826:), was dispatched as commissioner to Taiwan. After an investigation, he reported that both commanders confessed to sending fabricated reports of defending against a naval attack. In April 1843, they were recalled to Peking. After being interrogated, they were imprisoned but released by the emperor on 18 October, having served only 12 days in prison. Later that year, Yao Ying claimed that his actions were done to boost the declining morale of Qing officials and troops. On 16 December, Dahonga was assigned to a post at
37:
738:
697:, Stroyan and his crew were well-treated, though because they knew the fate of many other wreck victims, all lived in constant fear of their lives. It is possible, depending on the credibility of contemporary newspaper reports, that Chinese authorities in Taiwan largely spared European survivors, instead focusing their executions on Indian prisoners. The contemporary reports of the rescue of the
769:, he ordered: "after acquiring their confessions, only the leaders of the rebellious barbarians should be imprisoned. The remaining rebellious barbarians and the 130-odd that were captured last year shall all be immediately executed in order to release our anger and enliven our hearts." On 10 August, the captives were taken two or three miles outside the city walls to a
785:—were placed at small distances from each other on their knees, their feet in irons and hands manacled behind their backs, thus waiting for the executioners, who went round, and with a kind of two-handed sword cut off their heads without being laid on a block. Afterwards their bodies were all thrown into one grave, and their heads stuck up in cages on the seashore.
807:
ordered the execution, but that it was due to the
Chinese authorities in Taiwan falsely reporting that they were a hostile group who attacked the island despite the vessels not being warships and the captured crew not being military personnel. The potential repercussions concerned the Qing government, who had just concluded peace negotiations with Britain in the
853:
if he remembered the beheadings. He responded in the affirmative and claimed that on the same day, a heavy thunderstorm formed and lasted for three days, drowning an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 people: "I remember that day well, and a black day it was for
Formosa... that was a judgment from Heaven for
555:
from the
Keelung fort while defending it against a naval attack on 30 September, killing 32 enemies and capturing 133. In response, the emperor sent rewards to both officials. However, the battle never occurred and the people they claimed to have killed or captured were the shipwrecked survivors of
789:
87 other prisoners died from ill-treatment while in captivity. Merchant Robert Gully and
Captain Frank Denham wrote a journal while they were imprisoned. Gully was executed while Denham survived. On 25 October, one of the freed survivors, Mr. Newman, received a "leaf" of Gully's log from a Chinese
515:
bay for five days, during the remaining crew prepared rafts. In attempting to land, some drowned in the surf, others were killed by local scavengers on the shore and the rest were captured by
Chinese authorities who separated them into small parties and marched them to the prefectural capital of
806:
condemned China's massacre of non-combatants and demanded that the officials responsible for them be degraded, punished and their property confiscated with the amount paid to the
British government for compensation to the families of those executed. He stated that he obtained proof the emperor
661:
had ordered him to inquire about the survivors of both ships "under a Flag of Truce". By that time, the
British were aware that the captives had already been executed by the Chinese. Nevill brought a letter from Chads addressed to the governor of Taiwan, requesting the release of any remaining
790:
soldier who said it was obtained from Gully's shirt, which was stripped off him at the hour of execution. It contained his last known diary entry, dated 10 August. The journals of Gully and Denham were published in London in 1844. In 1876, a memoir by Dan
Patridge, a survivor of the
520:
Only around 150 Indians are thought to have made it on shore. Meanwhile, those in the row boat proceeded along the eastern coast of Taiwan. After being adrift for several days, they were discovered by the
British merchant
1155:
Chang Hsüan Wên (2006). "Truth and
Fabrication: A Research into the Execution of Captives during the Opium War". Master Thesis. Institute of History, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. p. 136. (Chinese publication
605:
in an attempt to set out to sea, but a gale disrupted the plan, and it was soon captured by the Chinese. Dahonga and Yao Ying again sent a disingenuous report, claiming that Chinese fishing vessels had destroyed
620:, one escaped, eight were set free and sent to Amoy and one, a Chinese man, was retained as an interpreter. Of the eight prisoners set free, six were European or American, one was Indian and the other Chinese.
