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507:-pillar on the foot board of the trough. The central vertical lid inscription addresses the goddess Nut, asking for eternal life and to not die a second death. The left and right vertical columns ask to be able to go out to see the sun and to join the gods Osiris and Sokar and receive offerings. The rest of the inscriptions follow a similar theme, asking for offerings and freedom of movement to see the gods. One text asks specifically to attend a festival of the god
528:
1990:
495:. Nesyamun's name and titles were not added into blanks in a pre-made coffin but written all in one, probably by a single person based on the consistent handwriting. The decorative scheme is divided into "eastern" and "western" themes between the left and right sides on the lid and trough with the depiction of paired day and night forms of gods.
400:. The bomb blast destroyed the red leather ornament found within his wrappings, broke his mummy cover into pieces and covered his body in debris but the coffin trough and lid sustained only minor damage. The two other mummies held by the museum were destroyed in the blast. In the late 1960s Nesyamun was moved to the new museum building.
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that all the hair on his head, including his eyebrows, was closely shaved. His mouth is slightly open and his tongue sticks out over his teeth. The brain was removed through the right nostril. His organs were removed through an incision on his left side, and the dried and wrapped organ packets were placed within the body cavity.
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had wear between his teeth, resulting in his front teeth becoming peg-like in shape. The suggested causes are consumption of acidic fruit or over-zealous and regular cleaning of his teeth with a frayed stick. Despite this, he had gum disease, which had signs of infection, but no cavities suggesting a low-sugar diet.
86:
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in 1931–32 and again in 1964. In 1989 he was re-examined as part of the
Manchester Mummy Project. The back of the skull was found to have been removed in 1824 by Osburn's investigation. His teeth were worn, as is expected for an ancient Egyptian of his age, and he had lost some of his molars. He also
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can cause swelling in the legs and groin but it could not be determined if
Nesyamun had it due to the skin and tissue shrinkage caused by mummification. The major part of his abdominal wall was removed during Osburn's investigation. The organ packages mentioned and examined in 1824 were not returned
383:
by Thomas
Pridgen Teale was "one of the earliest scientific examinations to be undertaken on an Egyptian mummy". The report was multidisciplinary, noting how the body was unwrapped and autopsied, the features of the mummy, with notes made on the wrappings and artefacts within them, and described and
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of
Ramesses XI. One piece was shaped like a bunch of lotuses, and the whole functioned perhaps an emblem of his position. The bandaging was made from recycled clothing, showing evidence of seams and repairs, and an entire tunic was used as padding on the front of the body and another garment padded
518:
The coffin is generally in good condition. A crack runs down the body on the proper right side and modern repairs are evident on the lid at the feet, right shoulder, and left edge, which obscures the text. The mummy cover was badly damaged in a bomb blast in 1941. It was originally white but is now
617:
Nesyamun was 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) tall in life and died in middle age, between 40 and 50 years old. His cause of death is unknown but his protruding tongue is unusual. The mouth was usually closed after death and before mummification. This has led to the suggestion that
Nesyamun
589:
He had a narrowed intervertebral disc and associated osteophytes between the 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae which would have caused pain. His arms were extended with the hands placed over the front of his thighs, although his hands were removed by Osburn in 1824. Based on his manicured and hennaed
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and cassia". The body cavity, mouth and skull filled were with the same substance. The mummy was found to be well preserved, with the skin being described by Osburn as a "grey colour, soft and greasy to the touch". The team observed that the impression of bandages could be seen across the face and
514:
The mummy cover depicts
Nesyamun wrapped in white fabric like a mummy. It again has the likeness of the deceased, wearing a wig and floral headband. Across his chest is a broad collar and winged scarab. Below is a barque carrying a solar scarab flanked by Isis and Nephthys. Again, Nut is depicted
626:
In 2020, Nesyamun's vocal tract was 3D printed using data from a 2016 CT scan. This model, which replicates his mummified mouth and throat, was used to produce a simulated vowel sound to represent how the priest's voice may sound in his current state. Egyptologists have questioned the ethics and
453:
plaster. The background colour is yellow and the texts and scenes are executed in bright colours. The coffin is mummiform in shape and depicts
Nesyamun wearing a large wig encircled with a floral fillet and topped with lotus flowers. He had a short beard on his chin which is depicted in the 1828
548:
fabric, "nowhere less than forty thicknesses". The outermost layer was a shroud of fine white fabric. Below this was between five and six layers of wide resin-treated bandages and beneath these were further layers of the same wide bandaging. Enclosed within these were two floral garlands. They
328:
Nothing is known of his family and no mention is made of them in the inscriptions on his coffin. According to the 1854 museum guidebook, inscriptions from his tomb mentioned that
Nesyamun married the daughter of Amenemtephis who held one of the highest positions at the
486:
The lid is divided with central and horizontal bands of text mimicking the placement of the wide bands seen on mummy wrappings. The space between the inscriptions is filled with scenes of
Nesyamun presenting offerings to various funerary gods including Ra-Horakhty,
433:
Since 2002, the Leeds Museum has been documenting and researching both the decoration upon the coffin, and the coffin itself. This has led to a greater understanding of the nature of the roles that
Nesyamun, as a priest at the temple of Karnak, would have played.
