227:
330:): "...the said Burying Ground is now full of corps, and that it will be inconvenient, and dangerous to bury any more corps there till those that remain are sufficiently covered and decayed to prevent the noisome steam and stench which proceeds from such a multitude of dead corps being buryed, and not sufficiently covered, which if not prevented may be dangerous and infectious...". Although burials continued until its closure, the last named individual buried at the site was Mary Burt who died aged 105 on 9 April 1738.
235:
576:. Unfortunately, there is no surviving burial register for the ground. Indeed, the ground may never have had its own burial register because registration for those buried at the New Churchyard occurred at the parish where the deceased had been resident and/or had died. As part of the 2011–2015 investigations, Crossrail undertook a volunteer project which aimed to compile an online searchable database of many of those who were buried at the site.
174:. Established in 1569, it was used for burial from 1570 until 1739, by which date approximately 25,000 interments were estimated to have taken place. It was created to accommodate the ever-increasing number of new interments required as London's population expanded during 16th to 18th centuries. It was known as a "churchyard" despite not being associated with a church and, from the mid-17th century, became more commonly known as
31:
313:, was recorded as the first to be buried at the ground, sometime between 19 January and 19 February 1570 (new style). The ground was to be "free for the whole Citie to burye in without payinge anything"; the only permissible charge was for grave digging which was set at 6 pence per burial. A pulpit was built at the centre of the ground and an annual public
572:. As a municipal non-parochial ground the management of the New Churchyard was overseen by the City, therefore, some administrative information survives in the records of the Corporation, principally the surviving Court of Aldermen repertories, City account books and journals of the City Lands Committee, which are all held at the
416:
they ate, what illnesses they suffered and what medicines they took. Other finds included grave goods, gravestones, tombs and coffins, as well as evidence on the layout and operation of the burial ground. The site also revealed rare archaeological evidence of early preventative measures taken to thwart
362:
Parts of the burial ground were exposed during the successive developments in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The
Corporation authorised the creation of Liverpool Street in 1823. The constructions of the road (circa 1823–24) included a new sewer and a boundary wall, which unearthed the "mouldering
201:
In 1772, the burial ground was converted into private gardens and yards belonging to the adjoining houses, which had been built in 1737. However, burials were rediscovered during developments of the 19th and 20th centuries, chiefly during the creation of
Liverpool Street (the road) in 1823–24 and the
415:
MOLA's 2011–2015 excavations were the largest archaeological study of London’s population from the 16th to 18th centuries. Detailed osteological analysis was undertaken on one quarter of the 3354 burials excavated, and revealed evidence of where these individuals came from, what jobs they had, what
325:
In 1737, a new road of terraced houses called Broad Street
Buildings was built adjoining the burial ground to the east and north. By this time the burial ground was densely filled, but burials continued despite the presence of properties overlooking the ground. The burial ground was closed by the
342:. In 1772, the burial ground was converted into gardens and yards for the adjoining properties of Broad Street Buildings. All surface traces of the burial ground, including monuments and gravestones, were removed. Notable late 18th century residents of Broad Street Buildings included
193:
As a municipal ground, it was available to any institution, parish or individual who wished to use it. People from all walks of life were buried there but especially those at the margins of society. It was nondenominational, and in practice was particularly favoured by
326:
Corporation following a petition from the residents of Broad Street
Buildings, who complained of mass graves and "intolerable steams and vapours of a most noxious and pestilential quality". A decision to close the burial ground was reached on 1 March 1739 (
1640:
427:
website. The results have also made publicly available via publication, television documentaries and museum exhibition. The publication of the 2011–2015 excavations incorporated the findings and analysis of the 1985–86 excavation.
