many of these languages and their cultures are also endangered. Accordingly,
17:
5896:
5672:
4995:
4955:
4855:
4839:
4587:
4435:
4323:
4207:
4039:
3994:
3786:
2875:
2867:
2718:
2691:
2499:
2315:
1855:
1851:
1783:
1763:
1567:
1527:
1435:
1031:
1006:
985:
914:
908:
890:
850:
770:
721:
713:
537:
428:
31:
5415:
5273:
5181:
484:
The temperate forest ecoregions of southwestern South America, including the
5886:
5881:
5697:
5173:
4999:
4959:
4891:
4879:
4863:
4703:
4683:
4603:
4473:
4375:
4363:
4299:
4287:
4187:
4149:
4093:
4075:
4066:
4055:
3999:
3987:
3935:
3915:
3877:
3859:
3847:
3815:
3713:
3695:
3670:
3645:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3567:
3541:
3525:
3501:
3489:
3469:
3373:
3351:
3323:
3273:
3204:
3160:
3148:
3082:
2903:
2843:
2747:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2595:
2557:
2535:
2439:
2355:
2279:
2231:
2051:
1995:
1819:
1767:
1703:
1687:
1659:
1571:
1555:
1539:
1471:
1459:
1439:
1423:
1395:
1299:
1279:
1241:
1167:
1132:
1086:
1067:
940:
932:
884:
834:
784:
697:
683:
670:
590:
559:
529:
306:
215:
joined the two continents two to three million years ago, precipitating the
131:
5189:
5718:
5662:
5625:
5125:
4895:
4859:
4767:
4699:
4679:
4615:
4470:
4427:
4423:
4351:
4311:
4283:
4230:
4027:
4011:
3835:
3822:
3529:
3509:
3443:
3200:
3152:
3000:
2939:
2891:
2855:
2731:
2703:
2667:
2491:
2475:
2435:
2411:
2351:
2251:
2191:
2179:
2079:
2019:
1991:
1967:
1907:
1895:
1815:
1683:
1655:
1647:
1615:
1595:
1551:
1507:
1463:
1419:
1407:
1383:
1287:
993:
902:
896:
854:
709:
675:
631:
555:
521:
424:
409:
135:
238:. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of
5620:
5239:"Treehoppers: Aetalionidae, Melizoderidae, and Membracidae (Hemiptera)"
4779:
4715:
4655:
4619:
4535:
4431:
4271:
4203:
4015:
3971:
3955:
3939:
3919:
3827:
3803:
3633:
3549:
3513:
3435:
3430:
3411:
3036:
2863:
2831:
2791:
2763:
2735:
2655:
2619:
2495:
2479:
2295:
2283:
2023:
1971:
1879:
1843:
1799:
1743:
1599:
1511:
1351:
1186:
838:
647:
635:
627:
619:
594:
463:
416:
128:
5594:
5484:
5035:
5011:
4983:
4971:
4943:
4919:
4907:
4843:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4791:
4743:
4731:
4675:
4591:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4523:
4511:
4455:
4411:
4387:
4235:
4071:
4043:
3831:
3751:
3545:
3520:
3505:
3485:
3481:
3457:
3439:
3423:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3156:
3132:
3064:
3052:
3012:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2927:
2819:
2767:
2751:
2727:
2707:
2643:
2631:
2607:
2539:
2531:
2519:
2463:
2451:
2407:
2403:
2391:
2367:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2319:
2299:
2247:
2235:
2215:
2203:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2127:
2103:
2091:
2075:
2063:
2047:
2035:
2007:
1987:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1883:
1831:
1811:
1787:
1771:
1747:
1715:
1699:
1679:
1671:
1651:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1515:
1495:
1483:
1467:
1443:
1379:
1367:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1283:
1215:
1110:
1100:
1054:
859:
843:
802:
705:
661:
643:
321:
192:
excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the
5489:
5460:
4651:
4219:
4199:
4131:
4059:
3923:
3779:
3674:
3649:
3355:
3339:
3327:
3311:
3184:
2807:
1859:
1731:
1157:
1137:
717:
679:
598:
577:, which allowed a biotic exchange between the two continents, the
444:
395:
204:
200:
5122:"Dinosaur-killing asteroid strike gave rise to Amazon rainforest"
5647:
5358:
Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America
4931:
4719:
4643:
4399:
4259:
4223:
3975:
3959:
3943:
3763:
3172:
3040:
2915:
2779:
2423:
2303:
2255:
2115:
1975:
1751:
1603:
1583:
1355:
755:
743:
655:
242:
on Earth. These rainforests are also home to a diverse array of
5425:
127:
constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the
5366:
A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world
746:
families and subfamilies, which is more than any other realm.
268:
are still living (down from an estimated 1,500 at the time of
44:
5374:
Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas
5219:
Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas
3371:
tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
5335:(Fourth Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
650:. Bird families originally unique to the Neotropics include
5391:
5356:
Reis, R. E., S. O. Kullander, and C. J. Ferraris Jr. 2003.
