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public life. Yan broke down in tears while talking of the loss of his home province of Shanxi to the
Communists, and warned Li that the Nationalist cause was doomed unless Li went to Guangdong. Li agreed to return under the condition that Chiang surrender most of the gold and US dollars in his possession that belonged to the central government, and that Chiang stop overriding Li's authority. After Yan communicated these demands and Chiang agreed to comply with them, Li departed for Guangdong.
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as early as 1948. Instead of attempting to defend all of southern China, Li ordered what remained of the
Nationalist armies to withdraw to Guangxi and Guangdong, hoping that he could concentrate all available defenses on this smaller, and more easily defensible, area. The object of this strategy was to maintain a foothold on the Chinese mainland in the hope that the United States would eventually be compelled to enter the war in China on the Nationalist side.
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continued in his attempts to work with both sides, creating the impression among Li's supporters that he was a "stooge" of Chiang, while those who supported Chiang began to bitterly resent Yan for his willingness to work with Li. Because of the rivalry between Chiang and Li, Chiang refused to allow
Nationalist troops loyal to him to aid in the defense of Guangxi and Guangdong, with the result that Communist forces occupied Guangdong in October 1949.
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all food and valuables from undefended villages and resorting to murder and public cannibalism in order to extort ransoms from the relatives of people they kidnapped. Li, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military force of professional soldiers that became the equal of any group of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu
Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi. Li joined Sun Yat-sen's
950:. After the fall of Wang Jingwei's government in Wuhan and the expulsion of all Soviet advisors from KMT-held territories, Li was put in charge of one of five KMT political councils set up to administer KMT-controlled territories, based in Wuhan. In January 1929 he dismissed Nanjing's appointee to the Hunan provincial committee and, fearing retribution, uncharacteristically fled to the
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After Lu's defeat, most of his army dissolved into independent bands of soldiers, many of whom resorted to banditry in order to survive. Foreign missionaries and aid workers active in
Guangxi at this time reported that banditry in Guangxi was extremely common and severe, with bandits commonly looting
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Although he did not hold a formal executive position in the government, Chiang continued to issue orders to the army, and many officers continued to obey Chiang rather than Li. The inability of Li to coordinate KMT military forces led him to put into effect a plan of defense that he had contemplated
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Li's attempts to negotiate with the
Communists were interpreted by some in the KMT as "pacifist attacks", and increased tensions between Li and Chiang (whose relationship was already strained). Li attempted to negotiate a settlement with the Communists based on the implementation of Li's Seven Great
844:
Li reorganized his forces as the "Guangxi
Pacification Army". He was named the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong the deputy Commander and Bai Chongxi the Chief of Staff. By August they had driven all other contenders out of the province. Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1925
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Chiang opposed Li's plan of defense because it would have placed most of the troops still loyal to Chiang under the control of Li and Chiang's other opponents in the central government. To overcome Chiang's intransigence Li began ousting Chiang's supporters within the central government. Yan Xishan
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Conflict between Chiang and Li persisted. Although he had agreed to do so as a prerequisite of Li's return, Chiang refused to surrender more than a fraction of the wealth that he had sent to Taiwan. Without being backed by gold or foreign currency, the money issued by Li and Yan quickly declined in
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In
Guangdong, Li attempted to create a new government composed of both Chiang supporters and those opposed to Chiang. Li's first choice of premier was Chu Cheng, a veteran member of the Kuomintang who had been virtually driven into exile due to his strong opposition to Chiang. After the Legislative
1308:
Li remained in exile until 20 July 1965, when he caused a sensation by returning to
Communist-held China with the support of Zhou Enlai. His return to China was used as propaganda by the Communist government to encourage other KMT members to return to the mainland, regardless of their politics. Li
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Recognizing that agreeing to these points would effectively surrender control of China to the CPC, Li attempted to negotiate milder conditions that might have led to an end to the civil war, but in vain. In April 1949, when the
Communists recognized that Li was unlikely to accept their conditions,
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Former warlord Yan Xishan, who had fled to Nanjing only one month before, quickly inserted himself into the rivalry, attempting to have Li and Chiang reconcile their differences in the effort to resist the Communists. At Chiang's request Yan visited Li in order to convince Li not to withdraw from
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Li's attempts to carry out his policies faced varying degrees of opposition from Chiang's supporters, and were generally unsuccessful. Chiang especially antagonized Li by taking possession of (and moving to Taiwan) US$ 200 million of gold and US dollars belonging to the central government that Li
1032:
Under Li's command the defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Chinese, killing 20,000–30,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing a large amount of supplies and equipment. The victory was principally credited to Li's planning and use of tactics, luring the Japanese into a trap and then
818:. The administration of Li and Huang was credited with keeping the area they controlled relatively free of the bandits and petty battles that plagued Guangxi at the time. In 1924, while Lu was besieged by rebels in Guilin, Li and his colleagues peacefully occupied the provincial capital,
1340:
Over the course of his career, Li gained a reputation as an ardent militarist and confirmed anti-intellectual, but with a rugged sense of integrity. He was known for disliking music. Like many Chinese leaders in the 1930s, Li was once an admirer of European
1064:
From 1943 to 1945 Li was made Director of the Generalissimo's Headquarters. This was a virtual and unwanted retirement from active command after his earlier successes. Li spent the last years of the war grumbling about his enforced inactivity.