363:
bones of several hundred human bodies" that were first "scattered about in the most indecent manner" before being "partly re-interred in one pit … and partly carted away". A notable early resident of
Liverpool Street was the
1600:
1439:
1664:
1648:
343:
338:
In 1762, the
Corporation attempted to sell part of the burial ground for building, but the sale was cancelled following petitions from local residents, supported by the church of
1620:
1303:
381:
Despite further disturbance during the 19th and 20th centuries, the first archaeological investigation did not take place until the mid 1980s, prior to the construction of
1604:
972:
412:
Around 400 skeletons were excavated during the DUA investigation of 1985–86 and were retained for study and analysis. Only a short summary of this work was published.
1020:
1824:
946:
1475:
1277:
1580:
93:
1387:
Hartle, Robert (2024) 'The
Corporation of Corpse-stealers' Archaeological and historical evidence of bodysnatching in early eighteenth-century London, in
305:
recognised that London was in need of a municipal or "common" burial ground, particularly during times of epidemics and high mortality. In July 1569, the
1924:
847:
801:
182:
because its location within the "Bedlam" or "Bethlem" area (land which previously formed the precinct of the Priory of St Mary of
Bethlehem (later
1975:
198:. The ground was heavily used for the burial of the poor and those who died in some of London's hospitals and prisons, as well as plague victims.
1908:
912:
1539:
258:
367:, the English antiquarian and amateur archaeologist, who noted the accidental discovery of human remains at the site in the mid 19th century.
1940:
898:
375:
203:
548:
1428:
1398:
1378:
1342:
261:
once stood, a site now located under the west half of modern
Liverpool Street (the road), within the north-east corner of the modern
1046:
1624:
1307:
976:
351:
453:(or Bidle) (1615–1662), an influential English nontrinitarian, and Unitarian, often called "the Father of English Unitarianism".
1784:
444:
339:
310:
286:
250:
1024:
1965:
1519:
528:
518:
327:
306:
195:
950:
1724:
1153:
1076:
573:
394:
386:
186:)). The remains of the burial ground are now located under modern Liverpool Street, within the north-east corner of the
86:
1804:
1281:
1892:
1353:
1970:
302:
282:
139:
35:
Late seventeenth-century map showing "Bethlem Church Yard", to the east of new
Bethlem Hospital, and "Moor Fields".
1584:
468:
242:
1844:
309:
Sir Thomas Rowe issued orders to convert the land for burials. A man called John Sherbrooke, from the parish of
568:, were responsible for management of the burial ground. This position and its duties were similar to that of a
499:(sometimes spelled Lockier) (1625–1649), an English soldier in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army and a Leveller.
424:
207:
1665:"Bedlam burial ground: Archaeologists excavating 3,000 skeletons from under London's Liverpool Street station"
1440:"Bedlam burial ground: Archaeologists excavating 3,000 skeletons from under London's Liverpool Street station"
1876:
998:
450:
1559:
1684:
278:
183:
1860:
226:
1072:
552:
478:
398:
371:
1925:"Bleak fortunes of 16th to 18th century Londoners revealed through scientific testing for Crossrail"
1371:
The New Churchyard: from Moorfields marsh to Bethlem burial ground, Brokers Row and Liverpool Street
848:"Bleak fortunes of 16th to 18th century Londoners revealed through scientific testing for Crossrail"
1149:
502:
423:
The excavations of 2011–2015 have been documented via Crossrail's Learning Legacy website, and the
364:
234:
1909:"Archaeological research for Crossrail reveals the murky past of the New Churchyard burial ground"
913:"Archaeological research for Crossrail reveals the murky past of the New Churchyard burial ground"
317:
sermon was performed between 1570 and 1642, which the mayor and aldermen were expected to attend.
30:
1469:
1499:
281:
and, by the 16th century, was being used as a garden. The plot became part of the lands of the
206:
in 1863–65. In 1985–87, and again in 2011–15, the site was the subject of major archaeological
1424:
1394:
1374:
1338:
565:
456:
1411:
The London Burial Grounds: notes on their history from the earliest times to the present day
1391:
The Material Body: Embodiment, history and archaeology in industrialising England, 1700-1850
440:
569:
1941:"Archaeological research for Crossrail completes: the UK's largest archaeology programme"
1459:
1050:
1764:
1744:
1704:
1641:"Plague pit with 3,000 skeletons uncovered at new Liverpool Street station ticket hall"
544:
534:
512:
496:
462:
417:
274:
262:
187:
70:
1959:
490:
347:
1825:"Body Snatchers in London's New Churchyard: New Discoveries from Crossrail Project"
474:
290:
443:(buried October 31, 1656), an English clergyman who was an early proponent of the
505:(1609–1698), an English religious thinker, who gave his name to Muggletonianism.
