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people coming around every now and then, asking him questions about that day, but he never had much to say." A former student mentioned in 2007; "People were afraid to talk about it; almost no family in this community was unaffected, and whenever people would tell us about the explosion it would be sort of in whispers and don't say anything in front of so-and-so because they lost a sister."
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231:, a separate structure roughly 100 feet (30 m) from the main building. Approximately 500 students and 40 teachers were in the main building at the time, although some numbers claim there were roughly 694 students in the main building and at the campus. At 3:17 p.m., Lemmie R. Butler, an "instructor of manual training", turned on an
176:
487:
Shortly after the disaster, the state legislature met in an emergency session and enacted the
Engineering Registration Act (now rewritten as the Texas Engineering Practice Act). Public pressure was on the government to regulate the practice of engineering due to the faulty installation of the natural
402:
Many victims were identified by clothing or personal items, such as a boy who was identified by the presence of the pull string from his favorite shirt in his jeans pocket. A student survivor recounted being in a makeshift morgue: "I saw fathers fight over dead children like dogs over a bone, yelling
265:
driver Lonnie Barber was transporting elementary students to their homes and was in sight of the school as it exploded. Barber continued his two-hour route, returning children to their parents before rushing back to the school to look for his own four children. His son Arden died, but the others were
519:
Over the years, the New London School explosion received surprisingly little attention, despite the magnitude of the event. Explanations for this are speculative, but most center around residents' unwillingness to discuss the tragedy. L. V. Barber said of his father Lonnie, "I can remember newspaper
238:
Reports from witnesses state that the walls of the school bulged, the roof lifted from the building and then crashed back down, and the main wing of the structure collapsed. Survivors in the building claimed that lockers embedded in the wall were thrown at them by the blast, others were picked up by
422:
The surviving gymnasium was quickly converted into multiple classrooms. Inside tents and modified buildings, classes resumed ten days later, with the thirty surviving seniors completing the school year in the gymnasium. A new school was completed on the property in 1939 directly behind the location
471:
concluded that the connection to the residue gas line was faulty. The connection had allowed gas to leak into the school, and because natural gas is invisible and is odorless, the leak was unnoticed. The sander's switch is believed to have caused a spark that ignited the gas-air mixture. To reduce
250:
The explosion was its own alarm, reportedly heard up to four miles away from the school. The most immediate response was from parents at the PTA meeting. Within minutes, area residents started to arrive and began digging through the rubble, many with their bare hands. Many survivors also joined in
385:
The number of people estimated killed in the explosion is 294, but the actual number of victims remains unknown. Of the deceased, the majority were from grades five through eleven, as the younger students were educated in a separate building and most had already been dismissed from school. The
29:
1604:
The superintendent clutched a telegram in his nervous fingers as he spoke in a low voice. It was sent from Durant, Okla. 'I want to express my deepest sympathy to you and to the citizens of New London in the horrible tragedy which has come to them,' it read. It was signed 'Eleanor
523:
In recent years, as the disaster has gained historical perspective, it has been increasingly covered by researchers and journalists. In 1973, Texas filmmaker
Michael Brown produced a half-hour documentary on the explosion thought to be the first ever made on the subject. Called
488:
gas connection; Carolyn Jones, a nine-year-old survivor, spoke to the legislature about the importance of safety in schools. The use of the title "engineer" in Texas remains legally restricted to those who have been professionally certified by the state to practice engineering.
194:
contract and had plumbers install a tap into Parade
Gasoline Company's residue gas line to save money. This practice—while not explicitly authorized by local oil companies—was widespread in the area. The natural gas extracted with the oil was considered a waste product and was
34:
543:, was released in 2009. It is told almost exclusively by survivors and eyewitnesses. They share what they experienced on the afternoon leading up to the blast to what it was like to spend days searching East Texas towns, hospitals and morgues for missing loved ones.
