New Order (Indonesia) - Knowledge (XXG)

2582: 2146: 41: 2210: 2163: 1288:) epitomised talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratisation and corporatisation of political and societal organisations, and selective but brutal repression of opponents. Strident 2181: 2797:, owned by Suharto's cousin Sudwikatmono's Subentra Group (now Indika Group). The family was said to have controlled about 36,000 km of real estate in Indonesia, including 100,000 m of prime office space in Jakarta and nearly 40% of the land in East Timor. Additionally, Suharto's family members received free shares in 1,251 of Indonesia's most lucrative domestic companies (mostly run by Suharto's ethnic-Chinese cronies), while foreign-owned companies were encouraged to establish "strategic partnerships" with Suharto family's companies. Meanwhile, the myriad 200: 2192: 1426:, the PKI penetrated all levels of government. With the support of Sukarno and the Air Force, the party gained increasing influence at the expense of the Army, thus ensuring the Army's enmity. Muslim clerics, many of whom were landowners, felt threatened by the PKI's rural land confiscation actions. The army was alarmed at Sukarno’s support for the PKI’s wish to quickly establish a "fifth force" of armed peasants and labourers, which was first announced by the PKI to a 2172: 3127:. In the private sector, many Indonesian corporations had been borrowing heavily in lower-interest U.S. dollars, while their revenues were mostly in rupiah; their debt rapidly increased as the US dollar appreciated, leaving many companies virtually bankrupt. These companies desperately sold rupiah and bought U.S. dollars, causing the rupiah's value to drop from Rp 2,600 per dollar in August 1997 to over Rp 14,800 per dollar by January 1998. Efforts by the 2436: 2814: 1559: 2453: 1842: 1600:). He instituted a Pancasila indoctrination program that was mandatory for all Indonesians, from primary school students to office workers. Pancasila, a rather vague and generalist set of principles originally formulated by Sukarno in 1945, was vigorously promoted as a sacrosanct national ideology which represented the ancient wisdom of the Indonesian people even before the entry of foreign-based religions such as 1548: 5759: 1190: 2133:, and these anti-Islamic policies were entirely supported by Suharto, despite Suharto being a Muslim himself, since he considered political Islam a threat to his power. The Christian General Theo Syafei, who also served under Suharto, spoke out against political Islam coming to power in Indonesia, and insulted the Qur'an and Islam in remarks which were described as Islamophobic. Furthermore, the 5748: 3104: 5738: 2201: 2411: 162: 149: 2398:(a close ally of Suharto), invested the windfall income from rising oil prices into a myriad of other business activities such as shipping, steel, construction, real estate, and hospitals. These businesses were mismanaged and riddled with corruption. The government was forced to bail out the company, in the process nearly doubling the 2032:(Operation Command for the Restoration of Security and Order) and BAKIN (State Intelligence Coordination Agency). To maintain strict control over the country, Suharto expanded the army's territorial system down to the village level, while military officers were appointed as regional heads under the rubric of the 2360:") run by the military and his family members, which extracted "donations" from domestic and foreign enterprises in exchange for necessary government support and permits. While some proceeds of these organisations were used for genuinely charitable purposes (such as building a heart-disease hospital by 3314:

In later years, Suharto's rule has been remembered for its deadly repression, authoritarianism, and personal corruption as well as its government stability, considerable economic growth, and accompanying increases in the standard of living, creating strongly divided perceptions of Suharto and the New

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to take over management of troubled banks to prevent the collapse of the financial system. Based on IMF recommendations, the government increased interest rates to 70% in February 1998 to control spiralling inflation caused by the higher price of imports, but this action killed availability of credit

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conglomerates since they could not challenge his rule due to their ethnic-minority status, and, based on past experience, he thought that they possessed the skills and capital needed to create real growth for the country. In exchange for Suharto's patronage, the conglomerates provided vital financing

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a day or less. From 1966 to 1997, Indonesia recorded real GDP growth of 5.03% per year, pushing real GDP per capita upwards from US$ 806 to US$ 4,114. In 1966, the manufacturing sector made up less than 10% of GDP (mostly industries related to oil and agriculture). By 1997, manufacturing had risen to

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policies by opening selected economic sectors of the country to foreign investment under the new Foreign Investment Law of January 1967 (containing generous tax holidays and free movement of money). Suharto himself travelled to Western Europe and Japan in a series of trips to promote investment into

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that killed an estimated 500,000 to a million people. Public opinion shifted against Sukarno in part due to his apparent knowledge of, and sympathy for, the events of 30 September, and for his tolerance of leftist and communist elements whom the army blamed for the coup attempt. Student groups, such

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in 1993, despite most of the vessels having little value other than scrap, Suharto ordered the offending publications to be closed down on 21 June 1994 on the pretext that these critiques could "incite conflicts within the cabinet". This would lead to several of the closed publications' journalists

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the President for his apparent toleration of 30 September Movement and violation of the constitution by promoting PKI's international communist agenda, negligence of the economy, and promotion of national "moral degradation" via his womanising behaviour. In March 1967, the MPRS stripped Sukarno of

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was held on 3 July 1971 with ten participants: Golkar, four Islamic parties, as well as five nationalist and Christian parties. Campaigning on a non-ideological platform of "development", and aided by official government support and subtle intimidation tactics. Golkar secured 62.8% of the popular

3286:, demanding Suharto's resignation. Upon Suharto's return to Jakarta, he tried to defend his presidency by offering to resign in 2003 and to reshuffle his cabinet. These efforts failed when his political allies deserted him by refusing to join the proposed new cabinet. According to military chief 2101:

to distribute consumer goods to promote pro-Indonesian sentiments. In March 1969, it was agreed that the plebiscite will be channelled via 1,025 tribal chiefs, citing the logistical challenge and political ignorance of the population. Using the above strategy, the plebiscite produced a unanimous

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as part of the so-called "Basic Policy for the Solution of Chinese Problem", whereby only one Chinese-language publication (controlled by the army) was allowed to continue, all Chinese cultural and religious expressions (including display of Chinese characters) were prohibited from public space,

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rose to as high as 1,000%, export revenues were shrinking, infrastructure crumbling, and factories were operating at minimal capacity with negligible investment. Sukarno’s administration became increasingly ineffective in providing a viable economic system to lift its citizens out of poverty and

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By the 1980s, Suharto's grip on power was very strong, maintained by strict control over civil society, engineered elections, liberal use of the military's coercive powers, and a strong economy. Upon his retirement from the military in June 1976, Suharto undertook a re-organization of the armed

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and launched in 1973, resulted in the primary-school enrollment ratio reaching 90% by 1983 while almost eliminating the education gap between boys and girls. Sustained support for agriculture resulted in Indonesia reaching rice self-sufficiency by 1984, an unprecedented achievement which earned

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In exchange for US$ 43 billion in liquidity aid, Suharto was forced to sign three letters of intent from October 1997 to April 1998 with the IMF. The letters of intent promised reforms, which included closing banks owned by Suharto's family and cronies starting in November 1997. Plans to close

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To placate demands from civilian politicians for the holding of elections, as manifested in MPRS resolutions of 1966 and 1967, Suharto government formulated a series of laws regarding elections as well as the structure and duties of parliament which were passed by MPRS in November 1969 after

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Mohammad Suharto, started promoting Islamic values into society, and promoted the careers of Islamic-oriented generals (dubbed the "green generals"). To win support from the nascent Muslim business community, which resented dominance of Chinese-Indonesian conglomerates, Suharto formed the

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and an influx of foreign funds after deregulation in 1990. The sudden availability of credit fuelled strong economic growth in the early 1990s, but weak regulation of the financial sector sowed the seeds of the catastrophic crisis in 1997 which eventually lead to Suharto's resignation.

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that drained liquidity; depositors knew of the poor regulations and risky related-party credit extensions of Indonesian banks. In January 1998, the government was forced to provide emergency liquidity assistance (BLBI), issue a blanket guarantee for bank deposits, and set up the

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Shortly following the end of his New Order, Suharto was generally condemned and vilified. The early 2000s saw a substantial growth of democratic reform, reversing many of Suharto's authoritarian policies. Culturally, Indonesians also began to embrace a variety of freedoms

1809:/Indonesian Democratic Party). The government ensured that these parties never developed effective opposition by controlling their leadership, while establishing the "re-call" system to remove any outspoken legislators from their positions. Using this system dubbed the " 3327:

of former New Order general Prabowo Subianto as President of Indonesia signalled a turning point in perceptions of Suharto, as Prabowo paid tribute to Suharto in his victory speech. Opinion polls showed Prabowo's victory being heavily supported by younger voters.