554:
South America was originally part of the supercontinent of
5397:
5369:. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
5058:"Neotropical Region - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
157:, the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight
5310:
Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes
4583:
Bocas del Toro–San Bastimentos Island–San Blas mangroves
1081:
Plant families that originated in the Neotropic include
5338:
Dinerstein, E., Olson, D. Graham, D. J. et al. (1995).
5217:
van der Sleen, Peter, and James S. Albert, eds. (2018)
1415:
Cayos Miskitos–San Andrés and Providencia moist forests
5333:
Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach
5313:. University of California Press, Berkeley. 424 pp.
758:
groups originally unique to the Neotropics include:
664:
groups originally unique to the Neotropics include:
5911:
5869:
5798:
5742:
5731:
5711:
5638:
5603:
5577:
5539:
5508:
5477:
5468:
5459:
581:. South American species like the ancestors of the
5372:van der Sleen, Peter, and James S. Albert, eds.
3335:San Félix–San Ambrosio Islands temperate forests
1627:Fernando de Noronha-Atol das Rocas moist forests
1239:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
330:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
232:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
4851:Mosquitia–Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast mangroves
3565:temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3456:Clipperton Island is an overseas territory of
2555:tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
199:The Neotropic is delimited by similarities in
169:, and southern North America. In Mexico, the
5437:
5326:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
4487:
4163:
4107:
3891:
3727:
3581:
3387:
3287:
3096:
2571:
1255:
8:
3248:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests
2387:Trindade-Martin Vaz Islands tropical forests
207:. Its fauna and flora are distinct from the
5585:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
4091:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
3080:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5739:
5474:
5465:
5444:
5430:
5422:
4494:
4480:
4170:
4156:
4114:
4100:
3898:
3884:
3734:
3720:
3588:
3574:
3394:
3380:
3294:
3280:
3103:
3089:
2578:
2564:
1695:Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests
1262:
1248:
115:The Neotropical realm and its subdivisions
5408:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
5102:"Northern Andes mountains, South America"
2363:Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forests
99:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:One of Earth's eight biogeographic realms
5082:"Central Andes mountains, South America"
4462:
4138:
4082:
3866:
3702:
3556:
3362:
3307:Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests
3262:
3071:
2546:
1230:
110:
36:
5307:Albert, J. S., and R. E. Reis (2011).
5049:
3224:Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine–oak forests
1591:Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests
1431:Central American Atlantic moist forests
177:are Neotropical. In the United States
4799:Marismas Nacionales–San Blas mangroves
4451:Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago
2515:Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests
1535:Cordillera de la Costa montane forests
4823:Mexican South Pacific Coast mangroves
4611:Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves
3271:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
3236:Sierra Madre del Sur pine–oak forests
2223:Sierra Madre de Chiapas moist forests
742:The Neotropical realm has 63 endemic
571:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
161:. This realm includes South America,
7:
5569:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
5531:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
5221:. Princeton University Press, 2017.
4991:Southern Dry Pacific Coast mangroves
4871:Northern Dry Pacific Coast mangroves
3212:Sierra de la Laguna pine–oak forests
77:adding citations to reliable sources
5376:. Princeton University Press, 2017.
2015:Northwestern Andean montane forests
1807:Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests
1547:Cordillera Oriental montane forests
532:pines like the monkey-puzzle tree (
408:Eastern South America includes the
320:are subtropical and mild temperate
6000:Natural history of Central America
4711:Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves
4195:Aruba–Curaçao–Bonaire cactus scrub
3855:Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna
1611:Eastern Panamanian montane forests
1563:Costa Rican seasonal moist forests
1227:Neotropical terrestrial ecoregions
415:of northeastern Brazil, the broad
25:
5495:Montane grasslands and shrublands
5360:. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre. 729 pp.
3875:montane grasslands and shrublands
3140:Central American pine–oak forests
2375:Trinidad and Tobago moist forests
266:indigenous languages and dialects
6015:Natural history of the Caribbean
6010:Natural history of South America
6005:Natural history of North America
5402:Acosta, Guillermo et al., 2018.
5331:Cox, C. B.; P. D. Moore (1985).