254:
484:
465:(or Erbury) (1604–1654), a Welsh clergyman and radical Independent theologian.
270:
108:
95:
390:
382:
370:
In 1863 Broad Street Buildings and its gardens were sold by the City to the
215:
211:
230:
Plan of the first Bethlem Hospital and Moorfields, circa mid-16th century
393:, more extensive archaeological excavation of the site was undertaken by
238:
1409:
493:(1614–1657), also known as Freeborn John, an English political Leveller.
273:
proper, or lower Moorfields, one of the last pieces of open land in the
210:
and analysis in association with, respectively, the construction of the
537:(1600–1681), an English pamphleteer, Leveller and medical practitioner.
459:(1616–1654), an English botanist, herbalist, physician, and astrologer.
314:
477:(1603–1663), dissenting minister and scholar, founding member of the "
171:
515:(circa 1609–1678), who was a prominent English soldier and scholar.
293:
immediately prior to its conversion into a burial ground in 1569.
233:
225:
277:, near Bishopsgate. The site was originally part of the lands of
1354:"Mary Godfree: the untold story of a Londoner and plague victim"
1893:"1665 Great Plague bacterium DNA identified for the first time"
420:, as well as mass burial of early 17th century plague victims.
269:
was an undeveloped plot of land located on the eastern edge of
1540:"Fast track to the past: Celebrating Crossrail's archaeology"
1393:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 100–132.
397:(MOLA) between 2011 and 2015. Part of the dig was covered by
378:
station from 1863 to 1865 disinterred thousands of burials.
676:
674:
543:(1648–1708) (formerly Jenkes, née Walwyn), the daughter of
1461:
Chapters in the history of the insane in the British Isles
1621:"Crossrail History Hunters to Unearth Secrets of Bedlam"
1304:"Crossrail history hunters to unearth secrets of Bedlam"
973:"Crossrail archaeology archive Liverpool Street station"
511:(circa 1613–1665) (née Gardiner), wife of Major-General
1765:"Bedlam burials: Skeletons removed at Liverpool Street"
1176:
1174:
661:
659:
1335:
The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670
646:
644:
487:(or Lamb) (circa 1545–1628) was an English astrologer.
1877:"Crossrail mass burial pit may be from Great Plague"
607:
605:
603:
601:
170:was a municipal and non-parochial burial ground in
153:
145:
135:
124:
85:
77:
65:
57:
49:
44:
23:
1845:"Crossrail sites reveal more exciting archaeology"
1745:"Bedlam burials: Skeletons unearthed by Crossrail"
804:. Museum of London Centre for Human Bioarchaeology
564:A series of "keepers", who were appointed by the
1389:Craig-Atkins, Elizabeth; Harvey, Karen (2024).
249:The burial ground was located in the parish of
1805:"Archaeology: Remembering the Ordinary People"
1785:"Skeletons reveal perils of moving to London"
1725:"Asylum burial site found amid Crossrail dig"
471:(1558–1592), an English author and dramatist.
8:
257:ward, just north of London's wall and where
1861:"Crossrail Bedlam burial ground dig begins"
1423:. London: Rosehaugh Stanhope Developments.
1474:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
999:"Crossrail: Archaeological investigations"
527:(died 1583), the wife of Sir Thomas Rowe,
20:
1705:"Crossrail dig unearths forgotten London"
1337:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
897:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHartle2024 (
1623:. Crossrail. 3 July 2014. Archived from
1306:. Crossrail. 3 July 2014. Archived from
1581:"Bedlam dig begins at Liverpool Street"
1566:. Current Publishing. 20 September 2017
822:
776:
665:
592:
585:
1520:"Tunnel: the archaeology of Crossrail"
1467:
1421:Broadgate and Liverpool Street Station
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1165:
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788:
764:
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728:
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692:
680:
650:
635:
623:
611:
521:(1608–1658), English plebeian prophet.
