449:(i.e. inferring from past experience about events in the future) was based solely on human habit and regularities to which our day-to-day existence has accustomed us. Goodman argued, however, that Hume overlooked the fact that some regularities establish habits (a given piece of copper conducting electricity increases the credibility of statements asserting that other pieces of copper conduct electricity) while some do not (the fact that a given man in a room is a third son does not increase the credibility of statements asserting that other men in this room are third sons).
598:, Quine had "urged that we abandon ad hoc devices distinguishing mathematics from science and just accept the resulting assimilation", putting the "key burden on the theories (networks of sentences) that we accept, not on the individual sentences whose significance can change dramatically depending on their theoretical context." In so doing, Tymoczko claimed,
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In 1967, at the
Harvard Graduate School of Education, he was the founding director of Harvard Project Zero, a basic research project in artistic cognition and artistic education. He remained the director for four years and served as an informal adviser for many years thereafter.
633:(1999) show that the calculus of individuals can be grounded in either a bit of set theory, or monadic predicates, schematically employed. Mereology is accordingly "ontologically neutral" and retains some of Quine's pragmatism (which Tymoczko in 1998 carefully qualified as
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732:(with David Perkins, Howard Gardner, and the assistance of Jeanne Bamberger et al.) Cambridge: Harvard University, Graduate School of Education: Project No. 9-0283, Grant No. OEG-0-9-310283-3721 (010), 1972.
499:, the apparently law-like statements "All emeralds are green" and "All emeralds are grue" are equally well confirmed by observation, but obviously "All emeralds are grue" is not a law-like statement.
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Goodman's example showed that the difficulty in determining what constitutes law-like statements is far greater than previously thought, and that once again we find ourselves facing the initial
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579:. Because of this and other failures of seemingly fruitful lines of research, Quine soon came to believe that such a reconstruction was impossible, but Goodman's Penn colleague
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708:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1955. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. 3rd. ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1983.
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625:. While the exposition in Goodman and Leonard invoked a bit of naive set theory, the variant of the calculus of individuals that grounds Goodman's 1951
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Gardner, H., and
Perkins, D. "The Mark of Zero: Project Zero's Identity Revealed." HGSE Alumni Bulletin, December 1994 39(1), 2–6.
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663:). Diss. Harvard U., 1941. Reprinted 1990, by Garland (New York), as part of its Harvard dissertations in Philosophy Series.
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789:). Indianapolis: Hackett; London: Routledge, 1988. Paperback Edition, London: Routledge, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1990.
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argued that the solution is to differentiate between hypotheses, which apply to all things of a certain class, and
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just in case they are green, but also to other things just in case they are blue and not examined before time
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statements, which apply to only one thing. Goodman's famous counterargument was to introduce the predicate
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is green, and so forth, each will confirm the hypothesis that all emeralds are green. However, emeralds
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The
Goodman–Leonard (1940) calculus of individuals is the starting point for the American variant of
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716:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1976. Based on his 1960–61
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700:. Harvard UP, 1951. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966. 3rd ed. Boston: Reidel, 1977.
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from 1964 to 1967, before being appointed
Professor of Philosophy at Harvard in 1968.
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at the
Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies from 1962 to 1963 and was a professor at
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2011:
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1096:"An International Bibliography of Works by and Selected Works about Nelson Goodman"
991:
Gardner, H., and
Perkins, D. "The Mark of Zero: Project Zero's Identity Revealed."
922:
Gardner, Howard (2000). "Project Zero: Nelson
Goodman's Legacy in Arts Education".
380:
365:
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179:
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A Philosophical
Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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Basic
Abilities Required for Understanding and Creation in the Arts: Final Report
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310:, the son of Sarah Elizabeth (née Woodbury) and Henry Lewis Goodman. He was of
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Nelson
Goodman Interview (1989) - Induction, Worldmaking, Symbols, & Art
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of the complete primary and selected secondary literatures, by John Lee.
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World Philosophers and Their Works: Freud, Sigmund – Oakeshott, Michael
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argued otherwise, writing a number of papers suggesting ways forward.