5007:Tehuantepec–El Manchón mangroves
4444:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4279:Guajira–Barranquilla xeric scrub
2880:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2508:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2431:Venezuelan Andes montane forests
1939:Mato Grosso tropical dry forests
1891:Magdalena Valley montane forests
1639:Guayanan Highlands moist forests
1451:Central American montane forests
508:, which includes trees like the
490:Valdivian temperate rain forests
304:(WWF) subdivides the realm into
49:
5611:Flooded grasslands and savannas
4951:Rio Negro–Rio San Sun mangroves
4763:Magdalena–Santa Marta mangroves
3711:flooded grasslands and savannas
3020:Trinidad and Tobago dry forests
2972:Sierra de la Laguna dry forests
2591:Apure–Villavicencio dry forests
1759:Isthmian–Atlantic moist forests
1363:Caatinga enclaves moist forests
905:or firetail skipper butterflies
504:, are a refuge for the ancient
419:grasslands and savannas of the
346:tropical moist broadleaf forest
5924:Ecological land classification
5453:Biogeographic regionalisations
5387:List of terrestrial ecoregions
5344:. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
5302:General and cited bibliography
5270:Floristic Regions of the World
2743:Chiapas Depression dry forests
2487:Windward Islands moist forests
2399:Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests
2291:Southwest Amazon moist forests
1779:Isthmian–Pacific moist forests
356:. The bioregion also includes
1:
5970:Ecoregions of Central America
4835:Moist Pacific Coast mangroves
4267:Galápagos Islands xeric scrub
2471:Western Ecuador moist forests
2243:Solimões–Japurá moist forests
2003:Northeastern Brazil restingas
1903:Magdalena–Urabá moist forests
1875:Madeira–Tapajós moist forests
1839:Leeward Islands moist forests
766:: Neotropical electric fishes
5590:Deserts and xeric shrublands
4599:Coastal Venezuelan mangroves
4419:Windward Islands xeric scrub
4147:deserts and xeric shrublands
3799:Guayaquil flooded grasslands
3008:Southern Pacific dry forests
2887:Magdalena Valley dry forests
2851:Lesser Antillean dry forests
2687:Central American dry forests
2651:Bolivian montane dry forests
2199:Serra do Mar coastal forests
2123:Petén–Veracruz moist forests
1403:Cauca Valley montane forests
1275:Alto Paraná Atlantic forests
732:) and shrew opossums (order
226:The Neotropic includes more
185:are considered Neotropical.
30:For the musical artist, see
5980:Ecoregions of the Caribbean
5975:Ecoregions of South America
5965:Ecoregions of North America
5831:Temperate Northern Atlantic
5521:Broadleaf and mixed forests
4979:Rio São Francisco mangroves
4887:Northern Honduras mangroves
4307:Leeward Islands xeric scrub
4183:Araya and Paria xeric scrub
3983:Cordillera de Merida páramo
3347:Valdivian temperate forests
3319:Magellanic subpolar forests
2327:Tapajós–Xingu moist forests
2187:Santa Marta montane forests
2159:Purus–Madeira moist forests
2099:Pernambuco interior forests
2043:Orinoco Delta swamp forests
494:Magellanic subpolar forests
6036:
5934:Vegetation classifications
5836:Temperate Northern Pacific
5363:Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975).
4639:Greater Antilles mangroves
4347:Malpelo Island xeric scrub
4243:Cayman Islands xeric scrub
2675:Cayman Islands dry forests
2311:Talamancan montane forests
2135:Puerto Rican moist forests
2087:Pernambuco coastal forests
1983:Negro–Branco moist forests
1523:Cocos Island moist forests
1503:Chocó–Darién moist forests
1491:Chimalapas montane forests
609:Endemic animals and plants
579:Great American Interchange
547:
477:
442:
393:
382:
371:
302:World Wide Fund for Nature
217:Great American Interchange
29:
5846:Temperate Southern Africa
4751:Lesser Antilles mangroves
4691:Gulf of Fonseca mangroves
4465:
4359:Motagua Valley thornscrub
4295:La Costa xeric shrublands
4141:
4085:
3967:Cordillera Central páramo
3869:
3705:
3559:
3365:
3265:
3074:
2549:
1827:Juruá–Purus moist forests
1723:Hispaniolan moist forests
1233:
726:American opossums (order
654:(family Trochilidae) and
385:Central America bioregion
175:Baja California Peninsula
5856:Tropical Eastern Pacific
5806:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5416:10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a1
4811:Mayan Corridor mangroves
4727:Gulf of Panama mangroves
4559:Belizean Coast mangroves
4540:Turks and Caicos Islands
4407:Tehuacán Valley matorral
3747:Central Mexican wetlands
3180:Hispaniolan pine forests
3032:Tumbes–Piura dry forests
2947:Puerto Rican dry forests
2935:Patía Valley dry forests
2663:Cauca Valley dry forests
2459:Veracruz montane forests
2071:Paramaribo swamp forests
1311:Atlantic Coast restingas
658:(family Troglodytidae).
550:History of South America
431:grasslands. The diverse
296:Major ecological regions
276:and a further number of
272:), in about 37 distinct
5877:Biogeographic provinces
5841:Temperate South America
5559:Moist broadleaf forests
5174:10.1126/science.abf1969
5107:Encyclopædia Britannica
5087:Encyclopædia Britannica
4571:Belizean reef mangroves
3951:Central Andean wet puna
3911:Central Andean dry puna
3465:Córdoba montane savanna
2996:Sinu Valley dry forests
2839:Lara–Falcón dry forests
2799:Hispaniolan dry forests
2263:South Florida rocklands
2031:Oaxacan montane forests
1927:Maranhão Babaçu forests
1479:Chiapas montane forests
1391:Catatumbo moist forests
1295:Araucaria moist forests
1046:, Dialypetalanthaceae (
929:(short-bodied mantises)
857:butterflies (including
841:butterflies (including
794:: guppies and relatives
5268:Takhtajan, A. (1986).