767:. For the next few years the warlords of Guangxi and Guangdong were involved in mutually destructive battles, and both occupied portions of each other's territory at various times. Lu and his closest associates were collectively known as the
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In 1926 Li allowed his soldiers to enroll in Kuomintang armies, but kept personal control of his troops. A Soviet adviser was sent to Guangxi, and Li's forces were renamed the Seventh Army Corps. Li went on to be a commanding general in the
1033:
annihilating them. The battle of Taierzhuang was one of the first major Chinese victories in the war against Japan, proving that with good weapons and inspired leadership Chinese armies could hold their own. Li also participated in the
798:. During the campaign many of Lin's officers defected to the Guangdong forces, taking their units with them. In the face of defeat Li Zongren's battalion shrunk to about 1000 men and "sank into the grasses" in order to escape.
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1412:. Li's memoir is notable for its vehement criticism of Chiang Kai-shek and its analysis of Japan's strategic failure to conquer China. A more detailed account of Li's life is depicted in the less popular biography
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desperately needed to cover the government's soaring expenses. When the Communists captured the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in April 1949, Li refused to accompany the central government as it fled to
1373:
Li was married to Li Xiuwen (李秀文) at 20 in an arranged marriage, but they separated soon afterward. Li Zongren and Li Xiuwen had a son, Li Youlin (李幼鄰). In 1924, Li married Guo Dejie (郭德潔), who died of
1095:
After the war, Li was given the post of Director of the Beiping Field Headquarters from 1945 to 1947. This was a post without effective power, and he was sidelined from command in the early part of the
2230:
826:. The next month Sun Yat-sen, from his base of operations in Guangdong, recognized Li Zongren and his allies Huang Shaoxing and Bai Chongxi as the rulers of Guangxi. Together they became known as the
1971:
1017:(1937–45). Chiang Kai-shek attempted to make use of Li's military experience by promoting him to be the director of the KMT Fifth War Zone. Li's first action against the Japanese came in the 1938
1285:, now in Taiwan, to impeach Li in the "Case of Li Zongren's Failure to carry out Duties due to Illegal Conduct" (李宗仁違法失職案), and officially relieved Li of the position as vice-president in the
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in China, and his army was one of the few KMT detachments free from serious Communist influence. After being assured of his support, Chiang had Li's units redeployed to the new capital of
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momentarily halted attacks against Kuomintang territories, attempting to negotiate a KMT surrender. Mao's Eight Points, the conditions that he demanded for an end to the civil war, were:
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soon after returning with Li to Beijing. Li and Guo had one son: Li Zhisheng (李志聖). Li then remarried to Hu Yousong (胡友松), who was 48 years younger than Li, and the daughter of actress
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1029:) recognized Li as the most capable Nationalist general available and used his influence to have Li appointed overall commander, despite Chiang's reservations about Li's loyalty.
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After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zongren returned to Guangxi and devoted himself to that province's internal administration, with some success. In 1929 he supported
814:
As chaos became the norm in Guangxi, Li became the independent commander of an area several counties large on the Guangdong border, and was joined by his old friend and colleague
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family of five boys and three girls. His father, Li Peiying (李培英), was a village schoolmaster. After a patchy education Li enrolled in a provincial military school. He joined the
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Li's residence in mainland China is viewed by some Chinese Communists as Li's "patriotic return to the embrace of his Motherland with smiles", something similar to the former
868:, in 1926. After these victories Li became a famous and popular general within the KMT, and his army became variously known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". When
853:, during which he was appointed commander of the 4th Army Group, composed of the Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions.