542:
considerations. After a long and difficult 1947 paper coauthored with
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975:(Summer 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
832:
Nelson Goodman: The Calculus of Individuals in its different versions
333:
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141:
646:"The Calculus of Individuals and Its Uses" (with Henry S. Leonard),
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to reconstruct it from logical axioms was proven futile in 1931 by
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1132:. Chesham: Acumen & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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Nominalism and Its Aftermath: The Philosophy of Nelson Goodman
337:
1900:
467:, which applies to all things examined before a certain time
1123:
Parts and Places: the structures of spatial representation
491:..etc. also confirm the hypothesis that all emeralds are
865:
John K. Roth, Christina J. Moose, Rowena Wildin (eds.),
783:
Reconceptions in Philosophy and other Arts and Sciences
2711:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
713:
Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols
344:, which he completed in 1941. His experience as an
2942:
Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
2937:
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
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2092:
2004:
1938:
1819:
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690:, 12 (1947): 105–122, Reprinted in Nelson Goodman,
270:(7 August 1906 – 25 November 1998) was an American
233:
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89:
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518:, is the founder of the contemporary variant of
596:New directions in the philosophy of mathematics
336:, Massachusetts, while studying for a Harvard
1916:
1268:
1128:Cohnitz, Daniel, and Rossberg, Marcus, 2003.
8:
3017:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
2641:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
538:. Goodman's nominalism was driven purely by
1054:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
925:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
242:, Goodman–Leonard calculus of individuals,
1923:
1909:
1901:
1275:
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1253:
967:Cohnitz, Daniel; Rossberg, Marcus (2022),
29:
18:
2897:20th-century American non-fiction writers
379:, 1946–1964, where his students included
1142:. Synthese Library, Vol. 343. Springer,
680:"Steps Toward a Constructive Nominalism"
676:(1946): Vol.43, No.14, pp. 383–385.
2997:American philosophers of social science
973:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
821:
352:, where he became better known than in
878:Daniel Cohnitz & Marcus Rossberg,
506:that "anything can confirm anything".
445:. He accepted Hume's observation that
2967:People from Somerville, Massachusetts
827:
825:
618:, an emphasis on method over result.
475:. If we examine emeralds before time
348:helps explain his later turn towards
7:
2987:American philosophers of mathematics
726:. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972.
328:(1928). During the 1930s, he ran an
1217:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1198:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1187:Cohnitz, Daniel; Rossberg, Marcus.
854:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
837:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
795:Complete International Bibliography
761:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1984.
3012:20th-century American male writers
3007:University of Pennsylvania faculty
2962:People from Needham, Massachusetts
2947:Jewish American military personnel
2902:20th-century American philosophers
1008:Cohnitz and Rossberg (2003), ch. 5
768:. Harvard University Press. 1984.
14:
2977:American philosophers of language
2917:American male non-fiction writers
1121:Casati, R., and Varzi, A., 1999.
2859:
16:American philosopher (1906–1998)
2907:20th-century American essayists
1018:Wertheimer, Roger (July 1972).
740:. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1978.
694:(Bobbs-Merrill, 1972): 173–198.
232:
2982:American philosophers of logic
1699:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1226:The Unity of Goodman's Thought
1:
2992:American philosophers of mind
2922:American philosophy academics
971:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
811:List of American philosophers
437:", so-called by analogy with
2972:American philosophers of art
2771:Aestheticization of politics
869:, Salem Press, 2000, p. 735.
1744:Internalism and externalism
705:Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
698:The Structure of Appearance
627:The Structure of Appearance
614:as effectively part of the
430:Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
314:origins. He graduated from
176:Other notable students
3038:
3022:20th-century American Jews
1158:Parts: A Study in Ontology
897:Harvard University Gazette
552:foundations of mathematics
433:, Goodman introduced the "
377:University of Pennsylvania
244:counterfactual conditional
2839:
1870:
1575:Evolutionary epistemology
1233:Nelson Goodman Remembered
1206:Giovannelli, Alessandro.
1138:Shottenkirk, Dena, 2009.