662:
survivors, but reported that his reception was uncourteous and Chads' letter was not accepted by Chinese officials. The British were told that the remaining survivors of the two ships were being sent to
1519:
589:. It had 57 crewmembers consisting of 34 Indians, 14 Europeans and Americans, five Chinese and four Portuguese or Malaysians. Most were lascars. Strong winds drifted the ship on shore and the
196:
445:'s benign rule over it, a single British warship and less than 1,500 troops could successfully occupy eastern Taiwan and develop trade routes with the outside world. During the
643:, Captain Joseph Pearse, ordered the bombardment of the harbour, destroying 27 cannon before returning to Hong Kong. On 8 October 1842, Commander William Nevill of
610:
in self-defence. Only nine survivors were spared in the executions in August 1842. In 1843, a list of the names of the 57 crewmen and their fate was published in
843:
1534:
499:
the ship, which drifted towards the northern coast of Taiwan and struck a reef. All 29 Europeans, accompanied by three Indians and the two Filipinos, left
888:
In Chinese documents, 139 captives (3 red, 10 white, and 126 black foreigners) were executed in Tainan as reported in Yao Ying's memorial to the emperor.
438:
189:
1539:
1529:
437:
to establish control over Taiwan and grant them a trade monopoly there. In 1840, British national William Huttmann wrote to Foreign Secretary
1524:
1443:
1388:
1364:
849:
In 1867, 25 years after the executions, an interview was published in which British physician William Maxwell asked an old clerk in a Taiwan
897:
A Taiwanese scholar, after researching British and Chinese documents, concluded that the executions were conducted from 9 to 13 August 1842.
433:
as a viable location for a trading post, as the island had abundant amounts of natural resources. EIC officials unsuccessfully lobbied the
182:
757:
to execute them as invaders. On 14 May 1842, the Daoguang Emperor released an edict after British forces repulsed China's attempt to
434:
340:
1341:
265:
86:
1514:
79:
1499:
1422:
417:. Out of the nearly 300 survivors of both ships who landed or attempted to land in Taiwan, only 11 survived the war.
270:
879:
They reported that 5 "white", 5 "red" and 22 "black" foreigners were killed and 133 "black" foreigners were captured.
709:, 30 died, 157 were executed including eight Britons, one of whom was Robert Gully, the son of prize fighter and MP
1504:
1509:
1394:
285:
240:
1489:
811:
a few months earlier. On 11 January 1843, the emperor ordered a judicial inquiry into Dahonga and Yao Ying.
594:
387:
1494:
1484:
612:
430:
367:
655:
1293:
819:
644:
235:
629:
1345:
315:
260:
250:
245:
1468:
British Captives in China; An Account of the Shipwreck on the Island of Formosa, of the Brig "Ann"
1321:
839:
838:
province. The British government were not aware of the postings until the governor of Hong Kong,
426:
275:
1439:
1384:
1360:
1337:
808:
651:
532:
348:
310:
290:
255:
230:
225:
220:
59:
374:. An additional 87 prisoners died from mistreatment in Chinese captivity. In September 1841,
1333:
758:
586:
548:
484:
414:
410:
295:
850:
803:
770:
674:
446:
371:
305:
300:
206:
42:
36:
28:
1427:
1408:
1372:
491:. It had 274 crewmembers, consisting of 243 Indians, 29 Europeans and two Filipinos from
1459:
Journals Kept by Mr. Gully and Capt. Denham During a Captivity in China in the Year 1842
855:
536:
413:
ordered their execution on 14 May 1842 after Britain's victory over the Chinese at the
280:
1478:
639:. However, after finding out they were sent south for imprisonment, the commander of
504:
477:
454:
394:
352:
689:
for British steamers in Chusan; she had been thought lost. Unlike the survivors of
442:
363:
167:
147:
737:
1467:
1458:
1399:
1326:
1314:
1306:
1298:
753:
were captured, Dahonga and Yao Ying solicited permission from their superiors in
401:—were captured by Chinese forces and marched south to the prefectural capital of
616:, revealing that 43 were beheaded, two died in prison, two died in the wreck of
602:
63:
710:
677:, she found 25 survivors from the 26-strong crew of the British merchant ship
496:
450:
823:
635:
sailed to Keelung and offered 100 dollars for the return of each survivor of
544:
101:
88:
682:
540:
831:
762:
522:
488:
854:
beheading the Foreigners; but it was done in revenge for your soldiers
835:
754:
742:
686:
512:
511:. The ship, which was supplied with provisions, lay in smooth water in
406:
379:
815:
663:
565:
561:
560:. Only two ended up surviving Chinese captivity (the head and second
517:
508:
492:
458:
402:
398:
71:
67:
46:
441:
that given the strategic and commercial value of the island and the
1357:
Confrontation over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers
736:
174:
1436:
Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West
827:
590:
579:
178:
685:
on 6 September 1842 under Captain Stroyan carrying coal from
503:
in a row boat, leaving behind 240 Indians, 170 of whom were
1330:. Volume 2. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
49:
where the victims of the incident were publicly executed
729:
not arriving until 25 October, almost two weeks later.