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1345:, seeing it as a solution to the problems of a once proud nation humbled by internal dissension and external weakness. His ethical attitudes were self-consciously drawn from
735:, in 1910 but had little understanding at that time of Sun's wider goals of reform and national reunification. Li's native province of Guangxi was also the home province of
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after Chen became the chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and prepared to battle Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if Japan had not
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904:), and successfully halted Chiang's advance into his territory in Jiangxi. Li went on to defeat Sun in three successive battles, securing his territories for the KMT.
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1349:. After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek in 1929, Li often expressed himself in terms of frustrated patriotism. Li was an admirer of the British historian
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was furious at this. Ma Hongkui sent a telegram to Li to submit his resignation from all positions he held. Ma Hongkui then fled to Taiwan, and his cousin
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Yuan rejected Chu, Li was obliged to choose Yan Xishan instead. By this time Yan was well known for his adaptability, and Chiang welcomed his appointment.
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954:. Chiang then arranged for Li and his two closest subordinates to be stripped of their posts within the government and expelled from the Party for life.
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919:, thousands of suspected Communists were summarily executed. Li's close subordinate, Bai Chongxi, was notable for his important role in this purge.
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1841:, December 12, 2005 COPYRIGHT, JEFFREY G. BARLOW, Department of History, Pacific University, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, Oregon, 97116, EMAIL
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By the time Li Zongren defeated Sun Chuanfang, he had gained a reputation as being strongly opposed to communism and highly suspicious of the
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and refused. Against the advice of his Soviet advisors, Li then marched up the north side of the Yangze to attack the forces of warlord
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755:, Li graduated from the Guilin Military Cadre Training School and in 1916 became a platoon commander in the army of Guangxi warlord
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in December 1949. However, he did not formally re-assume the presidency until March 1, 1950. In January 1952, Chiang commanded the
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they offered Li an ultimatum to accept within five days. When he refused, the Communists resumed their campaign.
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forces retreated. Most of Lin Hu's officers were former bandits and militia recruited earlier by Lin from the
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1115:'s candidacy instead). Chiang resigned the next year, on 21 January 1949, as a response to several serious
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915:. He then used Li's Guangxi armies to purge his own First Division of Communists. In the resulting
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Convene a full Political Consultative Conference to form a democratic coalition government.
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in his attempt to form an alternative central government based in Beijing, leading to the
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Gillin, Donald G. "Portrait of a Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1930."
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given to Li Zongren as a "gift of truce between enemies who are now friends" by either
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786:. When Lu's invasion suffered a disastrous defeat, Li led the rear guard when the
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school in New York City since 1967. A set of Samurai swords and daggers from the
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In 1921 Li Zongren accompanied Lin Hu and Lu Rongting in Lu's second invasion of
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In April 1928 Li, with Bai Chongxi, led the Fourth Army group in an advance on
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victories in northern China, and Li became the acting president the next day.
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In November 1949, Chongqing fell too, and Chiang relocated his government to
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Chapter 20: The Zhuang and the Development of the Modern Economy in Guangxi
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After Guangdong fell to the Communists, Chiang relocated the government to
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at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY
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1164:"Bandit pacification commands" (剿總) to be controlled by military officers
993:, prompting Li and Chiang to end their hostilities and unite against the
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In 1937 full-scale war between Japan and China broke out, beginning the
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Republic of China people who surrendered to the Chinese Communist Party
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Punish all war criminals (Chiang Kai-shek was considered "number one")
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became the president (Chiang had opposed Li's appointment, supporting
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The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3 (May, 1960), pp. 289-306
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in 1918, Li's bravery earned him a promotion to battalion commander.
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1382:. Hu changed her name to Wang Xi (王曦) after Li died, and remarried.
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attempted to recruit Li to join the Communists, but Li was loyal to
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Following Yan's defeat in the Central Plains War, Li allied with
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Peace Policies. The policies that Li wanted to carry out were:
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Li Zongren posing after the successful defense of Tai'erzhuang.