1048:Of Mind and Other Matters
759:Of Mind and Other Matters
688:Journal of Symbolic Logic
673:The Journal of Philosophy
649:Journal of Symbolic Logic
600:philosophy of mathematics
261:
100:
28:
2932:American epistemologists
1847:Philosophy of perception
1650:Representational realism
1620:Naturalized epistemology
1177:Papers on Nelson Goodman
882:, Routledge (2014), p. 6
510:Nominalism and mereology
274:, known for his work on
2912:American male essayists
2791:Evolutionary aesthetics
2741:The Aesthetic Dimension
1827:Outline of epistemology
1660:Transcendental idealism
668:A Query on Confirmation
435:new riddle of induction
240:New riddle of induction
109:20th-century philosophy
2721:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
2671:Lectures on Aesthetics
1774:Problem of other minds
1208:"Goodman's aesthetics"
1100:homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk
550:– discredited as sole
479:and find that emerald
228:philosophy of language
2927:Analytic philosophers
2866:Philosophy portal
1852:Philosophy of science
1832:Faith and rationality
1714:Descriptive knowledge
1585:Feminist epistemology
1525:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1160:. Oxford Univ. Press.
1060:(2). JSTOR: 209–211.
1022:Problems and Projects
850:Clarence Irving Lewis
848:Hunter, Bruce, 2016 "
724:Problems and Projects
692:Problems and Projects
612:mathematical practice
604:philosophy of science
581:Richard Milton Martin
565:Principia Mathematica
534:should dispense with
495:. Thus, before time
224:philosophy of science
2811:Philosophy of design
2691:In Praise of Shadows
2681:The Critic as Artist
1784:Procedural knowledge
1769:Problem of induction
993:HGSE Alumni Bulletin
657:A Study of Qualities
522:, which argues that
516:Stanislaw Lesniewski
514:Goodman, along with
443:problem of induction
423:Induction and "grue"
302:Goodman was born in
284:problem of induction
268:Henry Nelson Goodman
147:A Study of Qualities
42:Henry Nelson Goodman
2952:Jewish philosophers
2821:Philosophy of music
2796:Mathematical beauty
1862:Virtue epistemology
1857:Social epistemology
1837:Formal epistemology
1724:Epistemic injustice
1719:Exploratory thought
1520:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1229:by D Cohnitz, 2009.
806:American philosophy
737:Ways of Worldmaking
718:John Locke lectures
682:, co-authored with
641:Select bibliography
635:American Pragmatism
610:: the emphasis of
457:confirmation theory
447:inductive reasoning
401:Brandeis University
385:Sidney Morgenbesser
358:analytic philosophy
184:Sydney Morgenbesser
3002:Philosophy writers
2816:Philosophy of film
2806:Patterns in nature
2776:Applied aesthetics
2751:Why Beauty Matters
2537:Life imitating art
2398:Art for art's sake
1515:Timothy Williamson
1305:Augustine of Hippo
1050:by Nelson Goodman"
1042:Nehamas, Alexander
1024:by Nelson Goodman"
483:is green, emerald
418:Philosophical work
316:Harvard University
119:Western philosophy
94:Harvard University
2874:
2873:
2826:Psychology of art
2701:Art as Experience
1898:
1897:
1764:Privileged access
1400:Søren Kierkegaard
1148:978-1-4020-9930-4
995:, December 1994,
616:scientific method
606:were merged into
414:, Massachusetts.
375:He taught at the
364:, he served as a
265:
264:
166:Doctoral students
67:November 25, 1998
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1918:
1911:
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1842:Metaepistemology
1820:Related articles
1794:Regress argument
1729:Epistemic virtue
1480:Bertrand Russell
1455:Duncan Pritchard
1415:Hilary Kornblith
1330:Laurence BonJour
1277:
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1212:Zalta, Edward N.
1202:
1193:Zalta, Edward N.