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Within a few years, however, many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order, which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group. Among much of the pro-democracy movement that forced Suharto to resign in the

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actively persecuted religious Muslims in the Indonesian armed forces, which was described as being "anti-Islamic", denying religious Muslims promotions, and preventing them from praying in the barracks and banning them from even using the Islamic greeting

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have been debated following his death. A resurgence of nostalgia for Suharto's reign among some Indonesians has been linked to discontent with modern political problems and the growth of younger generations born too late to experience the New Order. The

2889:") that killed up to 12,000 people, mostly civilians, by the time ended the insurgency ended in 1992. More subtly, the Suharto government sought to better control the press by issuing a 1984 law requiring all media to possess a press operating licence ( 1656:'s 1968 attempt to introduce a bill which would have severely curtailed presidential authority, Suharto had him removed from his position as MPRS chairman in 1969 and forced his early retirement from the military in 1972. In 1967, generals HR Dharsono, 2596:

rate had dropped to around 11% compared with 45% in 1970 according to some studies, though this claim of poverty reduction is debatable and many studies indicate that poverty was much higher than claimed, with as many as 50% of Indonesians living on a

2581: 1873:. The government formed civil society groups to unite the populace in support of government programs. For instance, the government created and required all civil servants and employees of state- and local government-owned enterprises and those of 2765:, which Tutut had a majority (75% at one time) stake through her PT Citra Lamtoro Gung Persada subsidiary PT Citra Marga Nusaphala Persada; the national car project, monopolized by Bambang and Tommy (through the Bimantara Group (now 2924:(CGI) which continued increasing aid to Indonesia. Realizing this trend, Suharto sought wider alliances under the rubric of economic development, away from over-reliance to United States support. Suharto was elected as head of the 3621: 3080:

on demonstrating Megawati supporters in Jakarta resulted in fatal riots and looting. This incident was followed by waves of arrests on 200 democracy activists, 23 of whom were kidnapped (some were murdered) by army squads called

1762:, while the remaining seats were allocated to political parties based on results of a general election. This mechanism ensures significant government control over legislative affairs, particularly the appointment of presidents. 2983:, Minister for Research and Technology since 1978, as its leader. During this period of Suharto's cozying with Islamists, race riots against ethnic-Chinese began to occur quite regularly, beginning with the April 1994 riot in 1430:

journalist. Adding to this desperate and fractious nature of Indonesia in the 1960s, a split within the military was fostered by Western countries backing a right-wing faction against a left-wing faction backed by the PKI.

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in 1977 led to dispatch of small special forces detachments who quickly either killed or forced the movement's members to flee abroad. Notably, in March 1981, Suharto authorised a successful special forces mission to end

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Suharto ruthlessly suppressed elements that disturbed the tranquility of the New Order society. From 1983 to 1985, army death squads murdered up to 10,000 suspected criminals in response to a spike in crime rate (dubbed

2481:(including Japan and South Korea) with the objective of securing support for Indonesia's economic recovery. Western countries, impressed by Suharto's strong anti-communist credentials, were quick to offer their support. 3131:

to defend its managed float regime by selling dollars had little impact and instead drained Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves, forcing the government to free-float the currency and seek liquidity aid from the

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telecommunication satellites); consequently Indonesian infrastructure in the mid-1990s was considered on par with China's. Suharto was keen to capitalise on such achievements to justify his presidency, and an

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resistance forced the government to maintain strong military presence in the half-island until 1999. An estimated minimum of 90,800 and maximum of 213,600 conflict-related deaths occurred in East Timor during

2280: 3089:. Regardless of these incidents, as late as mid-1997, Suharto's grip on power seemed as secure as ever with the military led by his loyalists, all opposition groups suppressed, and the economy in good shape. 1616:) of harmony with God and fellow mankind. In practice, however, the vagueness of Pancasila was exploited by Suharto's government to justify their actions and to condemn their opponents as "anti-Pancasila". 1281:

in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, and Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66'

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Suharto proceeded with social engineering projects designed to transform Indonesian society into a de-politicized "floating mass" supportive of the national mission of "development", a concept similar to

2287:), and the Dutch part of Royal Dutch/Shell) were not reprivatized due to nationalist sentiments. From 1967, the government managed to secure low-interest foreign aid from ten countries grouped under the 1709:

in 1978. In April 1978, Suharto ended the campus unrest by issuing a decree on the "Normalization of Campus Life" (NKK) which prohibited political activities on-campus not related to academic pursuits.

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has come to be used pejoratively. It is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the Suharto period, or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian administration, such as

2761:, and Bambang Trihatmodjo, grew increasingly venal and corrupt. Their companies were given lucrative government contracts and protected from market competition by monopolies. Examples include the 3150:

to the corporate sector. Suharto's foot-dragging in undertaking reforms demanded by IMF in relation to his children's business further weakened public confidence. According to American economist

2236:", to formulate government economic policy. By cutting subsidies and government debt, and reforming the exchange rate mechanism, inflation dropped from 660% in 1966 to 19% in 1969. The threat of 2543:

during their visits to Indonesia), Suharto decided to intervene to prevent establishment of a communist state. After an unsuccessful attempt of covert support to Timorese anti-communist groups

3217:. With Suharto increasingly seen as the source of the country's mounting economic and political crises, prominent political figures spoke out against his presidency (notably Muslim politician 3072:, was becoming a rallying point for this growing discontent. In response, Suharto backed a co-opted faction of the PDI led by Suryadi, which removed Megawati from the chair. On 27 July 1996, 4306: 2723:), which eased requirements for establishing banks and extending credit, resulting in a 50% increase in number of banks from 1989 to 1991. To promote savings, the government introduced the 3625: 1922: 3918: 5855: 3166:

deliberately worsened the Indonesian crisis to force Suharto to resign. Hanke quoted Camdessus as saying "We created the conditions that obliged President Suharto to leave his job".

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managed to secure several agreements to restructure massive debts incurred by Sukarno from the Soviet Union and other Eastern European communist states. Regionally, having ended

2260:, later followed by significant investment from Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese companies. British-owned businesses nationalized by the Sukarno administration as part of 2038:("Dual Function") of the military. By 1969, 70% of Indonesia's provincial governors and more than half of its district chiefs were active military officers. Suharto authorised 2145: 1381:(PKI). To the resentment of the Military and Muslim groups, this arrangement became increasingly reliant on the PKI, which had become the country’s strongest political party. 4770: 3123:, and spread into Indonesia as foreign speculative investors pulled out their investments, sucking U.S. dollar liquidity in Indonesia and causing severe depreciation of the 2885: 1508:"), as well as promulgating other resolutions that elevated the Supersemar into a parliamentary resolution also irrevocable by Sukarno, and stripped Sukarno of his title of 3622:"'2 Soeharto's Javanese Pancasila' in Soeharto's New Order and its Legacy: Essays in honour of Harold Crouch by Edited by Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy | ANU E Press" 5171: 3970: 3944: 3294:), however Wiranto decided not to enforce the decree to prevent conflict with the population. On 21 May 1998, Suharto announced his resignation, upon which vice-president 1721:

to silence his critics. Suharto refused to address the petitioners' concerns, and some of them were imprisoned with others having restrictions imposed on their movements.

2568:; namely, 17,600–19,600 killings and 73,200 to 194,000 'excess' deaths from hunger and illness. Indonesian forces were responsible for about 70% of the violent killings. 6057: 2300:

class capable of motoring economic growth to supplement existing state-owned enterprises. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw emergence of domestic entrepreneurs (mostly

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To participate in the elections, Suharto realised the need to align himself with a political party. After initially considering alignment with Sukarno's old party, the

2505:(ASEAN) in August 1967. This organisation is designed to establish a peaceful relationship between Southeast Asian countries free from conflicts such as the ongoing 5845: 5301: 2920:

fighter jets in 1997. When the Netherlands condemned the Santa Cruz Massacre, Suharto retaliated by expelling the Dutch from IGGI in March 1992 and renaming it the

1649:, began to systematically cement his hold on power by subtly sidelining potential rivals while rewarding loyalists with political position and monetary incentives. 860: 2976: 1218: 1474:), government and military were purged of pro-Sukarno elements, many of whom were accused of being communist sympathisers, and replaced with Suharto supporters. 5994: 3892: 2605:

25% of GDP, and 53% of exports consisted of manufactured products. The government invested into massive infrastructure development (notably the launch of the

1664:(dubbed "New Order Radicals") opposed Suharto's decision to allow the participation of existing political parties in elections in favour of a non-ideological 5865: 2867:

Temple in January 1985) led to arrests of hundreds of conservative Islamic activists, ranging from future parliamentary leader A. M. Fatwa to radical cleric

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as head of the armed forces. A tough and capable soldier, Moerdani was also a Roman Catholic, which precluded him from posing a political threat to Suharto.

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It wasn't until 1980 that feminism would gain an uprising with the establishment of several foundations, for example the Annisa Shanti foundation (Yasanti).

949: 4654: 3279:, while another theory suggested deliberate provocation by Suharto to divert blame for the crisis to the ethnic-Chinese and discredit the student movement. 2209: 5796: 5630: 3413: 3267:

on 13–15 May that destroyed thousands of buildings and killed over 1,000 people. Various theories exist on the origins of the racial pogrom against the

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Having been appointed president, Suharto still needed to share power with various elements including Indonesian generals who considered Suharto as mere

1533:; little more was heard from him, and he died in June 1970. In March 1968, the MPRS appointed Suharto to the first of his five-year terms as President. 94: 4611: 4439:"H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia" 4169: 2966:

In an attempt to diversify his power base away from the military, Suharto began courting support from Islamic elements. He undertook a much-publicized

1582:) which obliged all organisations in Indonesia to adhere to Pancasila as a basic principle; he later secured another parliamentary resolution in 1983 ( 6067: 5273: 3510: 3205:. The new MPR voted unanimously to re-elect Suharto to another five-year term in office in March 1998, upon which he proceeded to appoint his protege 2559:

in July 1976. The "encirclement and annihilation" campaigns of 1977–1979 broke the back of Fretilin control over the hinterlands, although continuing

1470:), which gave him authority to take any action necessary to maintain security. Using the decree, the PKI was banned in March 1966 and the parliament ( 2959:, the president dismissed him from the position of military chief. Suharto proceeded to slowly "de-militarize" his regime; he dissolved the powerful 6251: 5355: 1458: 5947: 5925: 4303: 2548: 5095: 3056:, created by Suharto's economic development, were becoming restless with his autocracy and his family's brazen corruption, fuelling demands for " 1377:(Nationalism, Religion, Communism) whereby he sought to balance the competing Indonesian Military, Islamic groups, and the increasingly powerful 4824: 6153: 2876: 2502: 1926: 3383: 2781:, respectively); the clove industry, monopolized by a Tommy-linked governmental body called the Clove Buffering and Marketing Administration ( 1929:

in order to enter an academy, obtain a passport, register for an election, and to get married. In 1968, Suharto commenced the very successful

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Domestically, the growing rapaciousness of Suharto's family created discontent among the military, which lost access to power and lucrative

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of Suharto's presidency (1978). The New Order responded by imprisoning student activists and sending army units to occupy the campus of the

1512:. In August–September 1966, and against the wishes of Sukarno, the New Order ended Indonesia's confrontation with Malaysia and rejoined the 1495:; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... 6672: 3808: 3146: 2719:

sector to encourage savings and providing domestic source of financing required for growth. Suharto decreed the "October Package of 1988" (

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as well as Islamic and student groups who participated in the anti-communist purge. Suharto, aided by his "Office of Personal Assistants" (

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with massive landslides. The elected MPR then proceeded to unanimously re-elect Suharto as president in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.