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in two successive battles and captured the provincial capital,
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as the vice-president, five days after his political opponent
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and from 1925 to 1949 Guangxi remained under his influence.
1781:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967.
1235:, while Li effectively surrendered his powers and flew to
1401:
were passed on to Alan Lee as part of the family legacy.
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The Kuomintang defenses continued to fall apart. General
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Li Zongren and Mao Zedong on 1 October 1966, during the
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Eliminate anti-communist special commando units (戡亂建國總隊)
884:. Sun was the leader of the "League of Five Provinces" (
636:; 13 August 1890 – 30 January 1969; also known as
978:, before Chiang's decisive defeat of Yan and his ally,
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Li's first victories as a Nationalist general were in
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974:. Li led troops to reconquer Hunan as far north as
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1779:Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949
1737:Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
1362:Li and his close staff member, the Muslim General
3155:National Revolutionary Army generals from Guangxi
1247:. Li visited the President of the United States,
2297:List of vice presidents of the Republic of China
1025:(who was aiding the Nationalists as part of the
182:(as Chairman of the Central People's Government)
1770:. Vol. 19, No. 3, May, 1960. Retrieved at: <
872:installed a left-leaning KMT faction in Wuhan,
1846:Chapter 19: The Zhuang and the 1911 Revolution
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2255:
1965:
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1580:
946:on June 3, and Li's army seized the city and
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1385:Li Zongren's nephew Alan Lee (李倫) has run a
1258:ignored Li's orders, and the Muslim General
3230:Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
1756:. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995.
1215:value until it became virtually worthless.
1167:Overly strict orders are to be more lenient
811:after Sun established a base in Guangdong.
132:21 January 1949 – 20 November 1949
3150:Chinese military personnel of World War II
2920:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
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1826:. Monday, Mar. 13, 1950. Retrieved at <
771:. During a battle with a rival warlord in
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1091:Former residence of Li Zongren in Guilin.
982:, forced Li to withdraw back to Guangxi.
3170:Vice presidents of the Republic of China
2271:Vice presidents of the Republic of China
1788:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 1979.
1784:Li Zongren, Li Tsung-jen, Tong Te-kong.
1356:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
782:, attacking forces under the command of
66:of all important aspects of the article.
16:Chinese warlord, politician, and general
3175:Republic of China warlords from Guangxi
1901:Vice President of the Republic of China
1470:
1103:On 28 April 1948 Li was elected by the
194:Vice President of the Republic of China
2906:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
2766:
2532:
1133:Abolish the invalid 1947 constitution;
62:Please consider expanding the lead to
1148:Abolish all treasonous treaties; and,
7:
1866:Newspaper clippings about Li Zongren
1680:中央選舉委員會：《中華民國選舉史》，台北：中央選舉委員會印行，1987年
1420:), written by Li's distant relative
1353:and his monumental historical work,
1142:Confiscate all bureaucratic capital;
667:(KMT) military commander during the
206:20 May 1948 – 12 March 1954
3165:Presidents of the Republic of China
2292:Government of the Republic of China
1981:Presidents of the Republic of China
1733:Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen.
2604:Constitutional Protection Movement
1989:Presidents (Pre-1947 Constitution)
1928:President of the Republic of China
1139:Reorganize the Nationalist armies;
860:, where he defeated rival warlord
822:. Lu then fled and took refuge in
707:Former residence of Li Zongren in
684:president of the Republic of China
679:. He served as vice-president and
120:President of the Republic of China
14:
3220:People of the Northern Expedition
1444:Military of the Republic of China
3225:People of the Central Plains War
2892:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
2752:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
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2491:
2344:
2060:
1828:CHINA: Return of the Gimo - TIME
1449:History of the Republic of China
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365:
348:
102:
40:
2823:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
1083:Li Zongren and Chiang Kai-shek.
952:foreign concessions in Shanghai
525:
329:Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
54:may be too short to adequately
1266:took charge of his positions.
1191:Eliminate arrest of civilians
1145:Reform the land-tenure system;
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600:
570:
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64:provide an accessible overview
1:
3121:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2570:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
2287:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2195:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1822:"CHINA: Return of the Gimo".
1735:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life.
1370:(李白), after the famous poet.