33:
31:
32:
218:
On March 18, 1937, first through fourth grade students were let out early; the following day's classes had been canceled to allow students to participate in the
Interscholastic Meet, a scholastic and athletic competition, in neighboring
1661:
Adolph Hitler in a message to
President Roosevelt today upon the Texas disaster said: 'For the terrible New London catastrophe costing so many young lives I convey to Your Excellency my sincere condolence as well as that of the German
312:
Rescuers worked through night and rain, and seventeen hours later the entire site had been cleared. Many who worked in the rescue were overcome with shock as one survivor recounted; "Daddy worked so long he almost had a
409:
experts were brought in to take fingerprints from bodies that were disfigured by the explosion. This method of identification was available because many inhabitants of the surrounding area had been fingerprinted at the
393:
and died when she found out that her daughter was killed, with only part of her face, her chin and a couple of bones recovered, but this story was found to be untrue when both mother and daughter were found alive.
266:
not seriously injured. Other school buses were employed to drive ambulatory survivors back to their homes, causing family members who were waiting at the bus stops to demand information from students disembarking.
538:
In 2008, some of the last living survivors of the explosion shared their personal stories of their experience with documentary filmmaker and East Texas native
Kristin Beauchamp. The feature-length documentary,
377:, he was quoted as saying decades later, "I did nothing in my studies nor in my life to prepare me for a story of the magnitude of that New London tragedy, nor has any story since that awful day equaled it."
434:
A lawsuit was brought against the school district and the Parade
Gasoline Company, but the court ruled that neither could be held responsible. Superintendent W. C. Shaw was forced to resign amid talk of a
239:
the force of the explosion, and the plaster and mortar formed a white haze. The force of the explosion was so great that a two-ton concrete block was thrown clear off the building and crushed a 1936
309:
took part in the rescue and recovery. In their desperation to get victims and survivors out of the rubble, many rescuers did not immediately check if the bodies they came across were alive or dead.
1247:
210:
that ran the entire 253-foot (77 m) length of the main school building's facade. Students had been complaining of headaches for some time, but little attention had been paid to the issue.
206:
Untreated natural gas is both odorless and colorless, so leaks are difficult to detect and may go unnoticed. Gas had been leaking from the residue line tap and built up inside the enclosed
1701:
30:
749:
1333:
557:
in his New York office at CBS. The New London school explosion was then-20-year-old
Cronkite's first national story. The documentary also features interviews with blast survivors.
528:
the film features survivors of the blast and their recollections of that day. The 50th anniversary of the event, in 1987, was commemorated in part by the release of a documentary,
1015:
164:
on district property. The London School, a large structure of steel and concrete, was constructed in 1932 at a cost of $ 1 million (roughly $ 22.3 million today). Its
160:
had boosted the local economy, and education spending grew with it. The city's taxable value in 1937 had grown to $ 20 million, with additional revenue seen from fifteen
1798:"Texas Board of Professional Engineers: An Inventory of Board of Professional Engineers Records at the Texas State Archives, 1937, 1952, 1972–2001, 2005–2006, undated"
124:, United States. The disaster killed more than 300 students and teachers. As of 2021, the event is the third-deadliest disaster in the history of Texas, after the
480:
regulatory authority "to adopt and enforce regulations for the odorization of natural gas in order to prevent such accidents". Within weeks of the explosion,
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2230:
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had overridden the original architect's plans for a boiler and steam distribution system, instead opting to install 72 gas heaters throughout the building.
2186:
549:
In 2012, Brown began work on a new documentary about the east Texas oil field discovery and its eventual role in the New London School disaster. The film,
2240:
692:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
1281:
566:
535:
In 1998, The London Museum and Tea House, across the highway from the school site, opened. Its first curator, Mollie Ward, was an explosion survivor.
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1099:
247:, with some recounting that they did not know what to do next and that it seemed the world was dead silent until the sound came back all at once.
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1988:
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of the destroyed building. It remained known as the London School until 1965, when the London
Independent School District consolidated with
546:
In March 2012, survivors and others gathered together at the town's rebuilt school in remembrance of the 75th anniversary of the disaster.
727:
386:
majority of the fatalities are buried at Pleasant Hill Cemetery near New London, with an entire section being designated for the victims.
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and heavy equipment needed to clear the concrete and steel. Not all of the buildings on the 10-acre (4 ha) campus were destroyed.
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937:
712:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1005:
484:(mercaptan, an odorous sulfur compound) was added to natural gas. The strong odor of many thiols makes leaks quickly detectable.