1189:"Nelson Goodman"
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899:. Archived from
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779:
765:1984 pbk edition
608:quasi-empiricism
410:Goodman died in
252:languages of art
248:Goodman's method
170:Israel Scheffler
155:Doctoral advisor
70:
33:
19:
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2731:Critical Essays
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2295:Ortega y Gasset
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1734:Gettier problem
1664:
1595:Foundationalism
1541:
1490:Wilfrid Sellars
1445:Alvin Plantinga
1325:George Berkeley
1292:Epistemologists
1286:
1281:
1205:
1186:
1181:Catherine Elgin
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903:on 14 June 2013
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787:Catherine Elgin
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661:doctoral thesis
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588:Thomas Tymoczko
571:The program of
512:
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397:research fellow
325:magna cum laude
300:
298:Life and career
276:counterfactuals
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212:counterfactuals
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2651:On the Sublime
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573:David Hilbert
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393:Hilary Putnam
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235:Notable ideas
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192:Hilary Putnam
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188:Stephen Stich
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2542:Magnificence
2524:
2374:
2340:Schopenhauer
2204:
2175:Coomaraswamy
2093:Philosophers
2081:
2012:Aestheticism
1808:
1709:Common sense
1687:A posteriori
1686:
1678:
1640:Reductionism
1534:
1485:Gilbert Ryle
1369:
1355:Fred Dretske
1340:Keith DeRose
1284:Epistemology
1224:
1215:
1196:
1171:Bibliography
1157:
1139:
1129:
1125:. MIT Press.
1122:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
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977:, retrieved
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905:. Retrieved
901:the original
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554:as of 1913 (
513:
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496:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
451:
428:
427:In his book
426:
409:
405:
381:Noam Chomsky
374:
366:psychologist
362:World War II
323:
301:
267:
266:
180:Noam Chomsky
149: (1941)
146:
69:(1998-11-25)
2957:Ontologists
2892:1998 deaths
2887:1906 births
2635:(c. 335 BC)
2625:(c. 390 BC)
2604:Work of art
2557:Picturesque
2413:Avant-garde
2370:Winckelmann
2245:Kierkegaard
2170:Collingwood
2140:Baudrillard
2067:Romanticism
2037:Historicism
1971:Mathematics
1789:Proposition
1759:Objectivity
1645:Reliabilism
1635:Rationalism
1580:Fallibilism
1555:Coherentism
1500:Ernest Sosa
1475:Thomas Reid
1460:James Pryor
1430:G. E. Moore
1420:David Lewis
1410:Saul Kripke
1405:Peter Klein
1385:Susan Haack
1315:Robert Audi
1046:"Review of
1020:"Review of
540:ontological
532:mathematics
395:. He was a
330:art gallery
272:philosopher
160:C. I. Lewis
96:(PhD, 1941)
2881:Categories
2574:Recreation
2552:Perception
2445:Creativity
2145:Baumgarten
2135:Baudelaire
2017:Classicism
1932:Aesthetics
1890:Discussion
1880:Task Force
1799:Simplicity
1779:Perception
1655:Skepticism
1630:Positivism
1605:Infinitism
1570:Empiricism
1425:John Locke
1390:David Hume
1380:Anil Gupta
1375:Paul Grice
1350:John Dewey
1320:A. J. Ayer
1116:References
1105:2019-09-17
1028:Commentary
979:2023-06-05
907:18 January
754:0915144514
748:Paperback
746:0915144522
548:set theory
536:set theory
524:philosophy
520:nominalism
350:aesthetics
346:art dealer
342:philosophy
304:Somerville
292:aesthetics
220:aesthetics
135:Nominalism
49:Somerville
2579:Reverence
2485:Eroticism
2455:Depiction
2428:Masculine
2330:Santayana
2290:Nietzsche
2235:Hutcheson
2225:Heidegger
2210:Greenberg
2165:Coleridge
2130:Balthasar
2115:Aristotle
2077:Theosophy
2072:Symbolism
2047:Modernism
2032:Formalism
1754:Knowledge
1739:Induction
1689:knowledge
1681:knowledge
1074:0021-8529
999:(1), 2–6.