1689:) were successfully co-opted into the regime, it faced large student demonstrations challenging the legitimacy of the 1971 elections, the 3922: 1672:

countries. Suharto then proceeded to send Dharsono overseas as ambassador, while Kemal Idris and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo were sent to distant

6617: 6226: 5952: 5809: 5294: 5276:— Collection of interviews with Indonesian exiles, on political roles and personal experiences before and after 30 September 1965. 4364: 3213:

became Minister of Social Affairs). The government's decision to increase fuel prices by 70% on 4 May triggered anti-Chinese rioting in

3026: 2565: 1938: 1095: 109: 6330: 4752: 4105: 3524: 2956: 2818: 1917: 1744: 1211: 1157: 6571: 6554: 5969: 5255: 5214: 5115: 5076: 5050: 5024: 5002: 4979: 4958: 4939: 4899: 4877: 4856: 4398: 3561: 3493: 2929: 2641: 2552: 2162: 1115: 6143: 4438: 3996: 3290:, on 18 May, Suharto issued a decree which provided authority to him to take any measures to restore security (similar to the 1966 2944: 2611: 2252:

Indonesia, starting in the natural resources sector. Among the first foreign investors to re-enter Indonesia were mining companies

1736: 1625:("Dual Function") policy allowed the military to have an active role in all levels of Indonesian government, economy, and society. 1471: 1466:, were encouraged by, and sided with, the Army against Sukarno. In March 1966, Suharto secured a presidential decree (known as the 2275:) were reprivatized; however, Dutch companies originally nationalized in the late 1950s-early 1960s (including but not limited to 6424: 6335: 6201: 6121: 5964: 5567: 3324: 2498: 1751: 1150: 1140: 1130: 1125: 1105: 5175: 3974: 3948: 2180: 6667: 6162: 5989: 5325: 2921: 2103: 1706: 4464: 6662: 6379: 6287: 6094: 6026: 5870: 5825: 5789: 5287: 4788: 3315:

Order. Upon his death in 2008, Suharto was given a burial with full military honors, signalling a renewal in public support.

3006:, who owed their position solely to Suharto. As a sign of Habibie's growing clout, when three prominent Indonesian magazines— 1167: 959: 207: 2337:

REPELITA III (1979–1984) focusing on achieving food self-sufficiency and growth in export-oriented labour-intensive industry

1937:/KB) to stem the huge population growth rate and hence increase per-capita income. A lasting legacy from this period is the 6532: 6519: 6364: 6265: 6221: 5920: 5895: 5880: 5437: 5122: 2909: 1770: 1393: 1349: 1204: 1172: 1162: 1145: 1110: 1034: 1004: 939: 769: 472: 295: 179: 5193: 2319:, the government began a series of large-scale intensive investment in infrastructure under a series of five-year plans ( 2001: 6537: 6429: 6114: 5979: 5840: 5365: 4020: 3264: 1856:

in 1971 to enforce "monoloyalty" policy within the civil service and government-owned enterprises, which contributes to

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in 1998. Suharto coined the term upon his accession and used it to contrast his presidency with that of his predecessor

788: 481: 124: 71: 50: 6236: 6021: 5935: 5885: 5723: 5447: 5427: 5417: 5345: 5087: 3116: 3069: 3008: 2952: 2830: 2655:-oriented labour-intensive manufacturing, made globally competitive by Indonesia's low wages and a series of currency 2537: 2123: 2060: 1802: 1440: 1255: 1014: 152: 119: 4086: 3896: 6564: 6467: 6414: 6211: 6148: 5984: 5959: 5708: 5698: 3485: 3319: 2350:

While establishing a formal economy based on rational and sound macroeconomic policies, Suharto continued his past

1885:) as the only legal labour union for workers not eligible for KORPRI membership in February 1973 (later renamed as 1694: 1378: 1305: 969: 4177: 1881:(the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia) in November 1971 to ensure their loyalty; organised the FBSI ( 1786:

vote. The March 1973 general session of the MPR promptly appointed Suharto to a second term in office with Sultan

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session, military legislators attempted to pressure Suharto by unsuccessfully seeking to block the nomination of

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was Indonesia's founding president, a position he had held since the Republic's formation in 1945. In 1955, the

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http://www.bi.go.id/NR/rdonlyres/A6011CBA-1B4E-49B1-9DDC-CB01AB6C60D0/19386/SejarahPerbankanPeriode19831997.pdf

3856: 1905: 1794: 1777:("Functional Group") and transform it into his electoral vehicle under the co-ordination of his right-hand man 1100: 521: 5751: 5134: 3417: 2485:

with the People's Republic of China were suspended in October 1967 due to suspicion of Chinese involvement in

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Realizing the dearth of domestic capital capable of re-juvenating growth, Suharto reversed Sukarno's economic

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REPELITA V (1989–1994) focusing on growth in telecommunications, education, and transportation infrastructure

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On 5 January 1973, to allow better control, the government forced the four Islamic parties to merge into the

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REPELITA VI (1994–1998, unfinished) focusing on infrastructure to support foreign investment and free trade

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REPELITA II (1974–1979) focusing on infrastructure on islands outside Java and growth in primary industries

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A June session of the now-purged parliament promulgated a parliamentary resolution irrevocable by Sukarno (

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forces that concentrated power away from commanders to the president. In March 1983, he appointed General

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s run by Suharto family grew even larger, levying millions of dollars in "donations" from the public and

2097:) at large in the jungles since the Indonesian takeover in 1963, while sending Catholic volunteers under 2046:

area in 1968 and ordered several military operations which ended the communist PGRS-Paraku insurgency in

1586:) which prohibited all organizations from adhering to any principles except Pancasila, a policy known as 6547: 6542: 6499: 6494: 6389: 6384: 6277: 6206: 6040: 5830: 5350: 3073: 3061: 3057: 2770: 2556: 2486: 2442: 2296:

Suharto's government issued the Domestic Investment Law of June 1968 to allow development of a domestic

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as vice-president while stacking the cabinet with his own family and business associates (his daughter

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Suharto reads his address of resignation at Merdeka Palace on 21 May 1998. Suharto's VP and successor,

2737:, originally opened in 1912 as the Batavia (later Jakarta) branch of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (now 2555:

of the colony on 7 December 1975 followed with its official annexation as Indonesia's 27th province of

5747: 5099: 4315:"Sejarah Bank Indonesia : Moneter. Periode 1983-1997" (pdf/possibly same document/not in English) 3244:

of 2001, all of which resulted in large-scale massacres of the Madurese. In the Sambas conflict, both

6610: 6576: 6439: 6312: 6302: 6241: 6184: 6137: 6131: 6079: 6016: 5974: 5930: 5835: 5817: 5467: 2925: 2916:

assistance to the Indonesian Military. Suharto retaliated by cancelling purchase orders for American

2842: 2774: 2598: 2521: 2415: 2380: 1810: 1750:) as well as regional and groups representatives. 100 of the 460 members of DPR were soldiers of the 1718: 1653: 1595: 1567: 1052: 815: 778: 731: 661: 631: 601: 571: 188: 4287: 2990:

By the 1990s, Suharto's government came to be dominated by sycophantic civilian politicians such as

6472: 6419: 6359: 6292: 6216: 5623: 3380: 3268: 3260: 2901: 2782: 2749:

The growth of the economy was coincided by rapid expansion in corruption, collusion, and nepotism (

2688: 2684: 2265: 2191: 2118:

were suppressed and religious Muslims were carefully watched by the Indonesian government. Several

1996: 1984: 1966: 1913: 1897: 1450: 1236: 870: 835: 701: 621: 491: 114: 4577: 3734: 3169:

Economic meltdown was accompanied by increasing political tension. Anti-Chinese riots occurred in

2863:, massacring up to 100 protesters. A retaliatory series of small bombings (notably the bombing of 1912:) in 1975 to control Islamic clerics. In 1966 to 1967, to promote assimilation of the influential 1453:

to kill the President. General Suharto led the army in suppressing the abortive coup attempt. The

6626: 6504: 6434: 6404: 6374: 6369: 6354: 6325: 6282: 6009: 6004: 5616: 5422: 3895:[Towards Death, The 'Islam Phobi' Theo Syafei Attacked Rare Brain Cancer]. Archived from 3256: 3194: 2900:, and Suharto's human-rights record came under greater international scrutiny. The November 1991 2880: 2790: 2738: 2708: 2680: 2301: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2051: 1661: 1635: 1509: 1370: 1075: 1060: 721: 691: 611: 531: 364: 3816: 6559: 6169: 5860: 5455: 5401: 5251: 5229: 5210: 5161: 5111: 5072: 5046: 5020: 4998: 4975: 4954: 4935: 4916: 4895: 4873: 4852: 4732: 4640: 4394: 3557: 3520: 3489: 3362: 3124: 2789:, BPPC); and even the cinema market (and furthermore, all imports of films distributed by the 2660: 2376: 2129: 2064: 1787: 1714: 1645:) clique of military officers from his days as commander of Diponegoro Division, particularly 910: 890: 671: 561: 551: 511: 246: 5126: 4009:

J. Panglaykim and K.D. Thomas, "The New Order and the Economy," Indonesia, April 1967, p. 73.

1566:

The "New Order" was so called to distinguish and "better" itself from Sukarno's "Old Order".