4967:Rio Piranhas mangroves
4939:Ría Lagartos mangroves
4320:British Virgin Islands
4051:Southern Andean steppe
4007:Northern Andean páramo
3843:Paraná flooded savanna
2923:Panamanian dry forests
2787:Ecuadorian dry forests
2759:Chiquitano dry forests
2447:Veracruz moist forests
2275:Southern Andean Yungas
1868:British Virgin Islands
1848:British Virgin Islands
1795:Jamaican moist forests
1335:Bahia interior forests
787:: Neotropical cichlids
498:Juan Fernández Islands
486:temperate rain forests
480:Southern South America
474:Southern South America
270:first European contact
132:terrestrial ecoregions
116:
42:
5939:Zoogeographic regions
5897:Global 200 ecoregions
5826:Temperate Australasia
5564:Dry broadleaf forests
5062:www.sciencedirect.com
4739:Ilha Grande mangroves
4383:San Lucan xeric scrub
4371:Paraguana xeric scrub
3641:Patagonian grasslands
3453:shrub and grasslands
3128:Belizian pine forests
2959:Revillagigedo Islands
2899:Maracaibo dry forests
2527:Yucatán moist forests
2419:Ucayali moist forests
2211:Sierra de los Tuxtlas
2171:Rio Negro campinarana
1667:Guianan moist forests
1375:Caquetá moist forests
1323:Bahia coastal forests
970:Hymenophyllopsidaceae
923:("giant damselflies")
526:Fitzroya cupressoides
502:Desventuradas Islands
404:Eastern South America
348:, including the vast
344:is mostly covered by
114:
41:The Neotropical realm
40:
5990:Biogeographic realms
5919:Altitudinal zonation
5861:Western Indo-Pacific
5821:Eastern Indo-Pacific
5816:Central Indo-Pacific
5031:Usumacinta mangroves
3196:Miskito pine forests
3048:Veracruz dry forests
2984:Sinaloan dry forests
2827:Jamaican dry forests
2615:Bahamian dry forests
2603:Atlantic dry forests
1180:Gossypium barbadense
1115:Solanum lycopersicum
780:: armoured catfishes
587:Didelphis virginiana
496:ecoregions, and the
125:biogeographic realms
123:is one of the eight
73:improve this section
5892:Lists of ecoregions
5549:Tropical rainforest
5291:"Neotropic Ecozone"
5166:2021Sci...372...63C
5024:Trinidad and Tobago
4316:Antigua and Barbuda
3931:Central Andean puna
3771:Enriquillo wetlands
3060:Yucatán dry forests
3025:Trinidad and Tobago
2911:Marañón dry forests
2860:Antigua and Barbuda
2815:Jalisco dry forests
2380:Trinidad and Tobago
1951:Monte Alegre várzea
1579:Cuban moist forests
1209:Amaranthus caudatus
773:: tetras and allies
752:red-bellied piranha
468:Trinidad and Tobago
374:Caribbean bioregion
362:tropical dry forest
326:Tropical rainforest
228:tropical rainforest
5929:Floristic kingdoms
5693:Hydrothermal vents
5554:Coniferous forests
5516:Coniferous forests
5328:48.1 (1940): 1-31.