1239:for treatment of his chronic
1187:unusual cruelty in punishment
1136:Abolish the KMT legal system;
731:, the revolutionary party of
333:Order of the Cloud and Banner
2654:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1768:The Journal of Asian Studies
1747:Zhou Enlai: A Political Life
1545:The Journal of Asian Studies
2969:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2704:Washington Naval Conference
1870:20th Century Press Archives
1804:The Search for Modern China
1786:The memoirs of Li Tsung-jen
1439:National Revolutionary Army
1243:illness at the Hospital of
759:. Li's direct superior was
655:), was a prominent Chinese
371:National Revolutionary Army
3246:
3210:Chinese Civil War refugees
3031:National Pacification Army
2896:Northeast Flag Replacement
2802:Zhongshan Warship Incident
2499:and warlordism during the
1459:The Founding of a Republic
1317:in 1969 at 78, during the
1072:
837:
297:People’s Republic of China
18:
3190:Members of the Kuomintang
3118:
2747:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
2694:1st National CPC Congress
2684:Spirit Soldier rebellions
2512:
2405:Constitutional government
2355:Constitutional government
2342:
2277:
2144:
2070:Presidents (1947–present)
2058:
1938:
1925:
1917:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1774:> on February 23, 2011
1051:Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang
1043:Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang
723:, the second eldest in a
633:
619:
615:
611:
577:
450:
434:
417:
413:
246:
199:
125:
113:
101:
92:
3200:Chinese anti-capitalists
2874:Muslim conflict in Gansu
2844:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2834:Nanking incident of 1927
2714:First Zhili–Fengtian War
2336:vacant from 1917 to 1948
1839:THE ZHUANG: ETHNOGENESIS
1434:Second Sino-Japanese War
1303:national day celebration
1293:Return to mainland China
1047:1939–40 Winter Offensive
1015:Second Sino-Japanese War
1001:Second Sino-Japanese War
673:Second Sino-Japanese War
543:Traditional Chinese
408:Second Sino-Japanese War
320:Hu Yousong (m.1966–1969)
93:
3205:Chinese anti-communists
2792:Canton–Hong Kong strike
2574:National Protection War
1809:W.W. Norton and Company
1749:> on March 12, 2011.
1055:Central Hubei Operation
565:Simplified Chinese
318:Guo Dejie (m.1924–1966)
2778:May Thirtieth Movement
2634:Paris Peace Conference
2430:Vincent Siew Wan-chang
2079:(1948–1949; 1950–1975)
2047:(1928–1931; 1943–1948)
2011:(1916–1917; 1922–1923)
1717:The Trip of a Lifetime
1691:"Grandmaster Alan Lee"
1305:
1193:without proper reasons
1092:
1084:
1021:, after the Communist
1010:
747:Early military service
712:
226:Position established (
2674:Guangdong–Guangxi War
2624:Siberian intervention
1830:> on May 16, 2011.
1406:Memoirs of Li Zongren
1300:
1090:
1082:
1059:Battle of South Henan
1019:Battle of Taierzhuang
1008:
706:
377:Years of service
2929:Sino-Soviet conflict
2584:Death of Yuan Shikai
2425:Annette Lu Hsiu-lien
1671:Li, Li, and Tong 547
1453:He was portrayed by
3185:Tongmenghui members
3180:Taiwanese defectors
2888:Huanggutun incident
2818:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
2813:Northern Expedition
2643:May Fourth Movement
2359:indirect elections
1800:Spence, Jonathan D.
1745:. Retrieved at <
1719:. pp. 421–423.
1595:Barnouin and Yu 171
1319:Cultural Revolution
1245:Columbia University
1175:political prisoners
851:Northern Expedition
840:Northern Expedition
669:Northern Expedition
185:Yan Xishan (acting)
3195:Chinese socialists
3160:People from Guilin
2940:Central Plains War
2774:Yunnan–Guangxi War
2725:First United Front
2594:Manchu Restoration
2560:Twenty-One Demands
2540:Bai Lang Rebellion
2312:Beiyang government
2302:Other offices held
1888:Political offices
1777:Gillin, Donald G.
1715:Lee, Alan (2011).
1565:Barnouin and Yu 71
1457:in the 2009 movie
1332:'s "reformation".
1306:
1289:on 10 March 1954.