1361:

delivered an unstable parliament and from the late 1950s, Sukarno's rule became increasingly

6631: 6104: 5763: 5512: 4806: 4465:"United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor" 3283: 3276: 3245: 3163: 3086: 2872: 2868: 2813: 2700: 2624: 2560: 2513: 2328: 2253: 2082:

into Indonesia before end of 1969, the Suharto government began organising for a so-called "

1665: 1609: 1486: 1463: 1366: 1194: 1070: 825: 651: 641: 334: 2532:) emerged triumphant. After persuasion from Western countries (including from US president 2489:(diplomatic relations were only restored in 1990). Due to Suharto's destruction of PKI the 2171: 1558: 5432: 5184: 4887: 4658: 4310: 4288:"The Politics of Development Policy and Development. Policy Reform in New Order Indonesia" 4082: 3387: 3358: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3190: 3098: 2838: 2766: 2676: 2672: 2316: 2047: 2028:

Suharto relied on the military to ruthlessly maintain domestic security, organised by the

1930: 1755: 1698: 1385: 1259: 1065: 806: 681: 581: 541: 374: 129: 4549: 3999:[The Hijab Ban of the 1980s: Out of School, the Hijab Poisoned]. 2 November 2019. 2086:" (PEPERA) scheduled on July–August 1969. The government sent RPKAD special forces under 1904:) (while in fact it cements only business interests with the state); and established the 5123:"Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics" 5082: 4442: 2452: 2435: 6527: 6349: 5538: 4318: 3221:), and in January 1998 university students began organising nationwide demonstrations. 3155: 3128: 2855:) to be above any human conceptions. In September 1984, a violent demonstration in the 2802: 2648: 2623:

program) increased life expectancy from 47 years (1966) to 67 years (1997) and cut the

2352: 2233: 2219: 2010: 1874: 1677: 1570:

was promoted as the national ideology, one that pre-dated introduced religions such as

1513: 1416: 1293: 1289: 741: 711: 591: 414: 344: 4771:"Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption" 3344:

KORPRI still exists today and all civil servants are still required to join the corps.

1547: 6656: 6636: 5584: 5572: 5485: 5012: 4991: 4969: 3295: 3108: 3003: 2991: 2896:

In the international arena, Western concern over Communism waned with the end of the

2856: 2821: 2758: 2696: 2540: 2399: 2384: 2098: 2055: 1673: 1669: 1401: 1397: 1297: 394: 2410: 2090:

which secured the surrender of several bands of the former Dutch-organized militia (

1841: 5522: 5502: 5479: 3229: 3186: 3159: 3053: 2940: 2656: 2493:

embargoed military sales to Indonesia. However, from 1967 to 1970 foreign minister

2490: 2478: 2257: 2150: 2119: 1958: 1849: 1530: 1526: 1389: 384: 314: 277: 5197: 4331: 4910: 4867: 4550:"Indonesia: Anatomy of a Banking Crisis. Two years of living dangerously 1997-99" 1445:

On 30 September 1965, six generals were killed by a group calling themselves the

6586: 5517: 5396: 4709: 4174:

A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste

3479: 3178: 3174: 3151: 3021: 2794: 2692: 2668: 2533: 2506: 2395: 2309: 2305: 1921:

Chinese schools were phased out, and the ethnic Chinese were encouraged to take

1870: 1778: 1685: 1657: 1646: 1517: 1411: 1284: 501: 424: 226: 2849:

caused protests from conservative Islamic groups which considered Islamic law (

6341: 5473: 5461: 5360: 5154:

History in Uniform. Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia’s Past

3291: 3218: 3206: 3103: 2980: 2948: 2663:

was mostly undertaken by ethnic-Chinese companies, which evolved into immense

2494: 2365: 2297: 2284: 2079: 1962: 1950: 1893: 1801:/United Development Party) while the five non-Islamic parties were fused into 1702: 1467: 1313: 444: 99: 2963:

in September 1988 and ensured key military positions were held by loyalists.

5805: 5507: 5386: 3516: 3170: 2960: 2864: 2704: 2647:

In the early 1980s, Suharto responded to the fall in oil exports due to the

2619: 2517: 2372: 2272: 2229: 2034: 2029: 1621: 1504: 1496: 1482: 1405: 1362: 1317: 1300:

doctrine remained a hallmark of the presidency for its subsequent 30 years.

454: 404: 354: 257: 61: 3556:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–135. 3020:—criticised Habibie's purchase of almost the entire fleet of the disbanded 2228:

The new president enlisted a group of mostly American-educated Indonesian

3893:"Jelang Ajal, Sang 'Islam Phobi' Theo Syafei Diserang Kanker Otak Langka" 3182: 3141: 3120: 3077: 2897: 2525: 2474: 2391: 2368:

to reward political allies to maintain support for Suharto's presidency.

2315:

Flush with IGGI foreign aid and later the jump in oil exports during the

2268: 2115: 1861: 1713:

In 1980, fifty prominent political figures—including Nasution—signed the

1601: 1571: 1427: 1423: 1321: 236: 5267: 4192: 2340:

REPELITA IV (1984–1989) focusing on growth in capital-good manufacturing

2200: 2042:

which destroyed PKI remnants trying to organise a guerrilla base in the

1769:, in 1969 Suharto took control of an obscure military-run federation of 6125: 5558: 5321: 5244:

Of Self and Injustice. Autobiography and Repression in Modern Indonesia

5034: 4652:

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAYAK AND MADURA IN RETOK by Yohanes Supriyadi

3287: 3272: 3065: 2995: 2741:) and re-opened in 1977, performed strongly due to a spree of domestic 2716: 2593: 2585: 2248: 2068: 1954: 1860:'s victory throughout the New Order era. This emblem was designed by a 1552: 1374: 1354: 1263: 1251: 324: 81: 1481:), that confirmed Suharto's ban of the PKI and simultaneously banned " 5774: 5548: 5543: 4293:. William Davidson Institute, University of Michigan business school. 3357:; became consolidated subsidiary of HBG in 1977, and was retained by 3265:

anti-Chinese rioting and looting across Jakarta and some other cities

3198: 2893:) which could be revoked at any time by the Ministry of Information. 2851: 2715:

In the late 1980s, the Suharto government decided to de-regulate the

2667:, dominating the nation's economy. The largest conglomerates are the 2652: 2614:

resolution in 1983 granted him the title of "Father of Development".

2606: 2423: 2419: 2388: 2237: 2043: 1979: 1973:). In 1974, President Suharto established civil servant wives' corps 1878: 1857: 1853: 1774: 1612:, Suharto glorified Pancasila as a key to reaching the perfect life ( 1500: 1415:, a military confrontation with Malaysia; removed Indonesia from the 434: 104: 5108:

Indonesia's New Order: The Dynamics of Socio-economic Transformation

4548:

Enoch, Charles, Barbara Baldwin, Olivier Frécaut, and Arto Kovanen,

161: 1991:), an antifeminist, patriarchic doctrine similar to Nazi Germany's 148: 5370: 5247: 5157: 4170:"The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999" 4131: 3481:

The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66

3252: 3214: 3102: 2984: 2971: 2933: 2812: 2580: 2409: 2241: 2144: 2134: 2014: 1641: 1605: 1575: 1557: 1546: 304: 5043:

7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997

4727:

Long, Nicholas (2016). "Why Indonesians Turn Against Democracy".

3282:

On 16 May, tens of thousands of university students occupied the

2102:

decision for integration with Indonesia, which was duly noted by

1608:. In a July 1982 speech that reflected his deep infatuation with 5226:

Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965-1998

5017:

Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998

2967: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2304:) in the import-substitution light-manufacturing sector such as 2050:(1967–1972). Attacks on oil workers by the first incarnation of 1743:

with the power to elect presidents consisting of a lower house (

5778: 5283: 4218: 5185:"Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"" 4241:"Poverty Rises With Wealth in Indonesia - Inter Press Service" 4056: 4054: 3512:

The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder

3271:. One theory suggested rivalry between military chief General 3133: 2778: 2327:

REPELITA I (1969–1974) focusing on agricultural improvements (

1562:

Suharto took the presidential oath of office on 27 March 1968.

1491: 4578:"On the Fall of the Rupiah and Suharto | Cato Institute" 4560: 4558: 4393:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 342–387. 4168:

Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (9 February 2006).