776:
1063:
1874:
224:
2150:
2144:
1723:
Castaneda, Christopher J. (1 October 2011). "Natural Disasters in the Making: Fossil Fuels, Humanity, and the Environment".
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reporter, recalled, "We identified ourselves and were immediately told that helpers were needed far more than reporters."
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1404:
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403:'That's mine!' 'No, mine!' I saw children who looked like roadkill; you couldn't tell if it was a boy, girl, or what."
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in Tyler, was scheduled to open the next day, but the dedication was canceled and the hospital opened immediately.
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The London School was built on sloping ground, and a large air space was enclosed beneath the structure. The
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317:. As long as he was working he was fine, but as soon as he came home and sat down he'd start shaking."
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to house the enormous number of bodies, and everything from family cars to delivery trucks served as
286:
172:", for an oil prospector), played in one of the first stadiums in the state to have electric lights.
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1980:
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parked 200 feet away. Those who evacuated the building after the explosion were in a state of
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152:(formerly known as London) was one of the richest in the United States. The 1930 discovery of
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2018:
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Reporters who arrived in New London found themselves swept up in the rescue effort. Former
235:. It is believed that the sander's switch caused a spark that ignited the gas-air mixture.
2108:
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2010:
1942:
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554:
553:, was released in 2017, and features excerpts from an interview that Brown conducted with
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278:
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1973:
1909:
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810:
325:
321:
1619:"Hitler Sends Sympathy; Berlin Newspaper Says All Germany Shares Sorrow Over Disaster"
2219:
1094:
780:
650:
256:
203:. This "raw" or "wet" gas varied in quality from day to day, even from hour to hour.
1968:"Chapter 9. The New London, Texas, School Explosion, 1937: "Unplaralleled Disaster""
1150:
2177:
1628:. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 28910 (Late City ed.). 20 March 1937. p. 3.
1571:. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 28910 (Late City ed.). 20 March 1937. p. 2.
1505:
452:
448:
390:
370:
329:
184:
1864:
1824:"March 18, 1937 - The New London School Disaster - The Day The Clock Stood Still"
406:
191:
2028:
Gone at 3:17: The Untold Story of the Worst School Disaster in American History
1401:
Gone at 3:17: The Untold Story of the Worst School Disaster in American History
2057:
1780:
1510:"SCHOOL DEATHS UNDER 500; SOME FAMILIES HAVE LOST ALL THEIR CHILDREN IN BLAST"
1430:
1357:"What I Learned Researching the Deadliest School Disaster in American History"
262:
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169:
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2006:
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2014:
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1938:
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off. As there was no value to the natural gas, the oil companies turned a
175:
501:
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436:
161:
1764:
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from the oil fields were released from their jobs and brought with them
1518:. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 28910 (Late City ed.). pp. 1–3.
1694:"Personal Telegram of Condolence From German Chancellor Adolph Hitler"
876:
365:
also found himself in New London on one of his first assignments for
341:
337:
298:
232:
2075:
My Boys and Girls Are in There: The 1937 New London School Explosion
1454:
My Boys and Girls Are in There: The 1937 New London School Explosion
1090:"1937 New London School Explosion Survivors return to disaster site"
251:
the immediate aftermath in recovery of other survivors and victims.
1125:
750:"Off the Gridiron: New London first to flip on Friday night lights"
2096:
2049:
1998:
1475:
1422:
1224:
510:
495:
481:
174:
149:
75:
1562:"Gas Leak Viewed as Blast Cause; Loose Capping of Pipe Suspected"
1965:
Wall, Barbra Mann; Keeling, Arlene W., eds. (1 September 2011).
1930:
1869:
1772:
1248:"294 killed in New London, Texas school explosion, 80 years ago"
1175:
1010:
831:
439:. Shaw had lost a son, a niece and a nephew in the explosion.
2140:
New London School Explosion webpage from the New London Museum
975:
228:
140:
In the mid-1930s, despite the ongoing economic turmoil of the
1006:"A Look Back: 80 years after the New London school explosion"
609:
622:. 1989. Marker Number: 11023 – via New London Museum.