1093:
1085:
1011:
972:Central Plains War
834:Kuomintang general
828:New Guangxi Clique
788:Old Guangxi Clique
769:Old Guangxi Clique
713:
108:Li Zongren in 1943
3127:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3004:
3003:
2955:Qinghai–Tibet War
2854:Shanghai massacre
2788:Anti-Fengtian War
2761:
2760:
2550:Second Revolution
2458:
2457:
2413:
2409:direct elections
2363:
2319:
2317:(1913–1928)
2237:
2236:
1948:
1947:
1939:Succeeded by
1933:
1908:Succeeded by
1879:Li Zongren papers
1834:Jeffrey G. Barlow
1287:National Assembly
1117:Chinese Communist
1105:National Assembly
1098:Chinese Civil War
1075:Chinese Civil War
1069:Chinese Civil War
991:invaded Manchuria
958:Return to Guangxi
688:1947 Constitution
677:Chinese Civil War
623:
622:
607:
606:
588:Standard Mandarin
532:
531:
461:Standard Mandarin
404:Chinese Civil War
356:Republic of China
81:
80:
3237:
3105:
3102:Communist Party
3097:
2951:Sino-Tibetan War
2864:July 15 Incident
2767:
2736:Lincheng Outrage
2638:Shandong Problem
2614:Golok rebellions
2533:
2515:
2507:
2495:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2412:
2408:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2318:
2315:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2089:Chiang Ching-kuo
2064:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1931:
1918:Preceded by
1893:Preceded by
1885:
1754:China's Warlords
1752:Bonavia, David.
1721:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
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1535:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1395:Seishirō Itagaki
1035:Battle of Xuzhou
824:French Indochina
654:
635:
603:
602:
579:
573:
572:
559:
558:
528:
527:
504:
503:
490:
489:
476:
475:
452:
446:
445:
444:
392:
369:
354:
352:
351:
339:Military service
289:
265:
263:
251:Personal details
237:
223:
216:Himself (acting)
204:
175:
163:
153:
130:
106:
96:
83:
76:
73:
67:
44:
36:
3245:
3244:
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3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3005:
2965:Kumul Rebellion
2927:
2918:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2820:
2816:
2790:
2776:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2664:Zhili–Anhui War
2640:
2636:
2572:
2508:
2489:
2459:
2454:
2410:
2407:
2399:
2360:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2273:
2268:
2238:
2233:
2140:
2077:Chiang Kai-shek
2065:
2056:
2045:Chiang Kai-shek
1983:
1978:
1944:
1942:Chiang Kai-shek
1935:
1930:
1923:
1921:Chiang Kai-shek
1913:
1904:
1896:
1862:
1857:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1522:Bonavia 121-122
1521:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:Bonavia 119-120
1479:
1472:
1468:
1430:
1414:My Trusted Aide
1408:with historian
1338:
1311:duodenal cancer
1295:
1249:Harry S. Truman
1229:
1109:Chiang Kai-shek
1077:
1071:
1039:Battle of Wuhan
1003:
995:Empire of Japan
960:
878:Chiang Kai-shek
842:
836:
816:Huang Shaoxiong
804:
751:Schooled under
749:
701:
696:
482:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
406:
349:
347:
331:
319:
317:
303:Political party
291:
287:
286:30 January 1969
267:
261:
259:
235:
221:
215:
214:Chiang Kai-shek
205:
200:
187:Chiang Kai-shek
186:
184:
173:
167:Chiang Kai-shek
161:
151:
143:
131:
126:
109:
97:
94:
88:
77:
71:
68:
61:
49:This article's
45:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3157:
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3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:War in Ningxia
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2924:Beijing Revolt
2916:Chiang-Gui War
2913:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2884:Jinan incident
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2841:
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2597:
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2557:
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2552:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2501:Nanjing decade
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2440:Chen Chien-jen
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Hsieh Tung-min
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Feng Kuo-chang
2328:
2322:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
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2289:
2284:
2278:
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2269:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2101:Chen Shui-bian
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1895:Office created
1894:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1861:
1860:External links
1858:
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1707:
1695:kungfuwusu.com
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1426:
1399:Rensuke Isogai
1337:
1334:
1294:
1291:
1275:finally moving
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1073:Main article:
1070:
1067:
1002:
999:
959:
956:
942:withdrew from
838:Main article:
835:
832:
803:
800:
784:Chen Jiongming
748:
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582:Transcriptions
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455:Transcriptions
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362:Branch/service
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290:(aged 78)
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266:13 August 1890
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58:the key points
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3:
2:
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2451:
2450:Hsiao Bi-khim
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2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
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1963:
1961:
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2445:Lai Ching-te
2411:(since 1996)
2395:Lee Yuan-tsu
2390:Lee Teng-hui
2380:Yen Chia-kan
2370:Li Tsung-jen
2369:
2335:
2326:Li Yuen-fung
2183:N. Dynasties
2179:S. Dynasties
2135:2024–present
2131:Lai Ching-te
2121:Tsai Ing-wen
2111:Ma Ying-jeou
2095:Lee Teng-hui
2083:Yen Chia-kan
2033:Zhang Zuolin
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1347:Confucianism
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1283:Control Yuan
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1027:United Front
1012:
984:
980:Feng Yuxiang
961:
940:Zhang Zuolin
936:Shijiazhuang
926:, capturing
921:
917:White Terror
906:
870:Wang Jingwei
855:
847:
843:
813:
805:
777:
750:
714:
648:
644:
638:Li Tsung-jen
637:
625:
624:
595:Hanyu Pinyin
526:Lí Chong-jîn
510:Southern Min
502:Li Tsung-jen
488:Lii Tzongren
468:Hanyu Pinyin
422:Chinese name
400:Battles/wars
288:(1969-01-30)
236:Succeeded by
201:
181:
174:Succeeded by
127:
69:
53:
51:lead section
28:
21:Chinese name
3145:1969 deaths
3140:1890 births
3094:Kuomintang
3079:New Guangxi
3074:Old Guangxi
2989:Two-Liu war
2979:Han–Liu War
2497:Warlord Era
2361:(1948–1996)
2175:16 Kingdoms
2097:(1988–2000)
2091:(1978–1988)
2085:(1975–1978)
2053:(1931–1943)
2035:(1927–1928)
2029:(1924–1926)
2023:(1923–1924)
2017:(1918–1922)
2015:Xu Shichang
2009:Li Yuanhong
2005:(1912–1916)
2003:Yuan Shikai
1997:Sun Yat-sen
1586:Bonavia 126
1556:Bonavia 125
1534:Bonavia 124
1513:Bonavia 121
1501:Bonavia 120
1489:Bonavia 119
1418:Wode Gugong
1410:Tong Tekong
1364:Bai Chongxi
987:Chen Jitang
938:by June 1.
757:Lu Rongting
741:Li Xiucheng
733:Sun Yat-sen
729:Tongmenghui
277:Qing Empire
222:Preceded by
162:Preceded by
25:family name
3134:Categories
3037:Zhili Army
2435:Wu Den-yih
2375:Chen Cheng
2167:3 Kingdoms
2039:Tan Yankai
2027:Duan Qirui
1936:1949–1950
1911:Chen Cheng
1905:1948–1954
1604:Spence 486
1574:Spence 424
1455:Wang Xueqi
1422:Namgo Chai
1391:Edo period
1264:Ma Hongbin
1260:Ma Hongkui
1256:Hu Zongnan
1185:Eliminate
1124:Mao Zedong
1023:Zhou Enlai
968:Yan Xishan
809:Kuomintang
699:Early life
686:under the
665:Kuomintang
626:Li Zongren
496:Wade–Giles
474:Lǐ Zōngrén
344:Allegiance
307:Kuomintang
262:1890-08-13
241:Chen Cheng
179:Mao Zedong
145:Yan Xishan
141:He Yingqin
87:Li Zongren
3084:Guangdong
3049:Guominjun
2961:1931–1935
2947:1930–1932
2902:1928–1929
2870:1927–1930
2808:1926–1928
2784:1925–1926
2720:1923–1927
2700:1921–1922
2680:1920–1926
2670:1920–1921
2650:1919–1921
2620:1918–1920
2610:1917–1929
2600:1917–1922
2566:1915–1916
2536:1911–1914
2521:1925–1934
2518:1915–1924
2420:Lien Chan
2125:2016–2024
2115:2008–2016
2105:2000–2008
1466:Footnotes
1273:, before
1233:Chongqing
1201:Guangdong
909:Comintern
796:Guangdong
794:areas of
780:Guangdong
765:Guangdong
694:Biography
659:based in
380:1916–1954
316:Li Xiuwen
313:Spouse(s)
211:President
202:In office
72:July 2024
56:summarize
3059:Xinjiang
3027:Fengtian
2525:Factions
1811:. 1999.
