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240:, where the trade was financed. During the Yue-Gui wars, Huang Shaohong, then the commander of the Model Battalion of the 1st Guangxi Division, and Bai Chongxi his former deputy, attempted to stay neutral and relocated to Baise. Huang eventually got control of Baise, and the opium trade. Later he expanded his control to Wuzhou, thus controlling the routes through which opium both entered and left Guangxi. With his opium revenue Bai was able to build a well-equipped and trained force.
272:. Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924–25, Huang became the civil governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1929, and Guangxi remained under Li Zongren's influence until 1949. The New Guangxi clique made attempts at modernising between 1926 and 1927, when the Guangxi clique controlled Guangxi and much of Guangdong, Hunan, and Hubei. The New Guangxi clique was much more active in modernizing than Lu Rongting had been. They founded the
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in 1927. Li was then appointed commander of the Fourth Army Group, composed of the
Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions. In April 1928, Li Zongren, with Bai Chongxi, who was credited with many victories over the northern warlords, led the Fourth
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and the Zhili clique Lu
Rongting slipped back into Guangxi in 1923 and began to try to rebuild his coalition. He soon had control over the south with its important pool of Zhuang manpower, but the situation had changed and his political organization could not be rebuilt. Among the younger men who had
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At the end of the
Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek began to agitate to reorganize the army, the fact that it would alter the existing territorial influences among the Cliques in the party quickly aggravated the relationships between the central government and the regional powers. Li Zongren, Bai
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forces retreated before Chen
Jiongming's attack. During the campaign Li Zongren's battalion, was reduced to about one thousand men and "sank into the grasses." But Li, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military machine of professional units of soldiers. These were to
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By the spring of 1924, Huang
Shaohong, Bai Chongxi, and Li Zongren, formed the New Guangxi clique and had created the well equipped Guangxi Pacification Army. Li Zongren was the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong the deputy Commander, and Bai Chongxi the Chief-of-Staff. By August they had defeated
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However, because the clique had to constantly be mobilized for war, first against the
Guangdong warlords, then later against the Japanese, the tax burden which they levied was far heavier than that of Lu Rongting. The New Guangxi Clique also taxed the opium trade. As was later true for Chiang
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of
Communists in the National Revolutionary Army on April 12, 1927 and of the labour unions in Shanghai. Li Zongren was the general of the Seventh Army in the Northern Expedition. Li went on to be the commanding general of the Seventh Army in the Northern Expedition and captured
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ethnicity, but the lack of such a leader led to a rapid collapse into localism, which occurred as the
Guangdong forces withdrew. There was intense fighting to re-occupy territory or to attempt to strip the retreating forces of their supplies and munitions.
367:. As a result, from 1930 to 1936, the Clique organized the reconstruction of Guangxi, which became a "model" province with a progressive administration. As a result, Guangxi was able to supply large numbers of troops in the war effort against Japan in the
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and the rest of
Guangxi. Chen Jiongming and the Cantonese forces occupied Guangxi until April 1922. Their occupation was largely nominal because armed bands of Guangxi loyalists began to gather under local commanders, calling themselves the
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Kai-shek's government, the taxes were collected via opium suppression offices, ostensibly created to destroy the trade. In 1932 opium income amounted to fifty million dollars, the largest source of income in the provincial budget.
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be the equal of any force in China and more than a match for any number of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu
Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi. Li joined the
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in 1923, when he already controlled a considerable numbers of troops in northern Guangxi and wiped out the local bandits, warlords, and remnant forces of the Old Guangxi clique in the north.
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Chongxi and Huang Shaohong of the Guangxi Clique were the first to break off relations with Chiang in March 1929, which started the confrontation that lead to the
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and driven the former ruler Lu Rongting and other contenders out of the province. Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924–25, and from 1925 to 1949.
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after he became chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and turned against Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if there had been no
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Lu Rongting could construct a political and military machine from the forces that composed the Self-government Armies, by calling on friendship, family, and
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and Chen Jiongming soon split over the continuation of the Northern Expedition. Chen, however, aspired merely to be the warlord of Guangdong and after the
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recognized his power in the south, he abandoned Sun Yat-sen. By May 1922 the Cantonese forces had evacuated Guangxi leaving a power vacuum.