265:, although his mummy cover sustained major damage. From the 1930s onward he has undergone various forms of testing which has revealed his general state of health and that he died aged between 50 and 60 years. In 2020, his mummified vocal tract was modelled using
309:, the Theban war god, as "god's father of Montu" and "scribe of the temple of Montu." He also had roles within the wider temple complex as "scribe who lays out offerings for all the gods of Upper and Lower Egypt", and "scribe who keeps tally of the cattle of
392:, who stated that the coffins dated to the reign of Amenhotep III but were reused for a later mummy of the reign of Ramesses XII. In the 1930s he was moved and redisplayed in a new case. Nesyamun was the only mummy without significant damage after the
590:
nails, he did not engage in much physical labour. His lumbar spine is disarticulated due to modern damage. His left hip has dislocated post mortem but has evidence of osteoarthritis. His feet are normal but are slightly misshapen by tight bandaging.
618:
died a violent death such as by strangulation, but the hyoid bone in his throat is intact and this is usually damaged in cases of strangulation. Instead, he may have died when his tongue swelled, possibly caused by disease or an allergic reaction.
387:
He was placed on display on the first floor of the museum and is mentioned in the 1854 guidebook under the name "Ensa-Amoun". From the 1860s he was displayed in the vestibule. In the 1890s, the coffin and mummy were examined by the Egyptologist
549:
consisted of nine strings each of red berries with lotus petals, and lotus petals and flowers respectively. In the wrappings over his face and on his head was found a brittle red leather ornament decorated with figures of gods and the dual
543:
Nesyamun's wrapped mummy was first examined in 1824 by William Osburn, E. S. George, Thomas Pridgen Teale, F.R.S, and R. Hey, members of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. They found the body to be wrapped in many layers of
458:
with a central scarab. His arms are crossed over his chest and he wears bracelets at the wrists and elbows. His hands are fisted, as is typical for male coffins of this era. The hands presumably held amulets, likely
515:
kneeling below, spreading her wings protectively. Its inscriptions are similar to those on the coffin, with two columns of vertical hieroglyphs invoking the goddess Nut with the same text as the coffin lid.
1834:
Matić, Uroš (June 2021). "Talk like an Egyptian? Epistemological problems with the synthesis of a vocal sound from the mummified remains of Nesyamun and racial designations in mummy studies".
231:" and "scribe of Montu", and was responsible for presenting the daily food offerings to the gods and tallying the cattle of the Karnak temple estates. Nothing is known about his family.
333:". Nesyamun's son succeeded his grandfather Amenemtephis in this role. Nesyamun died around 1100 BC and was buried in the cemetery of priests and priestesses of Amun in the causeway of
627:
value of the project, with Christina Riggs commenting via Twitter that the desecration of mummies is "alive and well" and that "only the rationalisations and tech" have changed.
257:, England. In 1824 his coffin and mummy was the subject of one of the earliest scientific investigations of an Egyptian mummy. His remains are now held in the collection of the
422:
to undertake a new scientific study of Nesyamun (then known as "Natsef-Amun"). The multi-disciplinary team, established in 1973, used a variety of techniques including X-rays,
1508:
1510:
Mummies around the World: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion, and Popular Culture: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion, and Popular Culture
261:. Study of his coffin and mummy cover found them to be of high quality. Nesyamun was the only one of the museum's mummies to remain intact following the 1941
2020:
1906:
Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings I: The Theban Necropolis Part 2: Royal Tombs and Smaller Cemeteries
1529:
379:
Nesyamun's coffin was opened in late 1824 and his mummy was investigated by members of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Published in 1828, the
511:, with "onions at my neck the day of going round the walls". The underside of coffin base is undecorated, as is the interior, which is painted black.