3997:"Pelarang Jibab 1980-an: Dikeluarkan Sekolah, Jilbab Beracun" 3947:[PDIP Senior Leader Theo Syafei Dies]. Archived from 2733:, National Development Savings) program to the populace. The 2707:. Suharto decided to support the growth of a small number of 2651:

by successfully shifting the main pillar of the economy into

1941:

of Indonesian language decreed by Suharto on 17 August 1972.

5279: 3298:

assumed the presidency in accordance with the constitution.

3033:

would later move to the then-largely-uncensored internet as

2469:

Upon assuming power, Suharto government adopted a policy of

2017:, was made compulsory in 1972, especially on rural regions. 5039:

7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997

4951:

A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, Second Edition

4520: 4518: 2520:

after the withdrawal of Portuguese authority following the

1925:. Furthermore, Chinese Indonesians are also subject to the 1896:, officially defined as Pancasilaist Industrial Relations ( 4847:

Aspinall, E.; Feith, H. (1999). and G. Van Klinken (ed.).

4176:. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG). Archived from 3185:(1997); while bloody ethnic clashes broke out between the 2501:

in August 1966, Indonesia became a founding member of the

2458:

Indonesia's maximum territorial extent as depicted on the

2364:

run by the first lady), most of the money was recycled as

1697:

theme park (1972), the domination of foreign capitalists (

1683:

While many original leaders of the 1966 student movement (

1419:; and stepped up revolutionary and anti-Western rhetoric. 5125:. Amnesty International. 27 November 1996. Archived from 4191:

Stay informed today & every day (14 September 2006).

3919:"Political disillusionment shadows presidential election" 3877:[Knowing Anti-Islamic Intelligence Figures (1)]. 3251:

The crisis climaxed when Suharto was on a state visit to

3085:("Rose Team") led by Suharto's son-in-law, Major-General 3060:" (reform) of the 30-year-old New Order system. By 1996, 2356:

of creating a vast network of charitable organisations ("

1758:

soldiers—directly appointed by the government as part of

3857:"Mengenal Sosok Intelijen Anti-Islam (2) - Salam Online" 3839:"Mengenal Sosok Intelijen Anti-Islam (3) - Salam Online" 3717: 3715: 2859:

area of Jakarta by conservative Muslims led to soldiers

2753:). In the early 1980s, Suharto's children, particularly 4851:. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash Asia Institute. 3973:[Sumargono with the Characters]. Archived from 3311:) beyond the political sphere in their personal lives. 2951:, a Suharto-loyalist, as vice-president. After General 4825:"Prabowo pays tribute to New Order president Soeharto" 4729:

The State We're In: Reflecting on Democracy's Troubles

3076:

by soldiers and hired thugs led by Lieutenant-General

2078:

of 1962 which required a plebiscite on integration of

1578:. Suharto secured a parliamentary resolution in 1978 ( 2928:

in 1992, while Indonesia became a founding member of

1652:

Having successfully stood-down MPRS chairman General

1400:

countries. The cash-strapped government had to scrap

1388:

ideology saw Indonesia increasingly dependent on the

5269:

Oral History Collection In Search of Silenced Voices

4807:"Indonesia Debates Possibility of Honor for Suharto" 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 1864:

painter in 1973 and adopted by KORPRI the same year.

1813:

Democracy", Golkar won the MPR general elections of

6518: 6453: 6311: 6264: 6183: 6039: 5907: 5816: 5686: 5640: 5594: 5557: 5531: 5495: 5446: 5410: 5379: 5338: 5196:. Inside Indonesia. April–June 1999. Archived from 3859:[Mengenal Sosok Intelijen Anti-Islam (2)]. 3841:[Mengenal Sosok Intelijen Anti-Islam (3)]. 2979:(ICMI) in November 1990, and appointed his protégé 2402:, while Ibnu Sutowo was removed from his position. 1957:, the New Order, during its consolidation era, was 87: 77: 67: 57: 23: 4990: 4132:"How Did Suharto Steal $ 35 Billion? Cronyism 101" 3361:following its acquisition of HBG in 2002, until a 3041:) for the rest of the New Order, and the owner of 2441:Indonesia's territorial extent in 1978, including 2218:The economists who are considered members of the " 4753:"Image of man on train sparks Soeharto nostalgia" 3052:By the 1990s, elements of the growing Indonesian 2530:Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente 1373:", Sukarno’s position depended on his concept of 3154:, invited by Suharto in February 1998 to plan a 2728: 2634: 2628: 1977:, organized under the doctrine of "Five Women's 1735:protracted negotiations. The law provided for a 1593: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 2137:was banned from 1982 to 1991 in state schools. 5110:(Ed, Hal Hill), Allen & Unwin, Australia, 5069:The Indonesian economy during the Soeharto Era 4704: 4702: 4441:. THOMAS (Library of Congress). Archived from 4215:"Poverty In Indonesia - Poverty and Education" 2977:Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals 2577:Socio-economic progress and growing corruption 2271:and the British part of also-then-dual-listed 1409:hunger. Meanwhile, Sukarno led Indonesia into 5790: 5295: 4932:Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 4693: 4425: 3670: 2883:in 1989 led to a brutal military operation (" 1212: 8: 4363:. Transparency International. Archived from 4021:"Strategi Unilever Menghadapi Nasionalisasi" 2617:Suharto's health-care programs (such as the 2009:), which was rooted on a 1957 conference on 5067:Booth, Anne and Peter McCawley (eds) 1981. 4971:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 4934:. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press. 4869:Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces 4391:A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 1892:in 1985), established under the pretext of 1521:his remaining power, and Suharto was named 6270: 6189: 6045: 5913: 5797: 5783: 5775: 5631:40 Years of Silence: An Indonesian Tragedy 5302: 5288: 5280: 5172:"Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor" 4710:"Indonesia debates hero title for Suharto" 1995:); a "Family Welfare Training" programme ( 1516:. Parliament re-convened in March 1967 to 1219: 1205: 173: 39: 5274:International Institute of Social History 5071:, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. 5045:]. Jakarta: PT Citra Kharisma Bunda. 3945:"Tokoh Senior PDIP Theo Syafei Meninggal" 3875:"Mengenal Sosok Intelijen Anti-Islam (1)" 3068:and chairwoman of the normally compliant 2712:for his "regime maintenance" activities. 2321:Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun / REPELITA 4789:"Why Indonesia's Democracy Is in Danger" 4552:, International Monetary Fund, May 2001. 4193:"Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them" 4060: 3694: 3600: 3576: 3465: 3438: 3197:in 1997. After violent campaign season, 2627:rate by more than 60%. The government's 2371:In February 1975, the state oil company 1840: 1668:somewhat similar to those found in many 4681: 4564: 4155: 3759: 3721: 3682: 3658: 3646: 3588: 3539: 3399: 3373: 3337: 2122:Generals who served under Suharto like 187: 176: 4669: 4217:. Povertyindonesia.com. Archived from 3771: 3263:on 12 May 1998, which was followed by 2875:). Attacks on police by the resurgent 2503:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2061:hijacking of a Garuda Indonesia flight 1457:were quickly blamed, and the army led 20: 5194:"Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?" 5083:Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions 4915:(in Indonesian). Kata Hasta Pustaka. 4598: 4536: 4524: 4497: 4485: 4413: 4045: 3795: 3783: 3706: 3045:would launch another magazine called 2787:Badan Penyangga dan Pemasaran Cengkeh 2290:Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia 1965:, officially defined as "familyism" ( 1693:Movement, the costly construction of 1359:first general parliamentary elections 1346:Liberal democracy period in Indonesia 1247:) describes the regime of the second 7: 5737: 5207:The Mute's Soliloquy : A Memoir 4509: 4273: 4261: 4106:"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel" 3414:"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel" 3390:. The Jakarta Post (24 August 2001). 3228:there was communal violence between 3147:Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency 2970:pilgrimage in 1991, took up name of 2751:Korupsi, Kolusi, dan Nepotisme / KKN 2512:In 1974, the neighbouring colony of 2414:Suharto attends 1970 meeting of the 2293:(IGGI) to cover its budget deficit. 2244:rice aid shipments in 1967 to 1968. 1396:which was met with indignation from 5356:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 4019:Isnaeni, Hendri F. (25 June 2020). 3624:. Epress.anu.edu.au. Archived from 3027:Alliance of Independent Journalists 2871:(future founder of terrorist group 2699:, the Barito Pacific Group, led by 2689:Tjia Han Poen (William Soeryadjaya) 1837:Establishment of corporative groups 16:1966–1998 period of rule by Suharto 5856:French and British era (1806–1816) 5174:. World Bank. 1993. Archived from 4849:The Last Days of President Suharto 4332:"Suharto tops corruption rankings" 4286:Rock, Michael T. (November 2003). 4130:Koerner, Brendan (26 March 2004). 4104:Sheridan, Greg (28 January 2008). 3412:Sheriden, Greg (28 January 2008). 2551:, Suharto authorised a full-scale 2394:. The company's director, General 1752:Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces 1717:which criticised Suharto's use of 1629:Neutralisation of internal dissent 1324:(widely known by the acronym KKN: 14: 5228:. Equinox publishing, Singapore. 5019:. Singapore: Equinox Publishing. 3257:killed four student demonstrators 2943:opportunities. In the March 1988 2701:Pang Djun Phen (Prajogo Pangestu) 2681:Oei Ek Tjong (Eka Tjipta Widjaja) 2630:Bantuan Pembangunan Sekolah Dasar 1889:Serikat Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia 5757: 5746: 5736: 5568:Early life and career of Suharto 3416:. The Australian. Archived from 2703:, and the Nusamba Group, led by 2451: 2434: 2283:(by 1969 merged into Ennia, now 2208: 2199: 2190: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2002:Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga 1916:, the Suharto government passed 1883:Federasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia 1308:and then gained power, the term 1188: 198: 160: 147: 5876:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 5205:Toer, Pramoedya Ananta (2000). 4894:. Blackburn AU: Fontana Books. 4389:Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (2001). 3248:and Dayaks massacred Madurese. 3136:(International Monetary Fund). 2922:Consultative Group on Indonesia 2104:United Nations General Assembly 1739:Madjelis Permusjawaratan Rakjat 1707:Bandung Institute of Technology 6144:People's Consultative Assembly 5610:The Year of Living Dangerously 4997:. Cambridge University Press. 4912:Benny: tragedi seorang loyalis 4731:. Berghahn Books. p. 71. 3741:(in Indonesian). 21 March 2017 3554:Suharto: A Political Biography 3478:Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). 3140:unhealthy banks resulted in a 2908:, East Timor, resulted in the 2759:Hutomo Mandala Putra ("Tommy") 2673:Liem Sioe Liong (Sudono Salim) 2640:Suharto a gold medal from the 2524:, whereby the leftist-leaning 2477:with quiet alignment with the 1725:Domestic politics and security 901:French and British interregnum 1: 5886:Transitional period (1965–66) 5871:National Revolution (1945–49) 5866:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 5861:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 5183:Simpson, Brad (9 July 2004). 4993:A History of Modern Indonesia 3971:"Sumargono dengan Para Tokoh" 3255:in May 1998. Security forces 3037:(which still exists today as 2955:voiced his objections on the 2730:Tabungan Pembangunan Nasional 1902:Hubungan Industrial Pancasila 1422:By 1965 at the height of the 1350:Guided Democracy in Indonesia 143: 51:independence day of Indonesia 5456:Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX 5428:Indonesian riots of May 1998 5366:Acting presidency of Suharto 5187:. National Security Archive. 5094:Colmey, John (24 May 1999). 3318:Proposals to name Suharto a 2841:"). Suharto's imposition of 2258:International Nickel Company 2240:was alleviated by influx of 1799:Partai Persatuan Pembangunan 1543:Acting presidency of Suharto 789:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 72:Acting presidency of Suharto 6673:Anti-communism in Indonesia 6252:Water supply and sanitation 5418:1997 Asian financial crisis 5346:Transition to the New Order 5098:. TIME Asia. Archived from 5088:International Monetary Fund 4866:Conboy, Kenneth J. (2003). 4580:. Cato.org. 27 January 2007 4243:. Ipsnews.net. 29 June 2012 3117:1997 Asian financial crisis 2957:Suharto family's corruption 2831:Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani 2791:American major film studios 2769:)'s joint venture with the 2566:Indonesian rule (1974–1999) 2499:confrontation with Malaysia 2124:Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani 1525:. Sukarno was placed under 1441:Transition to the New Order 1369:". Described as the great " 296:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms 153:Transition to the New Order 120:1997 Asian financial crisis 6689: 5881:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 5846:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 4358:"Global Corruption Report" 3486:Princeton University Press 3320:national hero of Indonesia 3162:and IMF managing director 3096: 2932:, in 1989, and hosted the 2697:Lie Mo Tie (Mochtar Riady) 2093:Papoea Vrijwilligers Korps 1927:Certificate of Citizenship 1807:Partai Demokrasi Indonesia 1701:of 1974), and the lack of 1695:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah 1540: 1479:Tap MPRS no. XXV/MPRS/1966 1438: 1379:Indonesian Communist Party 1343: 1306:1998 Indonesian Revolution 1277:Immediately following the 1266:(retroactively dubbed the 970:United States of Indonesia 807:Chinese Kongsi federations 6604: 6273: 6192: 6048: 5995:Provincial highest points 5916: 5732: 5317: 4694:Aspinall & Feith 1999 4426:Aspinall & Feith 1999 3671:Aspinall & Feith 1999 2633:program, better known as 2383:15 billion in loans from 2331:) to ensure food security 2063:by Islamic extremists at 1923:Indonesian-sounding names 1614:ilmu kasampurnaning hurip 1121:Javanese historical texts 156: 146: 138: 38: 33: 6053:Administrative divisions 5380:Key aspects & events 5152:McGregor, Katharine E., 4989:Vickers, Adrian (2005). 4949:Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). 4612:"Armed Conflicts Report" 2254:Freeport Sulphur Company 1680:as regional commanders. 