1700:29 March
1428:See also
1328:Emperor
1309:died of
1241:duodenum
1173:Release
966:warlord
886:Zhejiang
862:Wu Peifu
601:Lǐ Délín
230:in 1917)
192:1st
19:In this
3089:Guizhou
3069:Sichuan
3012:Beiyang
2922:(incl.
2051:Lin Sen
2021:Cao Kun
1872:of the
1868:in the
1727:Sources
1649:Warlord
1647:Gillin
1636:Warlord
1634:Gillin
1620:Warlord
1618:Gillin
1543:Gillin
1387:kung fu
1343:Fascism
1315:Beijing
1271:Chengdu
976:Yueyang
948:Tianjin
944:Beijing
932:Baoding
924:Beijing
913:Nanjing
902:Jiangxi
894:Jiangsu
874:Borodin
820:Nanning
737:Taiping
721:Guangxi
709:Nanjing
661:Guangxi
657:warlord
630:Chinese
517:Hokkien
428:Chinese
394:General
293:Beijing
273:Guangxi
156:Himself
137:Premier
118:Acting
3064:Yunnan
3044:Shanxi
2282:Taiwan
2207:W. Xia
2041:(1928)
1999:(1912)
1932:Acting
1815:
1792:
1760:
1741:
1380:Hu Die
1368:Li Bai
1279:Taipei
1179:Allow
1113:Sun Fo
1057:, and
964:Shanxi
928:Handan
890:Fujian
792:Zhuang
761:Lin Hu
717:Guilin
681:acting
649:Te-lin
632::
353:
325:Awards
269:Guilin
128:Acting
23:, the
3104:(CCP)
3096:(KMT)
3022:Zhili
3017:Anhui
2151:Shang
1227:Exile
898:Anhui
866:Wuhan
858:Hunan
773:Hunan
753:Cai E
739:Gen.
663:and
645:Telin
2995:1934
2985:1932
2975:1932
2935:1930
2912:1929
2880:1928
2860:1927
2850:1927
2840:1927
2830:1927
2798:1926
2770:1925
2742:1924
2732:1923
2710:1922
2690:1921
2660:1920
2630:1919
2590:1917
2580:1916
2556:1915
2546:1913
2223:Qing
2219:Ming
2215:Yuan
2203:Song
2199:Liao
2191:Tang
2155:Zhou
1813:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1702:2015
1330:Puyi
1326:Qing
934:and
900:and
675:and
385:Rank
283:Died
256:Born
2231:PRC
2227:ROC
2211:Jīn
2187:Sui
2171:Jìn
2163:Han
2159:Qin
2147:Xia
1874:ZBW
1651:291
1638:290
1622:289
1547:293
1397:or
1313:in
1277:to
725:Han
719:in
640:),
634:李宗仁
571:李德邻
520:POJ
95:李宗仁
27:is
3136::
3054:Ma
3033:)
2967:/
2953:/
2229:/
2225:→
2221:→
2217:→
2213:→
2209:/
2205:/
2201:/
2197:→
2193:→
2189:→
2185:→
2181:/
2177:→
2173:/
2169:→
2165:→
2161:→
2157:→
2153:→
2149:→
1836:,
1807:,
1693:.
1627:^
1609:^
1579:^
1527:^
1506:^
1494:^
1473:^
1424:.
1359:.
1321:.
1100:.
1061:.
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1049:,
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997:.
930:,
896:,
892:,
888:,
830:.
690:.
671:,
653:德鄰
651:;
295:,
275:,
271:,
30:Li
3029:(
2926:)
2484:e
2477:t
2470:v
2263:e
2256:t
2249:v
2137:)
2133:(
2127:)
2123:(
2117:)
2113:(
2107:)
2103:(
1973:e
1966:t
1959:v
1819:.
1796:.
1704:.
1461:.
1416:(
711:.
647:(
628:(
556:鄰
553:德
550:李
442:仁
439:宗
436:李
264:)
260:(
74:)
70:(
60:.
33:.
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