369:
368:
from another man who had purchased and transported the mummy to England. In 1824 he was bought for the final time by the banker John Blayds for the
250:
557:
When the body was revealed, it was covered with a 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick layer of incense which Osburn noted "still retains the faint smell of
445:
Nesyamun's preserved body was entombed in a high quality wooden coffin inscribed with hieroglyphs. It is likely constructed of multiple pieces of
90:
An artist's rendering of how the coffin lid of Nesyamun might have originally looked. The effect is intended to recall the illustrations made by
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are depicted individually at their respective head and foot ends of the coffin, and both appear on the top of the feet and adoring a
2010:
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attempted a translation and explanation of the hieroglyphic texts and scenes on the coffin. His name was written as "Natsif-Amon".
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but are no longer present. Below the arms is a solar barque in which Amun-Re rides, and immediately below is the kneeling goddess
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to the body cavity so they could not be examined and further evidence of disease is unknown. He had hardening of the arteries (
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1863:
Miller, Judith; Asher-McDade, Catherine (1992). "The Dental Examination of Natsef-Amun". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
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David identifies the inner cover as the surviving lid of an inner coffin while Wassell sees it as a mummy cover or board.
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1772:
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1942:
Tapp, E.; Wildsmith, K. (1992). "The Autopsy and Endoscopy of the Leeds Mummy". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
1603:"Natsef-Amun, keeper of the bulls: a comparative study of the paleopathology and archaeology of an Egyptian mummy"
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The Mummy's Tale : the scientific and medical investigation of Natsef-Amun, priest in the temple at Karnak
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data, allowing it to produce a single sound; the study attracted criticism for its ethics and research value.
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The Manchester Museum Mummy Project : multidisciplinary research on ancient Egyptian mummified remains
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during his excavations of the Deir el-Bahari causeway. He was then sent, with another mummy, from Egypt to
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The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
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The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
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The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
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The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
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The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
1562:
The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
1559:
David, A. R. (1992a). "The Discovery and 1828 Autopsy of Natsef-Amun". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
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The Mummy's Tale: The Scientific and Medical Investigation of Natsef-Amun, Priest in the Temple at Karnak
1887:
An Account of an Egyptian Mummy, Presented to the Museum of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society
1750:
Isherwood, Ian; Hart, C. W. (1992). "The Radiological Investigation". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
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Howard, D. M.; Schofield, J.; Fletcher, J.; Baxter, K.; Iball, G. R.; Buckley, S. A. (23 January 2020).
1994:
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Brears, P. C. D. (1992). "The Dental Examination of Natsef-Amun". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
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was also carried out; the bust produced depicts him as he may have looked at the time of his death.
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372:'s museum. Nesyamun was their second mummy, as the mummy of "Pethor", excavated at Thebes by
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Journal of Biological Research – Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale
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David, A. R. (1992b). "Natsef-Amun's Life as a Priest". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
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the space between the legs. Some of the textiles may also have derived from temple linen.
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614:) in the large arteries of his groin, a disease that can cause heart attacks or strokes.
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Haigh, T.; Flaherty, T. A. (1992). "Blood Grouping". In David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (eds.).
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325:-priest. His titles indicate that he was a senior member of the temple administration.
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1693:"Synthesis of a Vocal Sound from the 3,000 year old Mummy, Nesyamun 'True of Voice'"
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In 1990, the director of Leeds City Museum invited the Manchester Mummy Team led by
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The coffined body of Nesyamun was rediscovered in 1822 or 1823 by Italian trader
249:. He was shipped to Europe and sold several times before being purchased for the
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which can be caused by conditions such as diabetes and vitamin deficiency.
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1948:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 132–153.
1869:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 112–120.
1756:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 100–111.
1676:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 154–161.
1492:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 112–120.
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1586:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 65–79.
1565:(1993 US ed.). New York : St. Martin's Press. pp. 55–64.
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Examination of his eyes found degradation of the nerves suggestive of
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In 2008, the mummy was moved to a new home at the Leeds City Museum.