946:0021-8529
852:" in The
623:mereology
592:afterword
560:Whitehead
360:. During
288:irrealism
280:mereology
256:irrealism
216:mereology
208:induction
90:Education
2854:Category
2786:Axiology
2655:(c. 500)
2645:(c. 100)
2520:Judgment
2475:Emotions
2470:Elegance
2450:Cuteness
2423:Feminine
2386:Concepts
2355:Tanizaki
2335:Schiller
2320:Richards
2310:Rancière
2280:Maritain
2215:Hanslick
2155:Benjamin
2027:Feminism
1996:Theology
1976:Medieval
1966:Japanese
1961:Internet
1875:Category
1694:Analysis
1679:A priori
1670:Concepts
1610:Innatism
1547:Theories
1156:, 1987.
1044:(1984).
800:See also
793:Source:
489:a, b, c,
461:evidence
131:Analytic
2849:Outline
2764:Related
2631:Poetics
2599:Tragedy
2589:Sublime
2562:Quality
2547:Mimesis
2505:Harmony
2490:Fashion
2465:Ecstasy
2460:Disgust
2376:more...
2345:Scruton
2270:Lyotard
2205:Goodman
2185:Deleuze
2120:Aquinas
2110:Alberti
2083:more...
2062:Realism
2042:Marxism
2022:Fascism
2005:Schools
1991:Science
1946:Ancient
1810:more...
1590:Fideism
1536:more...
1247:YouTube
1214:(ed.).
1195:(ed.).
556:Russell
504:dilemma
412:Needham
370:US Army
368:in the
75:Needham
2755:(2009)
2745:(1977)
2735:(1946)
2725:(1939)
2715:(1935)
2705:(1934)
2695:(1933)
2685:(1891)
2675:(1835)
2665:(1757)
2532:Kitsch
2510:Humour
2440:Comedy
2418:Beauty
2360:Vasari
2350:Tagore
2325:Ruskin
2265:Lukács
2255:Langer
2200:Goethe
2125:Balázs
2105:Adorno
1986:Nature
1951:Africa
1704:Belief
1600:Holism
1239:, 1999
1146:
1082:429995
1080:
1072:
954:432107
952:
944:
785:(with
772:
752:
744:
530:, and
453:Hempel
391:, and
334:Boston
312:Jewish
290:, and
282:, the
142:Thesis
126:School
115:Region
2844:Index
2613:Works
2594:Taste
2584:Style
2365:Wilde
2305:Plato
2300:Pater
2260:Lipps
2220:Hegel
2190:Dewey
2180:Danto
2160:Burke
1981:Music
1956:India
1939:Areas
1885:Stubs
1804:Truth
1450:Plato
1210:. In
1191:. In
1078:JSTOR
950:JSTOR
817:Notes
631:Varzi
577:Gödel
562:, in
528:logic
354:logic
204:Logic
2568:Rasa
2526:Kama
2500:Gaze
2435:Camp
2315:Rand
2250:Klee
2240:Kant
2230:Hume
2150:Bell
1144:ISBN
1070:ISSN
942:ISSN
909:2014
770:ISBN
750:ISBN
742:ISBN
602:and
558:and
493:grue
465:grue
439:Hume
356:and
83:U.S.
64:Died
57:U.S.
38:Born
2495:Fun
2275:Man
2195:Fry
1245:on
1235:by
1179:by
1062:doi
934:doi
670:",
637:).
594:in
590:'s
568:).
455:'s
340:in
338:PhD
332:in
105:Era
2883::
2723:"
2713:"
2683:"
1098:.
1076:.
1068:.
1058:43
1056:.
1052:.
1026:.
997:39
948:.
940:.
930:58
928:.
895:.
834:–
824:^
686:,
526:,
387:,
383:,
372:.
322:,
320:AB
318:,
306:,
294:.
286:,
278:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
81:,
77:,
55:,
51:,
2719:"
2709:"
2679:"
1924:e
1917:t
1910:v
1276:e
1269:t
1262:v
1249:.
1220:.
1201:.
1183:.
1150:.
1108:.
1084:.
1064::
1030:.
956:.
936::
911:.
856:.
778:.
720:.
666:"
659:(
651:5
497:t
485:b
481:a
477:t
473:t
469:t
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