1975:
Nurses on the Front Line: When Disaster Strikes, 1878–2010
968:"New London Texas School Explosion, Break Down Of Victims"
938:"Natural gas explosion kills nearly 300 at Texas school"
2139:
320:
Buildings in the neighboring communities of Henderson,
1308:"Memories still vivid 75 years after school explosion"
459:, a copy of which is on display at the London Museum.
2161:
604:
602:
532:, written, produced, and directed by Jerry Gumbert.
98:
90:
82:
67:
59:
44:
1972:
1966:
1908:
1902:
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1143:
809:
803:
336:were converted into makeshift first aid tents and
2151:'70th Anniversary of New London School Explosion'
1792:
1790:
1700:(in German and American English). 10 April 2008.
455:at the time, paid his respects in the form of a
190:Early in 1937, the school board canceled their
168:team, the London Wildcats (a play on the term "
16:Gas leak explosion in New London, Texas in 1937
2026:Brown, David M.; Wereschagin, Michael (2012).
1399:Brown, David M.; Wereschagin, Michael (2012).
1301:
1299:
357:executive editor Felix McKnight, then a young
431:, and the mascot was changed to the Raiders.
8:
2157:Universal Newsreel footage 'special release'
21:
1830:. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007
526:New London: The Day the Clock Stood Still,
20:
567:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions
445:sent a telegram to express her sympathy.
2168:
1095:United States Congressman Louie Gohmert
962:
960:
958:
728:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
598:
1841:
896:
894:
1911:The Great International Disaster Book
1877:from the original on 20 November 2021
1828:Robert Hillard's Website of the World
1102:from the original on 10 February 2022
1004:Frazier, Stephanie (14 March 2017) .
999:
997:
995:
993:
812:The Great International Disaster Book
748:Worchel, Dayna (September 13, 2013).
726:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
389:It was thought that one mother had a
369:. Although Cronkite went on to cover
293:. Thirty doctors, 100 nurses, and 25
274:Aid poured in from outside the area.
7:
2145:'New London Holds Explosion Reunion'
1336:from the original on 22 January 2022
932:
930:
875:. September 28, 2007. Archived from
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
2261:1937 disasters in the United States
2231:Gas explosions in the United States
1863:Melanie, Torre (14 October 2014) .
1733:Organization of American Historians
1246:Robinson, Augusta (17 March 2017).
901:May Jr., Irvin M. (15 June 2010) .
120:and destroyed the London School in
112:occurred on March 18, 1937, when a
1122:"Trinity Mother Frances - History"
1018:from the original on 20 March 2021
915:from the original on 16 March 2022
666:from the original on 23 March 2022
577:Our Lady of the Angels School fire
425:Gaston Independent School District
179:London School before the explosion
14:
2241:School fires in the United States
2171:
2153:(KETK/56 report, March 18, 2007)
2073:Rozelle, Ron (23 January 2012).
1704:from the original on 22 May 2011
1452:Rozelle, Ron (23 January 2012).
1223:. April 23, 2008. Archived from
1088:Thompson, Kate (16 March 2009).
1042:freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com
646:"Oh, My God! It's Our Children!"
472:the damage of future leaks, the
344:and ambulances. A new hospital,
27:
2147:– KLTV/7 report, March 18, 2007
1822:Hillard, Robert (16 May 2007).
1355:Grant, Sofia (August 7, 2018).
1306:Turner, Allan (11 March 2012).
777:"The London Museum on the Web!"
136:Background of New London School
2079:Texas A&M University Press
1904:"16: Explosions and Collapses"
1458:Texas A&M University Press
1062:Bell, Jim (January 14, 2008).
805:"16: Explosions and Collapses"
644:Vine, Katy (21 January 2013).