1075:, dated 31 October 1656, held in the
241:and the Moorfields area shown on the
7:
1112:
704:
404:episode 55, aired in December 2013.
1546:. Current Publishing. 11 April 2017
1021:"The Fifteen Billion Pound Railway"
289:in 1541, and was being leased as a
1579:McDougall, Hamish (9 March 2015).
1526:. Current Publishing. 7 March 2016
1438:Gander, Kashmira (10 March 2015).
1352:Hartle, Robert (18 January 2016).
1152:, dated 15 June 1628, held in the
389:(DUA). During the construction of
372:North London Railway (NLR) Company
14:
1506:. Current Publishing. 1 July 2011
1560:"Beating London's bodysnatchers"
29:
1243:, pp. 42, 67–68, 235, 277.
1023:. BBC/Crossrail. Archived from
387:Department of Urban Archaeology
1976:Archaeological sites in London
1647:. 9 March 2015. Archived from
1139:, pp. 37, 42–43, 80, 276.
445:separation of church and state
425:Archaeology Data Service (ADS)
340:St Botolph without Bishopsgate
311:St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange
265:. Until 1569, the site of the
251:St Botolph without Bishopsgate
154:
1:
1231:, pp. 39–43, 65–70, 276.
1150:St Mildred Poultry (Walbrook)
1156:(P69/MIL2/A/001/MS04429/001)
395:Museum of London Archaeology
385:, and was undertaken by the
1603:. Crossrail. Archived from
1601:"The Bethlem Burial Ground"
1583:. Crossrail. Archived from
1408:Holmes, Mrs Basil (1896).
1280:. Crossrail. Archived from
1154:London Metropolitan Archive
1077:London Metropolitan Archive
1049:. Crossrail. Archived from
975:. Crossrail. Archived from
949:. Crossrail. Archived from
947:"Crossrail Learning Legacy"
574:London Metropolitan Archive
481:" (Puritan religious sect).
1992:
1419:Hunting, Penelope (1991).
321:Closure as a burial ground
303:City of London Corporation
297:Opening as a burial ground
283:City of London Corporation
140:City of London Corporation
16:Cemetery in City of London
1333:Harding, Vanessa (2007).
436:Notable burials include:
40:
28:
1895:. MOLA. 8 September 2016
1485:Athenae Oxoniense, Vol.2
1278:"Bedlam Burial Register"
1079:(P69/ALH6/A/001/MS17824)
547:(1600–1681) and wife of
109:51.5177083°N 0.0837056°W
1943:. MOLA. 26 October 2017
1927:. MOLA. 22 October 2017
1369:Hartle, Robert (2017).
1207:, pp. 37, 42, 277.
1195:, pp. 38, 61, 276.
1148:The burial register of
1071:The burial register of
1047:"Crossrail archaeology"
850:. MOLA. 22 October 2017
1879:. MOLA. 12 August 2015
1483:Wood, Anthony (1691).
1219:, pp. 40–42, 276.
374:. The construction of
301:By the late 1560s the
246:
245:of London of the 1550s
231:
114:51.5177083; -0.0837056
1863:. MOLA. 10 March 2015
1847:. MOLA. 8 August 2013
1414:. London: T.F. Unwin.
1373:. London: Crossrail.
237:
229:
222:Historical background
180:Bethlem burial ground
1966:Cemeteries in London
1911:. MOLA. 27 July 2017
1627:on 11 September 2014
1607:on 11 September 2014
1310:on 11 September 2014
1073:All Hallows Staining
915:. MOLA. 27 July 2017
553:Bishop of Chichester
531:of London 1568–1569.