393:
Surviving crewmembers from both ships—primarily Indian
1158:章瑄文，〈紀實與虛構：鴉片戰爭期間臺灣殺俘事件研究〉，清華大學歷史研究所碩士論文，2006年； 136頁.
834:
province, while Yao Ying received an appointment in
461:, though making no attempt to attack Taiwan itself.
1520:
People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation
163:
153:
140:
125:
117:
78:
54:
18:
547:), subsequently filed an inaccurate report to the
628:From 19 to 27 October 1841, the Royal Navy sloop
1431:. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle.
1350:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912)
701:crew claimed that of the 197 total survivors of
425:During the 18th and 19th centuries, the British
745:in Taiwan where the prisoners were held captive
1352:. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
765:province. With regards to the prisoners from
190:
8:
717:arrived in Amoy with the surviving crew of
713:, and 10 were freed and sent to Amoy. HMS
197:
183:
175:
15:
1383:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1327:China, During the War and Since the Peace
1178:
1176:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1034:
1032:
568:after the executions the following year.
378:was shipwrecked off northern Taiwan near
1151:
1149:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1065:
1063:
1061:
978:
976:
966:
964:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
931:
929:
666:. On 12 October, they returned to Amoy.
1397:; Dennys, N. B.; King, Charles (1867).
1010:
1008:
1006:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
872:
1376:(2nd ed.). London: Saunders and Otley.
1166:
1164:
1428:Illustrations of China and Its People
802:On 23 November 1842, Plenipotentiary
476:In early September 1841, the British
409:before being beheaded in August. The
7:
982:Bernard & Hall 1847, pp. 237–238
1400:The Treaty Ports of China and Japan
773:. Their execution was reported in
405:, where they were imprisoned in a
351:of 197 crewmembers of the British
14:
1471:. London: Wertheimer, Lea and Co.
1462:. London: Chapman and Hall. 1844.
1381:The Qing Empire and the Opium War
1302:(3rd ed.). London: Henry Colburn.
1419:. Council of East Asian Studies.
1245:Fairbank & Têng 1943, p. 390
794:, was also published in London.
721:on 12 October, the survivors of
35:
1535:China–India military relations
1434:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2009).
1355:Gordon, Leonard H. D. (2007).
650:left Amoy for Taiwan. Captain
593:caused it to run aground near
531:Two senior Chinese officials,
344:
1:
1540:Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia
1530:Indian people executed abroad
1412:. London: Saunders and Otley.
1359:. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
970:Ouchterlony 1844, pp. 203–204
842:, informed Foreign Secretary
528:and taken back to Hong Kong.
1525:Massacres committed by China
783:one hundred and ninety-seven
564:) both of whom were sent to
1415:Polachek, James M. (1992).
1370:MacPherson, Duncan (1843).
578:In March 1842, the British
1556:
1406:Ouchterlony, John (1844).
1318:. Volume 12. Canton. 1843.
1310:. Volume 11. Canton. 1842.
1263:Mayers et al. 1867, p. 313
1143:, 6 September 1843, p. 144
159:87 dead from ill-treatment
1403:. London: Trubner and Co.