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in 1823. Nesyamun was bought in 1823 in London by antiquities dealer
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234:
His body was discovered in the early 1820s during excavations of the
224:
1965:
The Coffin of Nesyamun, the "Leeds mummy" : (LEEDM. D.1960.426)
85:
1816:"The dead speak! Scientists re-create voice of 3000-year-old mummy"
647:-priest while Belinda Wassell translates it as the epithet "pure".
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temple complex and held various titles including "god's father of
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Tissue samples from his groin revealed an infection of parasitic
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BC. He was a senior member of the temple administration in the
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publication but has since broken off. Across his chest is a
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1796:"Listen to the sound of a 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy"
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bombing of 15 March 1941 destroyed the front half of
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Nesyamun (meaning "the one belonging to Amun") was a
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1967:. Leeds: Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
643:Rosalie David translates it as the junior position
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115:
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55:
1909:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press
1648:(1993 US ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
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321:". He was also an incense-bearer and possibly a
305:. His most senior titles related to the cult of
1903:Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. B. (1964).
1779:. Oxford University Press. pp. 328–352.
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1537:. Manchester, England: Manchester Museum.
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1777:The Oxford Handbook of Museum Archaeology
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519:painted black, possibly to hide damage.
376:in 1822, was obtained in February 1823.
370:Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society
251:Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society
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77:Scribe who keeps tally of the cattle
2021:Leeds Museums and Galleries Project
586:testing found he had O-type blood.
1814:Malsbury, Erin (23 January 2020).
1773:"Listening to Archaeology Museums"
14:
1922:Sheerin, Joseph (22 April 2019).
1794:Lewis, Sophie (23 January 2020).
1988:
1890:. Leeds: Robinson & Hernaman
1642:David, A. R.; Tapp, E. (1992).
1528:David, A. Rosalie, ed. (1979).
301:, when Thebes was ruled by the
1513:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 327–328.
1410:Miller & Asher-McDade 1992
1326:Miller & Asher-McDade 1992
1314:Miller & Asher-McDade 1992
601:. This condition, also called
428:Forensic facial reconstruction
408:Forensic facial reconstruction
1:
1775:. In Stevenson, Alice (ed.).
597:worms that cause the disease
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73:Scribe who lays out offerings
69:Scribe of the temple of Montu
2016:Tourist attractions in Leeds
213:priest who lived during the
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1717:10.1038/s41598-019-56316-y
1601:David, A. Rosalie (2005).
1507:Cardin, Matt, ed. (2015).
1963:Wassell, Belinda (2008).
1848:10.1017/S1380203821000076
1771:Kannenberg, John (2022).
1398:Tapp & Wildsmith 1992
1386:Tapp & Wildsmith 1992
1374:Tapp & Wildsmith 1992
1362:Isherwood & Hart 1992
1350:Haigh & Flaherty 1992
1338:Tapp & Wildsmith 1992
1302:Isherwood & Hart 1992
483:with outstretched wings.
83:
62:
2011:Ancient Egyptian mummies
1884:Osburn, William (1828).
1836:Archaeological Dialogues
531:Nesyamun's mummy at the
449:wood smoothed over with
16:Ancient Egyptian priest
1619:10.4081/jbr.2005.10177
677:Porter & Moss 1964
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415:
297:. He lived during the
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65:God's father of Montu
1997:at Wikimedia Commons
1400:, pp. 148, 153.
1074:, pp. 7, 29–32.
622:Voice reconstruction
603:lymphatic filariasis
351:Giuseppe Passalacqua
240:Giuseppe Passalacqua
97:Description of Egypt
94:'s surveyors in the
1709:2020NatSR..1045000H
1412:, pp. 116–117.
1328:, pp. 118–120.
967:, pp. 176–178.
580:peripheral neuritis
570:Nesymaun was first
539:Initial examination
337:'s mortuary temple
303:High Priest of Amun
285:working within the
35: /
1697:Scientific Reports
1434:Howard et al. 2020
566:Later examinations
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493:four sons of Horus
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1993:Media related to
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1955:978-0-312-09061-6
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1520:978-1-61069-420-9
1499:978-0-312-09061-6
914:, pp. 90–91.
860:, pp. 84–85.
848:, pp. 81–82.
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812:, pp. 58–59.
533:Leeds City Museum
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19:
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1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1911:. Retrieved
1905:
1892:. Retrieved
1886:
1865:
1842:(1): 37–49.
1839:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1776:
1752:
1703:(1): 45000.