5019:Trinidad mangroves
4787:Maranhão mangroves
4648:Dominican Republic
4531:Bahamian mangroves
4507:Alvarado mangroves
4255:Cuban cactus scrub
4023:Santa Marta páramo
3776:Dominican Republic
3189:Dominican Republic
3168:Cuban pine forests
3116:Bahamian pineyards
2804:Dominican Republic
2639:Balsas dry forests
2059:Pantanos de Centla
1963:Napo moist forests
1728:Dominican Republic
1220:Chenopodium quinoa
1004:, Lissocarpaceae (
943:(pentatomoid bugs)
748:Neotropical fishes
534:Araucaria araucana
342:Amazonia bioregion
244:indigenous peoples
159:terrestrial realms
117:
43:
5960:Neotropical realm
5947:
5946:
5907:
5906:
5851:Tropical Atlantic
5727:
5726:
5634:
5633:
5526:Deciduous forests
5319:978-0-520-26868-5
5041:
5040:
4915:Petenes mangroves
4667:Guianan mangroves
4627:Florida mangroves
4461:
4460:
4340:US Virgin Islands
4137:
4136:
4081:
4080:
3865:
3864:
3701:
3700:
3666:Patagonian steppe
3601:Argentine Espinal
3555:
3554:
3537:Uruguayan savanna
3451:Clipperton Island
3361:
3360:
3258:
3257:
3070:
3069:
2775:Cuban dry forests
2627:Bajío dry forests
2545:
2544:
1191:Manihot esculenta
1172:Phaseolus lunatus
1152:Passiflora edulis
1105:Solanum tuberosum
1040:Plocospermataceae
921:Pseudostigmatidae
814:Poison dart frogs
689:New World monkeys
575:Isthmus of Panama
421:Brazilian Plateau
350:Amazon rainforest
290:natural resources
282:isolate languages
274:language families
261:forest industries
236:Amazon rainforest
213:Isthmus of Panama
194:Antarctic kingdom
190:Floristic Kingdom
171:Yucatán Peninsula
167:Caribbean islands
121:Neotropical realm
109:
108:
101:
16:(Redirected from
6027:
5740:
5475:
5466:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5423:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5281:
5266:
5260:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5054:
4775:Manabí mangroves
4496:
4489:
4482:
4463:
4332:Saint Barthélemy
4172:
4165:
4158:
4139:
4127:Chilean Matorral
4116:
4109:
4102:
4083:
4035:Talamanca Paramo
3900:
3893:
3886:
3867:
3811:Orinoco wetlands
3736:
3729:
3722:
3703:
3691:Semi-arid Pampas
3683:Falkland Islands
3658:Falkland Islands
3590:
3583:
3576:
3557:
3419:Campos rupestres
3396:
3389:
3382:
3363:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3263:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3072:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2547:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1231:
1049:Dialypetalanthus
1036:Desfontainiaceae
998:Cochlospermaceae
735:Paucituberculata
597:, including the
583:Virginia opossum
562:mammals and the
433:Atlantic forests
413:xeric shrublands
358:tropical savanna
179:southern Florida
104:
97:
93:
90:
84:
53:
45:
32:Neotropic (band)
21:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6024:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5903:
5865:
5794:
5734:
5723:
5719:Endolithic zone
5707:
5640:
5630:
5599:
5573:
5541:
5535:
5504:
5470:
5455:
5450:
5383:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5267:
5263:
5250:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5160:(6537): 63–68.
5146:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5046:
4927:Piura mangroves
4756:Lesser Antilles
4547:Bahia mangroves
4519:Amapá mangroves
4501:
4500:
4177:
4176:
4121:
4120:
3905:
3904:
3741:
3740:
3613:Argentine Monte
3595:
3594:
3477:Guianan savanna
3401:
3400:
3301:
3300:
3260:
3110:
3109:
2585:
2584:
2111:Peruvian Yungas
1347:Bolivian Yungas
1269:
1268:
1229:
1201:Ipomoea batatas
1162:Psidium guajava
1125:Theobroma cacao
1052:), Nolanaceae (
1028:Picrodendraceae
966:
729:Didelphimorphia
616:
611:
564:Antarctic flora
552:
546:
506:Antarctic flora
482:
476:
456:
447:
441:
406:
398:
392:
387:
381:
379:Central America
376:
370:
338:
298:
221:biogeographical
219:, an important
183:Central Florida
163:Central America
151:
138:and the entire
105:
94:
88:
85:
70:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Neotropic realm
15:
12:
11:
5:
6033:
6031:
6023:
6022:
6020:Phytogeography
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Tropical flora
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5952:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
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5808:
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5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5737:
5733:Biogeographic
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
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5721:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
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5502:
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5487:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5382:
5381:External links
5379:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5303:
5300:
5297:
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5128:. 2 April 2021
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4903:Pará mangroves
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4395:Sechura desert
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4248:Cayman Islands
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4215:Atacama desert
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3759:Cuban wetlands
3755:
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3679:United Kingdom
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3461:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3366:
3359:
3358:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:Cayman Islands
2677:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1741:
1739:Iquitos várzea
1735:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1118:
1108:
1020:Columelliaceae
982:Pellicieraceae
974:Marcgraviaceae
965:
962:
961:
960:
954:
944:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
848:
832:
822:
816:
811:
805:
796:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
740:
739:
724:
700:
694:Solenodontidae
691:
686:
615:
612:
610:
607:
545:
542:
510:southern beech
475:
472:
460:drainage basin
455:
452:
443:Main article:
440:
439:Northern Andes
437:
405:
402:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
383:Main article:
380:
377:
372:Main article:
369:
366:
337:
334:
297:
294:
209:Nearctic realm
150:
147:
140:South American
107:
106:
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6032:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5730:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5703:Demersal zone
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5637:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5500:Alpine tundra
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:Polar/montane
5476:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5227:9780691170749
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4672:French Guiana
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:United States
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:United States
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
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2285:
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2278:
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2272:
2269:
2268:United States
2266:
2264:
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2257:
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2249:
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2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
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2226:
2224:
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2209:
2208:
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2200:
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2172:
2169:
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2145:
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2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Marajó várzea
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
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1878:
1876:
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1865:
1861:
1857:
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1737:
1736:
1733:
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1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Gurupa várzea
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:French Guiana
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
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1642:
1640:
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1497:
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1469:
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1445:
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1198:
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1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:Passion fruit
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:), source of
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Heliconiaceae
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:Cyclanthaceae
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Heliconiaceae
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:Tropaeolaceae
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Brunelliaceae
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Peridiscaceae
987:
983:
979:
978:Caryocaraceae
975:
971:
963:
958:
955:
953:(treehoppers)
952:
951:Melizoderidae
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
862:
861:
856:
852:
849:
846:
845:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
764:Gymnotiformes
761:
760:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
737:
736:
731:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
701:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
667:
666:
665:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
453:
451:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
403:
401:
397:
390:Central Andes
389:
386:
378:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Laurel forest
311:
309:
308:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
113:
103:
100:
92:
82:
78:
74:
68:
67:
63:
58:This section
56:
52:
47:
46:
39:
33:
19:
5995:Biogeography
5870:Subdivisions
5779:
5760:Australasian
5750:Afrotropical
5712:Other biomes
5688:Benthic zone
5683:Pelagic zone
5678:Neritic zone
5668:Kelp forests
5540:Tropical and
5407:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5349:
5340:
5332:
5325:
5309:
5293:. July 2009.