1289:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1285:Bate, H. Maclear (1952).
216:
34:
26:
1000:Ouchterlony 1844, p. 205
585:set sail from Chusan to
551:, claiming to have sunk
1141:Bell's Weekly Messenger
991:MacPherson 1843, p. 236
935:MacPherson 1843, p. 235
601:commandeered a Chinese
1465:Patridge, Dan (1876).
1315:The Chinese Repository
1307:The Chinese Repository
1236:, vol. 12, pp. 501–503
1234:The Chinese Repository
1204:The Chinese Repository
1183:The Chinese Repository
1129:The Chinese Repository
1117:The Chinese Repository
1105:The Chinese Repository
1079:The Chinese Repository
1039:The Chinese Repository
1024:The Chinese Repository
956:The Chinese Repository
787:
775:The Chinese Repository
746:
613:The Chinese Repository
157:197 prisoners executed
1438:. London: Routledge.
1379:Mao, Haijian (2016).
1254:Polachek 1992, p. 190
1215:Polachek 1992, p. 189
1055:Polachek 1992, p. 187
779:
740:
597:harbour. The crew of
362:on 10 August 1842 by
1299:The Nemesis in China
1287:Reports from Formosa
1272:Thomson 1873, no. 13
382:, and in March 1842
102:25.1511°N 121.7561°E
1515:Massacres in Taiwan
1417:The Inner Opium War
1322:Davis, John Francis
386:was shipwrecked at
364:Chinese authorities
98: /
1500:August 1842 events
1373:Two Years in China
1095:Gordon 2007, p. 11
1069:Gordon 2007, p. 13
846:on 11 March 1845.
840:John Francis Davis
749:After the crew of
747:
435:British government
427:East India Company
1505:Conflicts in 1841
1444:978-0-7656-2328-7
1389:978-1-107-06987-9
1365:978-0-7391-1868-9
1224:Davis 1852, p. 10
1206:, vol. 11, p. 682
1194:Bate 1952, p. 174
1185:, vol. 12, p. 248
1131:, vol. 11, p. 629
1119:, vol. 11, p. 628
1107:, vol. 11, p. 627
1081:, vol. 11, p. 685
1041:, vol. 12, p. 114
1026:, vol. 11, p. 683
958:, vol. 11, p. 684
809:Treaty of Nanking
652:Henry Ducie Chads
349:summary execution
329:
328:
173:
172:
107:25.1511; 121.7561
60:Taiwan Prefecture
1547:
1346:Hummel, Arthur W
1292:Bernard, W. D.;
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1170:Mao 2016, p. 442
1168:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:Tsai 2009, p. 67
1012:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
971:
968:
959:
953:
936:
933:
924:
923:Tsai 2009, p. 66
921:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
877:
814:The governor of
759:recapture Ningbo
549:Daoguang Emperor
495:. A severe gale
485:Hong Kong Island
415:Battle of Ningpo
411:Daoguang Emperor
346:
211:
209:
199:
192:
185:
176:
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
39:
16:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1510:First Opium War
1475:
1474:
1454:
1452:Further reading
1449:
1409:The Chinese War
1395:Mayers, William
1334:Fairbank, J. K.