1700:
1696:
1672:
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1548:. Retrieved
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1357:
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1321:
1309:
1282:
1260:, p. 8.
1253:
1248:, p. 7.
1233:, p. 6.
1226:
1221:, p. 9.
1219:Wassell 2008
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1149:, p. 3.
1132:Wassell 2008
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1120:Wassell 2008
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1108:Wassell 2008
1103:
1096:Wassell 2008
1091:
1084:Wassell 2008
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1072:Wassell 2008
1067:
1060:Wassell 2008
1047:, p. 7.
1045:Wassell 2008
1040:
1035:, p. 6.
1033:Wassell 2008
1001:, p. 5.
999:Wassell 2008
986:, p. 8.
984:Wassell 2008
960:
948:
924:Sheerin 2019
919:
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853:
841:
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793:
781:
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747:Wassell 2008
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718:Wassell 2008
696:
691:, p. 4.
689:Wassell 2008
684:
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592:
588:
577:
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456:broad collar
447:sycomore fig
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238:causeway by
233:
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198:
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110:20th Dynasty
95:
76:
72:
68:
64:
20:
18:
1661:13 December
1550:14 December
1287:Brears 1992
1275:David 1992a
1258:Osburn 1828
1246:Osburn 1828
1231:Osburn 1828
1207:Osburn 1828
1195:David 1992a
1183:Osburn 1828
1171:David 1992a
1159:Osburn 1828
1147:Osburn 1828
1018:David 1992a
912:Brears 1992
897:Brears 1992
885:Osburn 1828
873:David 1992a
858:Brears 1992
846:Brears 1992
834:Brears 1992
822:Brears 1992
810:David 1992a
798:David 1992a
786:Cardin 2015
774:David 1992b
762:Brears 1992
735:David 1992b
701:David 1992b
595:Filarioidea
394:Leeds Blitz
381:post-mortem
354: [
289:complex of
263:Leeds Blitz
243: [
221: 1100
203:Natsef-Amun
179:hieroglyphs
120:Ramesses XI
42: /
2005:Categories
1933:16 January
1928:Leeds-List
1825:9 February
1805:9 February
1480:References
1458:Matić 2021
1446:Lewis 2020
1422:David 2005
965:David 2005
953:David 1979
941:David 2005
599:filariasis
551:cartouches
491:, and the
398:the museum
374:Henry Salt
335:Hatshepsut
27:53°48′04″N
1856:234364919
1725:2045-2322
1635:239525800
1627:2284-0230
664:Citations
331:Memnonium
209:, was an
30:1°32′53″W
1995:Nesyamun
1743:31974412
584:Serology
559:cinnamon
501:Nephthys
477:-pillars
424:CT scans
199:Nesyamun
175:Nesyamun
92:Napoleon
57:Nesyamun
1820:Science
1734:6978302
1705:Bibcode
572:X-rayed
362:Trieste
267:CT scan
129:Likely
116:Pharaoh
106:Dynasty
1971:
1952:
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489:Osiris
470:-knots
451:gypsum
319:Khonsu
317:, and
295:Thebes
291:Karnak
283:scribe
279:priest
225:Karnak
126:Burial
1913:5 May
1894:9 May
1852:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1613:(1).
1535:(PDF)
631:Notes
546:linen
523:Mummy
509:Sokar
472:, or
462:ankhs
358:]
307:Montu
255:Leeds
247:]
229:Montu
1969:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1935:2020
1915:2023
1896:2023
1871:ISBN
1827:2021
1807:2021
1781:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1739:PMID
1721:ISSN
1678:ISBN
1663:2022
1650:ISBN
1623:ISSN
1588:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1552:2022
1539:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1494:ISBN
505:djed
499:and
497:Isis
475:djed
468:tyet
311:Amun
281:and
273:Life
1844:doi
1729:PMC
1713:doi
1615:doi
645:wab
605:or
481:Nut
323:wab
315:Mut
293:in
205:or
177:in
2007::
1926:.
1850:.
1840:28
1838:.
1818:.
1798:.
1737:.
1727:.
1719:.
1711:.
1701:10
1699:.
1695:.
1629:.
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1611:80
1609:.
1605:.
1294:^
1265:^
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725:^
708:^
465:,
356:fr
341:.
313:,
245:fr
218:c.
1977:.
1958:.
1937:.
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955:.
926:.
414:)
329:"
100:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.