5285:
5269:
5264:
5257:Google Books
5247:
5233:
5218:
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5157:
5153:
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5116:
5105:
5096:
5085:
5076:
5065:. Retrieved
5061:
5052:
4467:
4328:Saint Martin
4143:
4087:
3871:
3707:
3625:Humid Pampas
3407:Beni savanna
3367:
3267:
3259:
3076:
2961:dry forests
2551:
2147:Purus várzea
1235:
1219:
1207:
1200:
1197:Sweet potato
1190:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1095:
1083:Bromeliaceae
1080:
1060:Calyceraceae
1053:
1047:
1024:Julianiaceae
1016:Dulongiaceae
1005:
967:
959:(harvestmen)
957:Gonyleptidae
947:Aetalionidae
915:Augochlorini
864:
858:
842:
828:
825:Rock iguanas
809:coral snakes
797:
778:Loricariidae
741:
733:
727:
708:, including
669:
660:
652:hummingbirds
617:
602:
586:
568:
553:
533:
525:
513:
483:
457:
448:
407:
399:
364:ecoregions.
339:
318:cloud forest
312:
305:
299:
286:conservation
278:unclassified
253:urbanization
240:biodiversity
225:
198:
187:
181:and coastal
155:biogeography
152:
120:
118:
95:
89:October 2020
86:
71:Please help
59:
5780:Neotropical
5770:Indomalayan
5743:Terrestrial
5673:Coral reefs
5542:subtropical
5469:Terrestrial
4876:El Salvador
4696:El Salvador
4660:Puerto Rico
4468:Neotropical
4440:Saint Lucia
4144:Neotropical
4088:Neotropical
3872:Neotropical
3708:Neotropical
3562:Neotropical
3497:Humid Chaco
3368:Neotropical
3268:Neotropical
3145:El Salvador
3121:The Bahamas
3077:Neotropical
2952:Puerto Rico
2872:Saint Lucia
2696:El Salvador
2552:Neotropical
2504:Saint Lucia
2228:El Salvador
2140:Puerto Rico
1864:Saint Kitts
1456:El Salvador
1236:Neotropical
1072:Thurniaceae
1002:Tovariaceae
937:Megarididae
927:Mantoididae
899:butterflies
893:butterflies
887:butterflies
881:butterflies
879:Heliconiini
875:butterflies
873:Callicorini
819:Dactyloidae
792:Poeciliinae
722:chinchillas
714:guinea pigs
703:Caviomorpha
257:pastoralism
248:subsistence
5954:Categories
5887:Ecoregions
5882:Bioregions
5790:Palearctic
5698:Cold seeps
5658:Intertidal
5067:2024-06-26
4996:Costa Rica
4956:Costa Rica
4856:Costa Rica
4840:Costa Rica
4588:Costa Rica
4474:ecoregions
4436:Martinique
4324:Guadeloupe
4150:ecoregions
4094:ecoregions
4040:Costa Rica
3995:High Monte
3878:ecoregions
3787:Everglades
3714:ecoregions
3568:ecoregions
3374:ecoregions
3274:ecoregions
3083:ecoregions
2876:Montserrat
2868:Martinique
2719:Gran Chaco
2692:Costa Rica
2558:ecoregions
2500:Martinique
2316:Costa Rica
1856:Montserrat
1852:Guadeloupe
1784:Costa Rica
1764:Costa Rica
1568:Costa Rica
1528:Costa Rica
1436:Costa Rica
1242:ecoregions
1206:Amaranth (
1032:Goupiaceae
1007:Lissocarpa
986:Quiinaceae
909:Euglossini
891:Riodininae
851:Brassolini
821:("anoles")
807:New World
790:Subfamily
783:Subfamily
771:Characidae
698:solenodons
684:armadillos
603:Lama glama
589:) and the
548:See also:
538:eucalyptus
514:Nothofagus
478:See also:
423:, and the
316:and other
307:bioregions
149:Definition
5765:Holarctic
5755:Antarctic
5663:Mangroves
5509:Temperate
5398:NeoTropic
5392:Eco-Index
5198:232484243
5182:0036-8075
5044:Citations
5000:Nicaragua
4960:Nicaragua
4892:Guatemala
4880:Guatemala
4864:Nicaragua
4704:Nicaragua
4684:Venezuela