1589:Pancasila sole principle 881:Dutch East India Company 522:Samudera Pasai Sultanate 110:Occupation of East Timor 5579:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana 3386:26 October 2014 at the 3201:won the heavily rigged 3119:began in July 1997, in 2912:passing limitations on 2819:US Secretary of Defense 2763:Jakarta Inner Ring Road 2755:Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana 2277:Hollandsche Beton Groep 1910:Majelis Ulama Indonesia 1746:Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat 1459:an anti-communist purge 6668:Military dictatorships 6227:Science and technology 6068:Regencies & Cities 5603:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI 5392:Asas tunggal Pancasila 5329:President of Indonesia 5224:Wanadi, Jusuf (2012). 4930:Purdey, Jemma (2006). 4872:. Equinox Publishing. 3735:"Aming yang Dilupakan" 3451:Dake, Antonie (2006). 3203:May 1997 MPR elections 3112: 3000:Ginandjar Kartasasmita 2910:United States Congress 2825: 2786: 2777:'s joint venture with 2735:Jakarta Stock Exchange 2729: 2635: 2629: 2589: 2427: 2154: 2149:Suharto on a visit to 2000: 1988: 1970: 1901: 1865: 1783:first general election 1596:asas tunggal Pancasila 1594: 1563: 1555: 1537:Consolidation of power 1240: 932:Emergence of Indonesia 49:commemorates the 40th 6663:New Order (Indonesia) 5836:Hinduism-Buddhism era 5752:Suharto on Wikisource 5641:Legislative elections 5351:30 September Movement 5242:Watson, C.W. (Bill), 4909:Pour, Julius (2007). 4657:24 March 2012 at the 4317:, Unit Khusus Museum 4091:Sydney Morning Herald 3509:Melvin, Jess (2018). 3106: 3062:Megawati Sukarnoputri 2936:APEC Summit in 1994. 2816: 2771:Hyundai Motor Company 2592:By 1996, Indonesia's 2584: 2487:30 September Movement 2413: 2148: 1993:Kinder, Küche, Kirche 1844: 1561: 1550: 1447:30 September Movement 987:Republic of Indonesia 853:European colonization 752:Riau-Lingga Sultanate 105:1976 Palapa launching 5970:Environmental issues 5764:Indonesia portal 5468:Umar Wirahadikusumah 5135:"Indonesia Economic" 5106:Hill, Hal (1994) in 4968:Schwarz, A. (1994). 4793:Journal of Democracy 4309:8 April 2011 at the 4087:"No End to Ambition" 3552:Elson, R.E. (2001). 3353:Returned in 1970 as 3029:shortly thereafter; 2926:Non-Aligned Movement 2886:Operasi Jaring Merah 2775:Timor Putra Nasional 2522:Carnation Revolution 2483:Diplomatic relations 2416:Non-Aligned Movement 2362:Yayasan Harapan Kita 1435:Overthrow of Sukarno 1249:Indonesian President 1195:Indonesia portal 816:Heshun Confederation 732:Yogyakarta Sultanate 662:Kalinyamat Sultanate 632:Sultanate of Jailolo 602:Sultanate of Ternate 315:Tarumanagara Kingdom 5891:New Order (1966–98) 5851:VOC era (1603–1800) 5624:The Look of Silence 5129:on 9 November 2005. 5102:on 8 February 2001. 5090:. (31 October 1997) 4892:Suharto's Indonesia 4831:. 15 February 2024. 4777:. 7 September 2021. 4672:, pp. 148–150. 4622:on 16 February 2007 4567:, pp. 203–207. 4539:, pp. 284–287. 4527:, pp. 211–214. 4512:, pp. 242–264. 4500:, pp. 510–511. 4488:, pp. 501–503. 4416:, pp. 457–460. 4085:(28 January 2008). 4063:, pp. 178–203. 4048:, pp. 170–172. 3845:. 13 December 2012. 3798:, pp. 178–279. 3786:, pp. 177–178. 3774:, pp. 262–265. 3468:, pp. 272–280. 3420:on 6 September 2009 3355:Decorient Indonesia 3284:parliament building 3261:Trisakti University 2902:Santa Cruz Massacre 2302:Chinese-Indonesians 2116:political Islamists 2074:To comply with the 2024:Political stability 1935:Keluarga Berentjana 1914:Chinese Indonesians 1790:as vice-president. 1584:Tap MPR No. II/1983 1580:Tap MPR No. II/1978 960:National Revolution 950:Japanese occupation 836:Santiaogou Republic 702:Palembang Sultanate 622:Sultanate of Tidore 492:Peureulak Sultanate 425:Dharmasraya Kingdom 115:East Timor genocide 95:Killings of 1965–66 6237:Telecommunications 5948:Biosphere reserves 5742:Suharto on Commons 5617:The Act of Killing 5423:Trisakti shootings 5139:Commanding Heights 4974:. Westview Press. 4813:. 22 October 2010. 4811:The New York Times 4716:. 31 January 2008. 4696:, pp. iv–vii. 4445:on 13 January 2016 4428:, pp. ii–iii. 3881:. 8 December 2012. 3863:. 8 December 2012. 3709:, p. 184–186. 3195:Central Kalimantan 3158:system, President 3113: 3111:, was on his left. 3064:, the daughter of 2881:Free Aceh Movement 2826: 2824:, 14 January 1998. 2793:), monopolised by 2739:Euronext Amsterdam 2709:Chinese-Indonesian 2644:in November 1985. 2590: 2428: 2155: 2106:in November 1969. 2088:Sarwo Edhie Wibowo 2084:Act of Free Choice 2076:New York Agreement 2054:separatists under 2052:Free Aceh Movement 1989:Pancadharma Wanita 1866: 1662:Sarwo Edhie Wibowo 1636:primus inter pares 1564: 1556: 1510:president for life 1404:subsidies, annual 1039:1998–present 940:National Awakening 770:Christian kingdoms 736:1755–present 726:1745–present 722:Surakarta Sunanate 692:Kingdom of Kaimana 646:1526–present 612:Sultanate of Bacan 532:Pagaruyung Kingdom 473:Islamic sultanates 365:Shailendra Dynasty 6650: 6649: 6600: 6599: 6288:Human trafficking 6260: 6259: 6179: 6178: 6170:Wawasan Nusantara 6154:Political parties 6095:Foreign relations 6035: 6034: 5772: 5771: 5402:Petition of Fifty 5235:978-979-378-092-4 5178:on 23 March 2007. 5166:978-9971-69-360-2 5096:"The Family Firm" 5086:. Press Release. 4922:978-979-1056-10-6 4738:978-1-78533-224-1 4684:, pp. 67–69. 4221:on 7 January 2014 3819:on 7 January 2007 3685:, pp. 86–88. 3661:, pp. 60–68. 3649:, pp. 56–59. 3402:, pp. 52–57. 3363:management buyout 3240:of 1999, and the 3125:Indonesian rupiah 3093:End of presidency 2661:Industrialization 2460:Rp20,000 banknote 2273:Royal Dutch/Shell 2130:As-salamu alaykum 2065:Don Muang Airport 1788:Hamengkubuwono IX 1715:Petition of Fifty 1256:his rise to power 1229: 1228: 1043: 1042: 995:Liberal democracy 978: 977: 923: 922: 911:Dutch East Indies 844: 843: 797: 796: 779:Larantuka Kingdom 760: 759: 672:Mataram Sultanate 572:Cirebon Sultanate 552:Malacca Sultanate 512:Ternate Sultanate 463: 462: 445:Singhasari Empire 439:1000s–1300s 405:Kahuripan Kingdom 286: 285: 172: 171: 168: 167: 6680: 6620: 6613: 6271: 6190: 6132:National capital 6046: 5914: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5740: 5739: 5513:Prabowo Subianto 5438:Post-Suharto era 5304: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5239: 5220: 5201: 5188: 5179: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5103: 5056: 5030: 5008: 4996: 4985: 4964: 4945: 4926: 4905: 4883: 4862: 4833: 4832: 4829:The Jakarta Post 4821: 4815: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4795:. February 2024. 4785: 4779: 4778: 4775:The Jakarta Post 4767: 4761: 4760: 4757:The Jakarta Post 4749: 4743: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4706: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4649: 4643: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4618:. Archived from 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4467:. United Nations 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4083:McDonald, Hamish 4079: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3921:. Archived from 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3861:salam-online.com 3853: 3847: 3846: 3843:salam-online.com 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3815:. Archived from 3813:www.trincoll.edu 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3697:, p. 76–77. 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3617: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3381:Stop talk of KKN 3378: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3277:Prabowo Subianto 3236:in 1996, in the 3164:Michel Camdessus 3087:Prabowo Subianto 3022:East German Navy 2873:Jemaah Islamiyah 2869:Abu Bakar Bashir 2732: 2638: 2632: 2625:infant mortality 2514:Portuguese Timor 2455: 2438: 2329:Green Revolution 2264:(including then- 2212: 2203: 2194: 2183: 2174: 2165: 1951:Javanese culture 1730:Depoliticization 1666:two-party system 1610:Javanese beliefs 1599: 1523:Acting President 1487:Marxism-Leninism 1449:, who alleged a 1367:Guided Democracy 1221: 1214: 1207: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1005:Guided Democracy 991: 990: 936: 935: 857: 856: 826:Lanfang Republic 812: 811: 775: 774: 696:1600s–1926 686:1528s–1877 652:Banjar Sultanate 642:Banten Sultanate 626:1500s–1967 542:Brunei Sultanate 478: 477: 455:Majapahit Empire 355:Srivijaya Empire 335:Kalingga Kingdom 301: 300: 268:Toba catastrophe 251:94,000–12,000 BP 222: 221: 202: 192: 174: 164: 158:Post-Suharto era 151: 144: 43: 21: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6596: 6587:Personification 6514: 6449: 6430:Public holidays 6415:National heroes 6307: 6256: 6175: 6031: 6000:Natural history 5903: 5841:Spread of Islam 5812: 5803: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5728: 5682: 5636: 5590: 5553: 5527: 5491: 5448:Vice presidents 5442: 5433:Fall of Suharto 5406: 5375: 5334: 5313: 5308: 5264: 5246:, Leiden 2006, 5236: 5223: 5217: 5204: 5200:on 25 May 2000. 5192: 5182: 5170: 5156:, Leiden 2007, 5143: 5141: 5133: 5121: 5093: 5064: 5062:Further reading 5059: 5053: 5033: 5027: 5011: 5005: 4988: 4982: 4967: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4929: 4923: 4908: 4902: 4886: 4880: 4865: 4859: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659:Wayback Machine 4650: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4616:ploughshares.ca 4610: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4338:. 25 March 2004 4330: 4329: 4325: 4311:Wayback Machine 4302: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4195:. The Economist 4190: 4189: 4185: 4180:on 29 May 2012. 4167: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4081: 4080: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4027:(in Indonesian) 4018: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3899:on 24 July 2014 3891: 3890: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455:. Yayasan Obor. 3450: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3388:Wayback Machine 3379: 3375: 3370: 3369: 3359:Royal BAM Group 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3304: 3259:from Jakarta's 3242:Sampit conflict 3238:Sambas conflict 3226:West Kalimantan 3101: 3099:Fall of Suharto 3095: 3035:Tempointeraktif 2839:Petrus Killings 2811: 2803:private sectors 2677:Sinar Mas Group 2579: 2574: 2536:and Australian 2516:descended into 2467: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2408: 2317:1973 oil crisis 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2143: 2114:Under Suharto, 2112: 2110:Political Islam 2048:West Kalimantan 2040:Operasi Trisula 2026: 1947: 1939:spelling reform 1931:family planning 1839: 1756:Indonesian Army 1732: 1727: 1699:Malari Incident 1631: 1545: 1539: 1451:right-wing plot 1443: 1437: 1352: 1344:Main articles: 1342: 1260:his resignation 1225: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1055: 1045: 1044: 1029:1967–1998 1019:1966–1967 1009:1959–1966 999:1950–1959 988: 980: 979: 974:1949–1950 964:1945–1949 954:1942–1945 944:1908–1942 933: 925: 924: 919: 918:1945–1949 917: 916:1800–1942 905:1806–1816 895:1685–1824 885:1602–1799 875:1521–1677 865:1512–1850 854: 846: 845: 840:1777–1853 830:1777–1884 820:1776–1854 809: 799: 798: 772: 762: 761: 756:1824–1911 746:1814–1946 716:1725–1946 706:1659–1823 682:Johor Sultanate 676:1586–1755 666:1527–1599 656:1526–1863 636:1496–1903 616:1515–1946 606:1486–1914 596:1496–1903 586:1475–1554 582:Demak Sultanate 576:1445–1677 566:1405–1851 556:1400–1511 546:1368–1888 536:1347–1833 526:1267–1521 516:1257–1914 506:1225–1613 482:Spread of Islam 475: 465: 464: 459:1293–1527 449:1222–1292 429:1183–1347 419:1045–1221 409:1019–1045 375:Mataram Kingdom 298: 288: 287: 219: 190: 183: 142: 134: 130:Fall of Suharto 53: 29: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Floral emblems 6569: 6568: 6567: 6557: 6555:Faunal emblems 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6317: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6232:Stock Exchange 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5953:National parks 5950: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5936:Climate change 5928: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5744: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5539:Berkeley Mafia 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5263: 5262:External links 5260: 5259: 5258: 5240: 5234: 5221: 5215: 5202: 5190: 5180: 5168: 5150: 5131: 5119: 5104: 5091: 5079: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5031: 5025: 5013:Wanandi, Jusuf 5009: 5003: 4986: 4980: 4965: 4959: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4900: 4884: 4878: 4863: 4857: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4816: 4798: 4780: 4762: 4759:. 