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there was a new appreciation for modern tactics, weapons, and political means. In the confused power struggles following the
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on June 3, and Li's army seized Beijing. Bai commanded the forward units which first entered Beijing and
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355:. Chiang Kai-shek defeated the Clique in 1929. Following defeat in that civil war, Guangxi allied with
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in Nanning, built over five thousand kilometers of roads and extended electrification of the area.
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During the Yue-Gui Wars, Li Zongren had accompanied Lin Hu and Lu Rongting into
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426:民国军阀派系谈 (The Republic of China warlord cliques discussed), 2007 revised edition
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The coalition's efforts brought Guangxi Province under the jurisdiction of the
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in 1927. As garrison commander of Shanghai, Bai also took part in the
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drove Lu Rongting and the Old Guangxi clique out of Guangdong in the
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Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925-1937
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Mobilization and Reconstruction in Kwangsi Province, 1931-1939
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163:. In 1921, Chen pushed into Guangxi, starting the
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46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
415:The Kwangsi Way in Kuomintang China, 1931-1939
284:New Guangxi Clique and the Northern Expedition
220:In the southwest there were opium trails from
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8:
318:Army group to advance on Beijing, capturing
292:, Bai Chongxi was the Chief of Staff of the
236:. From these opium usually went out through
209:been trained in military schools after the
147:New Guangxi clique replace the Old clique.
890:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
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77:Learn how and when to remove this message
876:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
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346:New Guangxi clique and Chiang Kai-shek
127:. After the founding of the Republic,
403:. London, Cambridge University Press
7:
1125:Warlord cliques in Republican China
574:Constitutional Protection Movement
139:of China. In the early 1920s, the
131:served as the base for one of the
123:, was a warlord clique during the
16:Historical warlord clique in China
14:
862:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
722:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
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247:and led the rear guard when the
151:Lu Rongting and the Yue-Gui Wars
23:
1115:1949 disestablishments in China
793:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
260:New Guangxi clique takes power
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1:
1091:Republic of China (1912–1949)
540:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
192:Aftermath of the Yue-Gui Wars
1110:1924 establishments in China
624:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
939:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
674:Washington Naval Conference
294:National Revolutionary Army
232:and then down the river to
135:, one of the most powerful
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1120:Factions in the Kuomintang
1001:National Pacification Army
866:Northeast Flag Replacement
772:Zhongshan Warship Incident
469:and warlordism during the
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717:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
664:1st National CPC Congress
654:Spirit Soldier rebellions
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844:Muslim conflict in Gansu
814:Shanghai Commune of 1927
804:Nanking incident of 1927
684:First Zhili–Fengtian War
369:Second Sino-Japanese War
32:This article includes a
762:Canton–Hong Kong strike
544:National Protection War
61:more precise citations.
748:May Thirtieth Movement
604:Paris Peace Conference
644:Guangdong–Guangxi War
594:Siberian intervention
397:Lary, Diana. (1974).
361:September 18 Incident
274:University of Guangxi
141:Guangdong–Guangxi War
899:Sino-Soviet conflict
554:Death of Yuan Shikai
424:陈贤庆(Chen Xianqing),
204:With the support of
174:Self-government Army
858:Huanggutun incident
788:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
783:Northern Expedition
613:May Fourth Movement
290:Northern Expedition
910:Central Plains War
744:Yunnan–Guangxi War
695:First United Front
564:Manchu Restoration
530:Twenty-One Demands
510:Bai Lang Rebellion
353:Central Plains War
298:Eastern Route Army
249:Old Guangxi Clique
165:Second Yue-Gui war
133:Old Guangxi clique
91:New Guangxi clique
34:list of references
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182:Zhili clique
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53:Please help
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1064:Kuomintang
1049:New Guangxi
1044:Old Guangxi
959:Two-Liu war
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467:Warlord Era
381:Warlord Era
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288:During the
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997:Fengtian
495:Factions
375:See also
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206:Wu Peifu
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982:Beiyang
892:(incl.
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105::
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97::
1074:(CCP)
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310:purge
230:Baise
40:, or
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405:ISBN
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