4604:Venezuela
4471:mangroves
4376:Venezuela
4364:Guatemala
4300:Venezuela
4288:Venezuela
4188:Venezuela
4076:Guatemala
4067:Zacatonal
4056:Argentina
4000:Argentina
3988:Venezuela
3936:Argentina
3916:Argentina
3860:Argentina
3848:Argentina
3816:Venezuela
3696:Argentina
3671:Argentina
3646:Argentina
3630:Argentina
3618:Argentina
3606:Argentina
3542:Argentina
3526:Venezuela
3502:Argentina
3490:Venezuela
3470:Argentina
3352:Argentina
3324:Argentina
3205:Nicaragua
3161:Nicaragua
3149:Guatemala
2904:Venezuela
2844:Venezuela
2748:Guatemala
2724:Argentina
2712:Nicaragua
2700:Guatemala
2596:Venezuela
2536:Guatemala
2440:Venezuela
2356:Venezuela
2280:Argentina
2232:Guatemala
2052:Venezuela
1996:Venezuela
1820:Venezuela
1768:Nicaragua
1704:Venezuela
1688:Venezuela
1660:Venezuela
1572:Nicaragua
1556:Venezuela
1540:Venezuela
1472:Nicaragua
1460:Guatemala
1440:Nicaragua
1424:Nicaragua
1396:Venezuela
1300:Argentina
1280:Argentina
1168:Lima bean
1133:chocolate
1087:Cannaceae
1068:Cannaceae
941:Phloeidae
933:Canopidae
885:Ithomiini
835:Preponini
785:Cichlinae
710:capybaras
676:anteaters
671:Xenarthra
640:ovenbirds
632:curassows
591:armadillo
560:marsupial
530:Araucaria
518:podocarps
368:Caribbean
255:, roads,
143:temperate
60:does not
5912:See also
5785:Oceanian
5775:Nearctic
5653:Littoral
5626:Mangrove
5616:Riparian
5190:33795451
5126:BBC News
4896:Honduras
4860:Honduras
4768:Colombia
4700:Honduras
4680:Suriname
4616:Colombia
4428:Dominica
4424:Barbados
4352:Colombia
4312:Anguilla
4284:Colombia
4231:Caatinga
4028:Colombia
4012:Colombia
3836:Paraguay
3823:Pantanal
3530:Colombia
3510:Paraguay
3444:Paraguay
3201:Honduras
3153:Honduras
3001:Colombia
2940:Colombia
2892:Colombia
2856:Anguilla
2732:Paraguay
2704:Honduras
2668:Colombia
2492:Dominica
2476:Colombia
2436:Colombia
2412:Suriname
2352:Suriname
2252:Colombia
2192:Colombia
2180:Colombia
2080:Suriname
2020:Colombia
1992:Colombia
1968:Colombia
1908:Colombia
1896:Colombia
1816:Colombia
1684:Suriname
1656:Suriname
1648:Colombia
1616:Colombia
1596:Colombia
1552:Colombia
1508:Colombia
1464:Honduras
1420:Colombia
1408:Colombia
1384:Colombia
1288:Paraguay
1177:Cotton (
1142:Zea mays
994:Bixaceae
903:Firetips
897:Eumaeini
855:Morphini
648:seriemas
636:antbirds
628:tinamous
620:tanagers
595:camelids
556:Gondwana
462:for the
425:Pantanal
410:Caatinga
336:Amazonia
136:Americas
129:tropical
5639:Aquatic
5621:Wetland
5162:Bibcode
5154:Science
4780:Ecuador
4716:Ecuador
4656:Jamaica
4620:Ecuador
4536:Bahamas
4432:Grenada
4272:Ecuador
4208:Curaçao
4204:Bonaire
4016:Ecuador
3972:Ecuador
3956:Bolivia
3940:Bolivia
3920:Bolivia
3828:Bolivia
3804:Ecuador
3634:Uruguay
3550:Uruguay
3514:Uruguay
3436:Bolivia
3431:Cerrado
3412:Bolivia
3037:Ecuador
2864:Grenada
2832:Jamaica
2792:Ecuador
2764:Bolivia
2736:Bolivia
2656:Bolivia
2620:Bahamas
2496:Grenada
2480:Ecuador
2296:Bolivia
2284:Bolivia
2024:Ecuador
1972:Ecuador
1880:Bolivia
1844:Antigua
1800:Jamaica
1744:Bolivia
1600:Ecuador
1512:Ecuador
1352:Bolivia
1187:Cassava
839:Anaeini
829:Cyclura
803:Caimans
776:Family
769:Family
706:rodents
644:toucans
614:Animals
544:History
528:), and
488:of the
464:Orinoco
454:Orinoco
417:Cerrado
354:Guianas
223:event.