227:meeting was being held in the
1:
903:"New London School Explosion"
500:The top of the London School
469:United States Bureau of Mines
463:Investigation and legislation
1064:"New London School Disaster"
720:American Antiquarian Society
700:American Antiquarian Society
305:, deputy sheriffs, and even
2128:New London School Explosion
1217:"Walter Cronkite Remembers"
620:Texas Historical Commission
611:New London School Explosion
412:Texas Centennial Exposition
110:New London School explosion
22:New London School explosion
2277:
427:. The name was changed to
367:United Press International
1848:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
530:The Day A Generation Died
478:Texas Railroad Commission
144:, the school district in
26:
1038:"RootsWeb.com Home Page"
908:Handbook of Texas Online
451:, who was the leader of
126:1900 Galveston hurricane
48:March 18, 1937
1901:Cornell, James (1979).
1725:OAH Magazine of History
1698:Republic of Texas Rider
1258:Tyler Morning Telegraph
802:Cornell, James (1979).
755:Tyler Morning Telegraph
474:Texas state legislature
346:Mother Frances Hospital
582:Collinwood school fire
551:Shadow Across The Path
516:
508:
180:
2202:32.23917°N 94.94139°W
1741:10.1093/oahmag/oar033
879:on September 28, 2007
614:(Historical marker).
541:When Even Angels Wept
514:
499:
429:West Rusk High School
414:the previous summer.
178:
1983:. pp. 151–166.
1915:. pp. 259–260.
1068:Houston Public Media
873:"Robertson, William"
816:. pp. 259–260.
587:Bath School disaster
506:Matchett Herring Coe
291:Texas National Guard
287:Texas Highway Patrol
63:3:05 – 3:20 p.m. CST
2251:Explosions in Texas
2207:32.23917; -94.94139
2198: /
1981:Springer Publishing
1142:(28 October 1997).
354:Dallas Times Herald
328:and as far away as
270:Rescue and recovery
130:Texas City disaster
23:
2236:Rusk County, Texas
2226:Explosions in 1937
1802:www.lib.utexas.edu
1625:The New York Times
1568:The New York Times
1515:The New York Times
1160:. pp. 63–65.
1156:(First ed.).
783:on January 8, 2006
572:List of explosions
517:
509:
181:
99:Non-fatal injuries
2256:March 1937 events
2133:Handbook of Texas
1990:978-0-8261-0519-6
1508:(20 March 1937).
1313:Houston Chronicle
1253:Houston Chronicle
1227:on April 23, 2008
1221:New London Museum
1152:A Reporter's Life
1128:on April 8, 2002.
1098:(Press release).
972:New London Museum
616:New London, Texas
467:Experts from the
443:Eleanor Roosevelt
315:nervous breakdown
122:New London, Texas
106:
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35:
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2019:Internet Archive
1979:(1st ed.).
1978:
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1958:Internet Archive
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1280:. Archived from
1262:Associated Press
1243:
1237:
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1234:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:Internet Archive
1200:
1198:
1158:Ballantine Books
1155:
1147:
1140:Cronkite, Walter
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:. Archived from
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1085:
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985:
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978:on June 13, 2021
974:. Archived from
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948:
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859:Internet Archive
856:
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815:
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788:
779:. Archived from
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734:
723:
717:
703:
697:
682:
676:
675:
673:
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641:
624:
623:
606:
375:Nuremberg trials
359:Associated Press
142:Great Depression
114:natural gas leak
55:
53:
37:
36:
24:
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1894:Further reading
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1145:"Chapter 3"
704:1700–1799:
684:1634–1699:
281:dispatched
192:natural gas
158:Rusk County
2220:Categories
2193:94°56′29″W
2190:32°14′21″N
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2058:1004002539
2050:2011023365
1999:2010026537
1781:1008639928
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1431:1004002539
1423:2011023365
787:January 7,
593:References
307:Boy Scouts
289:, and the
263:School bus
253:Roughnecks
208:crawlspace
170:wildcatter
146:New London
116:caused an
72:New London
52:1937-03-18
2130:from the
2113:25054119M
2105:755004196
2066:25230893M
2015:25567929M
2007:747913835
1807:March 11,
1757:0882-228X
1749:1938-2340
1735:: 21–25.
1642:0362-4331
1634:1553-8095
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883:March 11,
660:0148-7736
418:Aftermath
295:embalmers
241:Chevrolet
229:gymnasium
221:Henderson
214:Explosion
201:blind eye
162:oil wells
118:explosion
1947:7666129M
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1844:cite web
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373:and the
334:Longview
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