259:Broad Street station
214:development and the
204:Broad Street station
1564:Current Archaeology
1544:Current Archaeology
1524:Current Archaeology
1504:Current Archaeology
1284:on 11 February 2015
936:, pp. 133–156.
767:, pp. 258–259.
695:, pp. 258–261.
683:, pp. 255–257.
503:Lodowicke Muggleton
365:Charles Roach Smith
105: /
1711:. 24 December 2012
1685:"Bedlam's Big Dig"
1053:on 30 January 2013
837:, pp. 95–243.
352:Benjamin D'Israeli
247:
232:
1971:Former cemeteries
1791:. 22 October 2017
1267:, pp. 77–80.
1127:, pp. 40–41.
883:, pp. 65–72.
871:, pp. 44–65.
755:, pp. 31–32.
743:, pp. 17–19.
595:, pp. 95–99.
566:Court of Aldermen
457:Nicholas Culpeper
344:Ephraim d'Aguilar
243:"Copperplate" map
218:railway project.
164:
163:
1983:
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1596:
1594:
1592:
1587:on 12 March 2015
1575:
1573:
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1555:
1553:
1551:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1500:"Bedlam burials"
1488:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1458:Tuke, D (1882).
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719:, pp. 6–16.
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279:Bethlem Hospital
202:construction of
184:Bethlem Hospital
156:
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115:
110:
106:
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102:
101:
98:
33:
21:
1991:
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1811:. 13 March 2015
1803:
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1771:. 10 March 2015
1763:
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1731:. 8 August 2013
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1671:. 10 March 2015
1669:The Independent
1663:
1654:
1652:
1651:on 9 March 2015
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1444:The Independent
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1027:on 19 July 2014
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953:on 5 March 2016
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441:Steven Bachiler
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1831:. 27 July 2017
1821:
1801:
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1691:. 9 April 2015
1689:The New Yorker
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1494:
1493:External links
1491:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1455:
1435:
1430:978-1873175026
1429:
1416:
1405:
1400:978-1526152787
1399:
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1380:978-1907586439
1379:
1366:
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893:Hartle 2024
881:Hartle 2017
869:Hartle 2017
835:Hartle 2017
802:"Broadgate"
789:Hartle 2017
765:Hartle 2017
753:Hartle 2017
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729:Hartle 2017
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693:Hartle 2017
681:Hartle 2017
651:Hartle 2017
636:Hartle 2017
624:Holmes 1896
612:Hartle 2017
509:Ann Overton
451:John Biddle
447:in America.
315:Whit Sunday
287:Dissolution
255:Bishopsgate
112: /
87:Coordinates
50:Established
1960:Categories
580:References
529:Lord Mayor
519:John Reeve
485:John Lambe
402:(specials)
307:Lord Mayor
271:Moorfields
208:excavation
128:Municipal
100:0°5′1.34″W
61:March 1739
1789:The Times
1487:. London.
1470:cite book
1464:. London.
1113:Wood 1691
705:Tuke 1882
479:Jacobites
400:Time Team
391:Crossrail
383:Broadgate
328:new style
216:Crossrail
212:Broadgate
157:of graves
149:0.83 acre
53:July 1569
1947:12 March
1931:12 March
1915:12 March
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1883:12 March
1867:12 March
1851:12 March
1835:3 August
1815:3 August
1795:3 August
1775:13 March
1769:BBC News
1755:13 March
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1735:13 March
1729:BBC News
1715:13 March
1709:BBC News
1695:3 August
1675:3 August
1655:3 August
1631:12 March
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854:12 March
408:Findings
239:Moorgate
136:Owned by
130:(closed)
66:Location
1288:9 March
1057:9 March
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983:9 March
957:9 March
560:Records
253:and in
81:England
78:Country
45:Details
1427:
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1356:. MOLA
1341:
570:sexton
176:Bedlam
172:London
58:Closed
1001:. ADS
1949:2018
1933:2018
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1476:link
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1007:2018
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810:2015
350:and
166:The
146:Size
125:Type
178:or
155:No.
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