134:of the
81:removed
66:sources
5811:Arctic
5799:Marine
5735:realms
5641:biomes
5595:Steppe
5485:Tundra
5471:biomes
5461:Biomes
5317:
5225:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5036:Mexico
5012:Mexico
4984:Brazil
4972:Brazil
4944:Mexico
4920:Mexico
4908:Brazil
4844:Panama
4828:Mexico
4816:Mexico
4804:Mexico
4792:Brazil
4744:Brazil
4732:Panama
4676:Guyana
4592:Panama
4576:Belize
4564:Belize
4552:Brazil
4524:Brazil
4512:Mexico
4456:Brazil
4412:Mexico
4388:Mexico
4236:Brazil
4072:Mexico
4044:Panama
3832:Brazil
3752:Mexico
3546:Brazil
3521:Llanos
3506:Brazil
3486:Guyana
3482:Brazil
3458:France
3440:Brazil
3424:Brazil
3253:Mexico
3241:Mexico
3229:Mexico
3217:Mexico
3157:Mexico
3133:Belize
3065:Mexico
3053:Mexico
3013:Mexico
2989:Mexico
2977:Mexico
2965:Mexico
2928:Panama
2820:Mexico
2768:Brazil
2752:Mexico
2728:Brazil
2708:Mexico
2644:Mexico
2632:Mexico
2608:Brazil
2540:Mexico
2532:Belize
2520:Brazil
2464:Mexico
2452:Mexico
2408:Guyana
2404:Brazil
2392:Brazil
2368:Brazil
2348:Guyana
2344:Brazil
2339:Tepuis
2332:Brazil
2320:Panama
2300:Brazil
2248:Brazil
2236:Mexico
2216:Mexico
2204:Brazil
2176:Brazil
2164:Brazil
2152:Brazil
2128:Mexico
2104:Brazil
2092:Brazil
2076:Guyana
2064:Mexico
2048:Guyana
2036:Mexico
2008:Brazil
1988:Brazil
1956:Brazil
1944:Brazil
1932:Brazil
1920:Brazil
1884:Brazil
1832:Brazil
1812:Brazil
1788:Panama
1772:Panama
1748:Brazil
1716:Brazil
1700:Brazil
1680:Guyana
1672:Brazil
1652:Guyana
1644:Brazil
1632:Brazil
1620:Panama
1516:Panama
1496:Mexico
1484:Mexico
1468:Mexico
1444:Panama
1380:Brazil
1368:Brazil
1340:Brazil
1328:Brazil
1316:Brazil
1304:Brazil
1284:Brazil
1216:Quinoa
1123:tree (
1111:Tomato
1101:Potato
1055:Nolana
964:Plants
939:, and
866:Morpho
860:Caligo
844:Agrias
762:Order
720:, and
718:hutias
696:, the
682:, and
680:sloths
668:Order
662:Mammal
646:, and
522:alerce
520:, the
322:forest
165:, the
145:zone.
5490:Taiga
5203:9 May
5194:S2CID
5132:9 May
4652:Haiti
4220:Chile
4200:Aruba
4132:Chile
4060:Chile
3924:Chile
3780:Haiti
3675:Chile
3650:Chile
3356:Chile
3340:Chile
3328:Chile
3312:Chile
3185:Haiti
2808:Haiti
1860:Nevis
1732:Haiti
1158:Guava
1138:Maize
1129:cocoa
1121:Cacao
656:wrens
624:rheas
599:llama
445:Andes
429:Chaco
396:Andes
205:flora
201:fauna
5648:Pond
5315:ISBN
5278:DjVu
5253:DjVu
5223:ISBN
5205:2021
5186:PMID
5178:ISSN
5134:2021
4932:Peru
4720:Peru
4644:Cuba
4400:Peru
4336:Saba
4260:Cuba
4224:Peru
3976:Peru
3960:Peru
3944:Peru
3764:Cuba
3173:Cuba
3041:Peru
2916:Peru
2780:Cuba
2424:Peru
2304:Peru
2256:Peru
2116:Peru
1976:Peru
1752:Peru
1604:Peru
1584:Cuba
1356:Peru
1131:and
1089:and
1074:and
949:and
917:bees
911:bees
863:and
853:and
837:and
756:fish
744:fish
500:and
492:and
427:and
360:and
340:The
300:The
280:and
259:and
119:The
64:any
62:cite
5604:Wet
5578:Dry
5412:doi
5274:PDF
5170:doi
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