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
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974:
969:
962:
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939:
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927:
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911:
902:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
864:
804:Henry Pottinger
800:
735:
626:
624:Rescue attempts
576:
533:brigade general
474:
467:
447:First Opium War
439:Lord Palmerston
423:
372:First Opium War
330:
325:
212:
208:First Opium War
207:
205:
203:
158:
143:
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
50:
29:First Opium War
12:
11:
5:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:1841 in Taiwan
1487:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:
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1420:
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907:
906:
900:
899:
890:
881:
871:
870:
869:
868:
863:
860:
818:and Zhejiang,
799:
796:
734:
731:
625:
622:
575:
570:
505:camp followers
483:set sail from
473:
468:
466:
463:
453:patrolled the
449:, the British
422:
419:
395:camp followers
353:merchant ships
327:
326:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
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258:
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204:
202:
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187:
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171:
170:
165:
161:
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155:
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144:
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138:
137:
127:
123:
122:
121:10 August 1842
119:
115:
114:
82:
76:
75:
56:
52:
51:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1552:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:1842 in China
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:1841 in China
1483:
1482:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:Thomson, John
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
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1378:
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1374:
1369:
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1362:
1358:
1354:
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1343:
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1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1317:
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1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1295:
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1288:
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1283:
1278:
1269:
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1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
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1118:
1113:
1110:
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1101:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
988:
985:
979:
977:
973:
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965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
938:
932:
930:
926:
920:
918:
916:
914:
910:
904:
903:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
866:
865:
861:
859:
857:
852:
847:
845:
844:Lord Aberdeen
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
805:
797:
795:
793:
786:
784:
781:All the rest—
778:
776:
772:
771:parade ground
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
739:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:, which left
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
659:
653:
649:
648:
642:
638:
634:
633:
623:
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134:
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27:Part of the
19:
1294:Hall, W. H.
856:taking Amoy
719:Herculaneum
699:Herculaneum
679:Herculaneum
673:arrived in
370:during the
241:2nd Chuenpi
226:1st Chuenpi
142:Attack type
105: /
93:121°45′22″E
80:Coordinates
64:Qing Empire
1479:Categories
1279:References
711:John Gully
543:Yao Ying (
526:Black Swan
465:Shipwrecks
451:Royal Navy
421:Background
390:harbour.
347:) was the
286:2nd Chusan
271:2nd Canton
266:1st Canton
231:1st Chusan
168:Qing China
90:25°09′04″N
1340:(1943). "
905:Citations
867:Footnotes
798:Aftermath
733:Execution
683:Singapore
669:When HMS
541:intendant
535:Dahonga (
497:dismasted
316:Chinkiang
276:Sanyuanli
251:First Bar
148:beheading
1425:(1873).
1324:(1852).
1296:(1847).
832:Xinjiang
763:Zhejiang
751:Nerbudda
723:Nerbudda
703:Nerbudda
691:Nerbudda
687:Calcutta
658:Cambrian
637:Nerbudda
591:ebb tide
558:Nerbudda
553:Nerbudda
523:schooner
501:Nerbudda
481:Nerbudda
471:Nerbudda
457:and the
376:Nerbudda
356:Nerbudda
337:incident
335:Nerbudda
321:Nerbudda
261:Broadway
131:Nerbudda
58:Taiwan,
55:Location
22:incident
20:Nerbudda
1342:I-liang
836:Sichuan
820:Yiliang
743:granary
715:Serpent
671:Serpent
664:Foochow
647:Serpent
513:Keelung
509:lascars
507:and 70
407:granary
399:lascars
380:Keelung
345:吶爾不噠號事件
341:Chinese
311:Woosung
291:Chinhai
256:Whampoa
236:Barrier
221:Kowloon
1442:
1387:
1363:
1344:". In
816:Fujian
755:Peking
675:Anping
641:Nimrod
632:Nimrod
562:serang
539:) and
518:Taiwan
493:Manila
489:Chusan
459:Penghu
431:Taiwan
403:Taiwan
368:Taiwan
343::
296:Ningpo
154:Deaths
126:Target
72:Taiwan
68:Tainan
47:Taiwan
1156:only)
862:Notes
595:Da'an
587:Macao
388:Da'an
306:Chapu
301:Tzeki
246:Bogue
146:Mass
66:(now
1440:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1361:ISBN
851:hong
828:Hami
741:The
725:and
705:and
693:and
656:HMS
645:HMS
630:HMS
603:junk
580:brig
566:Amoy
397:and
358:and
332:The
281:Amoy
133:and
118:Date
41:The
858:".
830:in
792:Ann
767:Ann
761:in
727:Ann
707:Ann
695:Ann
654:of
618:Ann
608:Ann
599:Ann
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573:Ann
537:達洪阿
487:to
384:Ann
366:in
360:Ann
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1481::
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824:怡良
777::
545:姚瑩
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62:,
1446:.
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198:e
191:t
184:v
74:)
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