4 June 2018. 4744: 4737: 4719: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4644: 4633: 4603: 4601:, p. 267. 4591: 4569: 4554: 4541: 4529: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4456: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4399: 4381: 4370:on 4 July 2007 4349: 4323: 4319:Bank Indonesia 4296: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4232: 4206: 4183: 4160: 4148: 4122: 4110:The Australian 4096: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4011: 4002: 3988: 3962: 3936: 3910: 3884: 3866: 3848: 3830: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3762:, p. 106. 3752: 3726: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3628:on 14 May 2013 3605: 3603:, p. 295. 3593: 3581: 3569: 3562: 3544: 3542:, p. 160. 3532: 3526:978-1138574694 3525: 3501: 3494: 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Ford 2462:issued in 1992 2457: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2407: 2406:Foreign policy 2404: 2375:was forced to 2353:modus operandi 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2234:Berkeley Mafia 2232:, dubbed the " 2220:Berkeley Mafia 2217: 2216: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2142: 2139: 2111: 2108: 2025: 2022: 2011:home economics 1946: 1945:"State Ibuism" 1943: 1875:Bank Indonesia 1838: 1835: 1754:(ABRI)—mostly 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1678:South Sulawesi 1630: 1627: 1538: 1535: 1514:United Nations 1439:Main article: 1436: 1433: 1417:United Nations 1341: 1338: 1294:anti-socialist 1290:anti-communist 1279:attempted coup 1258:in 1966 until 1243:, abbreviated 1227: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1057: 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471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 460: 457: 451: 450: 447: 441: 440: 437: 435:Pannai Kingdom 431: 430: 427: 421: 420: 417: 415:Kediri Kingdom 411: 410: 407: 401: 400: 399:932–1579 397: 391: 390: 389:914–1908 387: 381: 380: 379:716–1016 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 357: 351: 350: 347: 345:Melayu Kingdom 341: 340: 337: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 307: 299: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 270: 264: 263: 261: 253: 252: 249: 243: 242: 239: 233: 232: 230: 220: 215: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 195: 194: 185: 184: 177: 170: 169: 166: 165: 155: 136: 135: 133: 132: 127: 125:May 1998 riots 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 47:Merdeka Square 45:A painting on 44: 36: 35: 31: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6685: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6468:Ethnic groups 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Deforestation 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5585:Tommy Suharto 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532:Organisations 5530: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5486:B. J. Habibie 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339:Rise to power 5337: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5256:9971-69-369-0 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5216:0-14-028904-6 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116:1-86373-229-2 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5078: 5077:0-19-580477-5 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5052:9786028112123 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5026:9789793780924 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5004:9780521542623 5000: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4981:1-86373-635-2 4977: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4960:0-333-57689-6 4956: 4953:. MacMillan. 4952: 4947: 4943: 4941:9780824830571 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4903: 4901:0-00-635721-0 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4879:9789799589880 4875: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4858:0-7326-1175-X 4854: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4479: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4400:9780804744805 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4123: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061:Robinson 2018 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3977:on 5 May 2014 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3951:on 5 May 2014 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3925:on 5 May 2014 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3724:, p. 32. 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3695:Ricklefs 1991 3691: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3673:, p. ii. 3672: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3640: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601:Ricklefs 1991 3597: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3579:, p. 60. 3578: 3577:McDonald 1980 3573: 3570: 3565: 3563:0-521-77326-1 3559: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3519:. p. 1. 3518: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3495:9781400888863 3491: 3488:. p. 3. 3487: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3466:Ricklefs 1991 3462: 3459: 3454: 3453:Sukarno Files 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439:Ricklefs 1991 3435: 3432: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325:2024 election 3321: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3296:B. J. Habibie 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3109:B. J. Habibie 3105: 3100: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3004:Akbar Tanjung 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2981:B. J. Habibie 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857:Tanjung Priok 2854: 2853: 2848: 2847:sole ideology 2844: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822:William Cohen 2820: 2817:Suharto with 2815: 2809:Grip on power 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:conglomerates 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2572:Apex of power 2571: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:Gough Whitlam 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2461: 2454: 2444: 2437: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2400:national debt 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2099:Jusuf Wanandi 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2056:Hasan di Tiro 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1975:Dharma Wanita 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1847:Home Minister 1843: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 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619: 615: 613: 610: 609: 605: 603: 600: 599: 595: 593: 590: 589: 585: 583: 580: 579: 575: 573: 570: 569: 565: 563: 560: 559: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 543: 540: 539: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 523: 520: 519: 515: 513: 510: 509: 505: 503: 500: 499: 495: 493: 490: 489: 485: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 468: 458: 456: 453: 452: 448: 446: 443: 442: 438: 436: 433: 432: 428: 426: 423: 422: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 406: 403: 402: 398: 396: 395:Sunda Kingdom 393: 392: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 376: 373: 372: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 356: 353: 352: 348: 346: 343: 342: 338: 336: 333: 332: 328: 326: 323: 322: 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 306: 305:Kutai Kingdom 303: 302: 297: 292: 291: 281: 279: 276: 275: 271: 269: 266: 265: 262: 260: 259: 255: 254: 250: 248: 245: 244: 240: 238: 235: 234: 231: 229: 228: 224: 223: 218: 213: 212: 209: 206: 205: 201: 197: 196: 193: 186: 181: 175: 163: 159: 154: 150: 145: 141: 137: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 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The 1775:Golkar 1691:Golput 1660:, and 1497:Stalin 1371:dalang 1330:kolusi 1296:, and 182:on the 6642:Atlas 6618:Index 6592:Songs 6577:Motto 6505:Women 6435:Sport 6405:Music 6400:Media 6375:Dance 6355:Batik 6326:Candi 6283:Crime 6212:Banks 6010:Flora 6005:Fauna 5985:Lakes 5719:Sixth 5714:Fifth 5704:Third 5694:First 5595:Films 5587:(son) 5371:Aspri 5248:KITLV 5158:KITLV 5041:[ 4641:Dayak 4368:(PDF) 4361:(PDF) 4291:(PDF) 4136:Slate 3981:4 May 3955:4 May 3929:4 May 3903:4 May 3823:4 May 3332:Notes 3253:Egypt 3215:Medan 3211:Tutut 3187:Dayak 3047:DeTAK 3043:DeTIK 3031:Tempo 3014:DeTIK 3009:Tempo 2985:Medan 2934:Bogor 2891:SIUPP 2285:Aegon 2242:USAID 2135:hijab 2095:/ PVK 2015:Bogor 1887:SPSI/ 1741:/MPR) 1642:Aspri 1606:Islam 1576:Islam 1394:China 1254:from 1173:Women 1168:Sport 1146:Islam 1071:Bogor 6560:Flag 6163:List 5678:1999 5673:1997 5668:1992 5663:1987 5658:1982 5653:1977 5648:1971 5252:ISBN 5230:ISBN 5211:ISBN 5162:ISBN 5146:2005 5112:ISBN 5073:ISBN 5047:ISBN 5021:ISBN 4999:ISBN 4976:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4936:ISBN 4917:ISBN 4896:ISBN 4874:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4733:ISBN 4628:2014 4586:2013 4473:2006 4451:2006 4395:ISBN 4376:2009 4344:2006 4249:2013 4227:2013 4201:2013 4143:2006 4117:2010 4033:2021 3983:2014 3957:2014 3931:2014 3905:2014 3825:2014 3747:2023 3634:2013 3558:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3490:ISBN 3426:2008 3275:and 3232:and 3189:and 3115:The 2972:Haji 2968:hajj 2930:APEC 2918:F-16 2914:IMET 2906:Dili 2743:IPOs 2547:and 2387:and 2381:US$ 2308:and 2256:and 1961:and 1831:1997 1827:1992 1823:1987 1819:1982 1815:1977 1771:NGOs 1748:/DPR 1676:and 1619:The 1472:MPRS 1464:KAMI 1392:and 1348:and 1320:and 1245:Orba 1231:The 1066:Bali 6350:Art 6105:Law 5326:2nd 3224:In 3134:IMF 3070:PDI 2945:MPR 2904:in 2845:as 2642:FAO 2612:MPR 2602:PPP 2545:UDT 2418:in 2323:): 2067:in 2013:in 2007:PKK 1983:" ( 1953:of 1906:MUI 1803:PDI 1795:PPP 1767:PNI 1604:or 1574:or 1529:in 1492:sic 1489:" ( 1462:as 1455:PKI 1336:). 1274:). 1270:or 6659:: 5324:- 5250:, 5160:, 5137:. 4827:. 4809:. 4791:. 4773:. 4755:. 4712:. 4701:^ 4614:. 4557:^ 4517:^ 4334:. 4313:; 4172:. 4134:. 4108:. 4089:. 4068:^ 4053:^ 4023:. 3811:. 3737:. 3714:^ 3608:^ 3515:. 3484:. 3049:. 3012:, 2998:, 2994:, 2987:. 2785:: 2659:. 2509:. 2422:, 2312:. 2279:, 2222:." 2071:. 2005:, 1999:: 1987:: 1969:: 1900:: 1825:, 1821:, 1817:, 1499:, 1332:, 1328:, 1316:, 1292:, 1239:: 6165:) 6161:( 6128:) 6124:( 5798:e 5791:t 5784:v 5303:e 5296:t 5289:v 5238:. 5219:. 5189:` 5148:. 5055:. 5029:. 5007:. 4984:. 4963:. 4944:. 4925:. 4904:. 4882:. 4861:. 4741:. 4630:. 4588:. 4475:. 4453:. 4403:. 4378:. 4346:. 4321:. 4251:. 4229:. 4203:. 4145:. 4119:. 4093:. 4035:. 3985:. 3959:. 3933:. 3907:. 3827:. 3749:. 3636:. 3566:. 3529:. 3498:. 3428:. 3307:( 2837:" 2727:( 2528:( 2426:. 1908:( 1805:( 1797:( 1592:( 1485:/ 1282:( 1235:( 1220:e 1213:t 1206:v

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